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Zang Akono AR, Blaise N, Valery HG. Preparation of a Carbon paste electrode with Active materials for the detection of Tetracycline. Heliyon 2024; 10:e28471. [PMID: 38560244 PMCID: PMC10981106 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e28471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2023] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
The Electrochemical sensor based on carbon-clay paste electrode (CCPE) was constructed for sensitive determination of Tetracycline (Tc). The mineralogical composition, morphology, structure and performance of CCPE were characterized using X-ray diffraction powder, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Cyclic Voltammetry analysis. The CCPE is constituted of two types of clay having the ratio 1/1 and 2/1 characteristic of kaolinite and montmorillonite clay respectively. Its porous structure is ascribed to the presence of graphite. The CCPE exhibited a good electrocatalytic activity towards the oxidation of Tc. The electrochemical kinetics and mechanism of Tc were proposed, showing that Tc electrocatalytic oxidation reaction was controlled by diffusion process and took place in three steps. A low concentration of Tc was detected by amperometry with the linear ranges of 0.5μM-0.8 μM (R2 = 0.98), the sensitivity was 8.01 μA/μM.cm2, the limit of detection and quantification were 5.16x10-3μM(S/N = 3) and 1.72x10-2μM respectively. Thus, the proposed electrode provides a promising and prospective CCPE sensing platform for the detection of Tc in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Niraka Blaise
- Department of Textile and Leather Engineering, National Advanced School of Engineering of Maroua, University of Maroua, Cameroon
| | - Hambate Gomdje Valery
- Department of Textile and Leather Engineering, National Advanced School of Engineering of Maroua, University of Maroua, Cameroon
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2
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Vaishali MS, N P, Tadi KK, P I. Cobalt molybdate nanoflowers decorated bio-waste derived porous activated carbon nanocomposite: A high performance electrode material for supercapacitors. Chemosphere 2024; 357:141965. [PMID: 38621491 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.141965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
In this work, we report a supercapacitor electrode material based on nano-flower like cobalt molybdate decorated on porous activated carbon derived from waste onion peels (β-CoMoO4-POAC). The obtained POAC exhibits highly porous structure and after the hydrothermal treatment with salts of cobalt and molybdenum, we observed a uniform distribution of β-cobalt molybdate (β-CoMoO4) as nano-flowers on the surface of POAC. The chemical composition, morphology and porosity of the materials were thoroughly analyzed using field emission scanning electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, infrared spectroscopy and Brunauer-Emmet-Teller surface area measurement. Due to its flower like and highly porous morphology, β-CoMoO4@POAC exhibits a high specific capacitance of 1110.72 F/g at a current density of 1 mA/cm2 with superior cyclic retention of 96.03% after 2000 cycles. The best electrochemical performance exhibited by β-CoMoO4@POAC is mainly due to its high surface area and porous nature of the material which assists in active transport of ions. This study reveals the exceptional electrochemical properties of β-CoMoO4@POAC which could be considered as a potential material for advanced energy storage devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Vaishali
- Department of Chemistry, Sri Sivasubramaniya Nadar College of Engineering, Kalavakkam, 603110, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Priyadarshini N
- Department of Chemistry, Sri Sivasubramaniya Nadar College of Engineering, Kalavakkam, 603110, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Kiran Kumar Tadi
- Chemistry Division, School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology, Chennai, 600127, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ilaiyaraja P
- Chemistry Division, School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology, Chennai, 600127, Tamil Nadu, India
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3
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Nguyen HHT, Kim E, Imran M, Choi YH, Kwak DH, Ameen S. Microplastic contaminants detection in aquatic environment by hydrophobic cerium oxide nanoparticles. Chemosphere 2024; 357:141961. [PMID: 38615954 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.141961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
Microplastics (MPs) poses a significant threat to ecosystems and human health, demanding immediate attention. The reported research work offers an effective and low cost method towards the detection of toxic MPs. In this study, hydrophobic cerium oxide nanoparticles (CeO2 NPs) are synthesized and applied as promising electrode material for the detection of two different types of MPs, i.e. polyethylene (PE) and polypropylene (PP). Through electrochemical analyses, such as cyclic voltammetry (CV) and linear sweep voltammetry (LSV), hydrophobic CeO2 NPs modified glassy carbon electrode (GCE) based sensor demonstrated remarkable sensitivity of ∼0.0343 AmLmg-1cm-2 and detection limit of ∼0.226 mgmL-1, with promising correlation coefficient (R2) towards the detection of PE (∼27-32 μm). Furthermore, hydrophobic CeO2 NPs modified GCE exhibited promising stability and reproducibility towards PE (∼27-32 μm), suggesting the promising potential of hydrophobic CeO2 NPs as electrode materials for an electrochemical microplastics detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Hue Thi Nguyen
- Department of Bio-Active Material Sciences, Jeonbuk National University, 567 Baekje-daero, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju, Jeonbuk, 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunbi Kim
- Advanced Materials and Devices Laboratory, Department of Bio-Convergence Sciences, Jeonbuk National University, Advanced Science Campus, Jeongeup, Jeonbuk, 56212, Republic of Korea
| | - Mohammad Imran
- Department of Bio-Active Material Sciences, Jeonbuk National University, 567 Baekje-daero, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju, Jeonbuk, 54896, Republic of Korea; Advanced Materials and Devices Laboratory, Department of Bio-Convergence Sciences, Jeonbuk National University, Advanced Science Campus, Jeongeup, Jeonbuk, 56212, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Ho Choi
- Department of Bio-Convergence Science, Jeonbuk National University, Cheomdan-ro, Jeongeup, Jeonbuk, 56212, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Heui Kwak
- Department of Bio-Active Material Sciences, Jeonbuk National University, 567 Baekje-daero, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju, Jeonbuk, 54896, Republic of Korea; Department of Bio-Convergence Science, Jeonbuk National University, Cheomdan-ro, Jeongeup, Jeonbuk, 56212, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sadia Ameen
- Advanced Materials and Devices Laboratory, Department of Bio-Convergence Sciences, Jeonbuk National University, Advanced Science Campus, Jeongeup, Jeonbuk, 56212, Republic of Korea.
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Cai T, Chen M, Yang J, Tang C, Lu X, Wei Z, Jiang H, Hou Y, Zhao J, Yu P. An AuNPs-based electrochemical aptasensor for the detection of 25-hydroxy vitamin D 3. ANAL SCI 2024; 40:599-607. [PMID: 38190076 DOI: 10.1007/s44211-023-00489-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
Vitamin D3 (VD3) is the main form of vitamin D and an essential nutrient for maintaining human life. Currently, traditional methods for detecting 25-hydroxyvitamin D3(25(OH)D3) are complex and expensive. In this study, we constructed an accurate, sensitive, simple, and cost-effective label-free biosensor based on an aptamer for the detection of 25(OH)D3. The aptamer-modified sulfhydryl adopted self-assembly as a way to stably immobilize at the glassy carbon electrode (GCE) surface modified by gold nanoparticles (AuNPs). Upon 25(OH)D3 binding to the aptamer, the complexes inhibit electron transfer at the electrode surface, leading to reduced [Fe(CN)6]3-/4- redox peak current. Consequently, the quantity of 25(OH)D3 that interacts with the electrode-bound aptamer correlates with the observed electric current response values. The Aptamer/AuNPs/GCE aptasensor achieved direct and highly sensitive detection of 25(OH)D3 over a wide concentration range (1.0-1000 nM), with a limit of detection of 1.0 nM. At the same time, other molecules with a similar structure, such as 25(OH)D2, Vitamin D3, and Vitamin D2, had lower response interference than 25(OH)D3. Therefore, this biosensor has great potential to become a portable diagnostic device for 25(OH)D3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tongji Cai
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, No. 172, Tongzipo Road, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Meilun Chen
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, No. 172, Tongzipo Road, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Jie Yang
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, No. 172, Tongzipo Road, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Chunhua Tang
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, No. 172, Tongzipo Road, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Xiaoling Lu
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, No. 172, Tongzipo Road, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Zheng Wei
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, No. 172, Tongzipo Road, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Hanbing Jiang
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, No. 172, Tongzipo Road, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Yucui Hou
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, No. 172, Tongzipo Road, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Jia Zhao
- Changsha Cinotohi Technology Co., Ltd, No. 601, North Dongfanghong Road, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China
| | - Peng Yu
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, No. 172, Tongzipo Road, Changsha, 410013, Hunan, China.
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Lai YR, Wang SSS, Lin TH. Using silver nanoparticle-decorated whey protein isolate amyloid fibrils to modify the electrode surface used for electrochemical detection of para-nitrophenol. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 264:130404. [PMID: 38417752 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.130404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/01/2024]
Abstract
Due to their organized structures, remarkable stiffness, and nice biocompatibility and biodegradability, amyloid fibrils serve as building blocks for versatile sustainable materials. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are commonly used as the nano-catalysts for various electrochemical reactions. Given their large specific surface area and high surface energy, AgNPs exhibit high aggregation propensity, which hampers their electrocatalytic performance. Food protein wastes have been identified to be associated with climate change and environmental impacts, and a surplus of whey proteins in dairy industries causes high biological and chemical demands, and greenhouse gas emissions. This study is aimed at constructing sustainable electrode surface modifiers using AgNP-deposited whey protein amyloid fibrils (AgNP/WPI-AFs). AgNP/WPI-AFs were synthesized and characterized via spectroscopic techniques, electron microscopy, and X-ray diffraction. Next, the electrocatalytic performance of AgNP/WPI-AF modified electrode was assessed via para-nitrophenol (p-NP) reduction combined with various electrochemical analyses. Moreover, the reaction mechanism of p-NP electrocatalysis on the surface of AgNP/WPI-AF modified electrode was investigated. The detection range, limit of detection, sensitivity, and selectivity of the AgNP/WPI-AF modified electrode were evaluated accordingly. This work not only demonstrates an alternative for whey valorization but also highlights the feasibility of using amyloid-based hybrid materials as the electrode surface modifier for electrochemical sensing purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- You-Ren Lai
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Steven S-S Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan.
| | - Ta-Hsien Lin
- Laboratory of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 11217, Taiwan; Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan.
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Devu C, Sreelakshmi S, Chandana R, Sivanand P, Santhy A, Lakshmi KCS, Rejithamol R. Recent progress in tannin and lignin blended metal oxides and metal sulfides as smart materials for electrochemical sensor applications. ANAL SCI 2024:10.1007/s44211-024-00544-4. [PMID: 38517582 DOI: 10.1007/s44211-024-00544-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2024] [Indexed: 03/24/2024]
Abstract
Our technologically advanced civilization has made sensors an essential component. They have potential uses in the pharmaceutical sector, clinical analysis, food quality control, environmental monitoring, and other areas. One of the most active fields of analytical chemistry research is the fabrication of electrochemical sensors. An intriguing area of electroanalytical chemistry is the modification of electrodes using polymeric films. Due to their benefits, which include high adhesion to the electrode surface, chemical stability of the coating, superior selectivity, sensitivity, and homogeneity in electrochemical deposition, polymer-modified electrodes have attracted a great deal of interest in the electroanalytical sector. Conducting polymers are an important material for sensing devices because of their fascinating features, which include high mechanical flexibility, electrical conductivity, and the capacity to be electrochemically converted between electronically insulating and conducting states. Tannin or lignin nanomaterials can be an inter-linker leading to flexible and functional polymeric networks. There is a continuing demand for fast and simple analytical methods for the determination of many clinically important biomarkers, food additives, environmental pollutants etc. This review in a comprehensive way summarizes and discusses the various metal oxide and sulfide-incorporated tannin and lignin scaffolds using electrochemical sensing and biosensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Devu
- Department of Chemistry, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Amritapuri, Kollam, 690525, India
| | - S Sreelakshmi
- Department of Chemistry, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Amritapuri, Kollam, 690525, India
| | - R Chandana
- Department of Chemistry, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Amritapuri, Kollam, 690525, India
| | - P Sivanand
- Department of Chemistry, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Amritapuri, Kollam, 690525, India
| | - A Santhy
- Department of Chemistry, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Amritapuri, Kollam, 690525, India
| | - K C Seetha Lakshmi
- Graduate School of Science, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba-shi, 2638522, Japan
| | - R Rejithamol
- Department of Chemistry, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Amritapuri, Kollam, 690525, India.
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Gülşen S, Çıkrıkcı S. Pure endoscopic transcanal revision cochlear implantation for a misplaced electrode array: A novel and minimally invasive approach. Cochlear Implants Int 2024:1-6. [PMID: 38411200 DOI: 10.1080/14670100.2024.2318082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Misplacement of the CI electrode array is one of the rarest complications of cochlear implant surgery. This condition can be noticed intraoperatively and diagnosed radiologically in the early postoperative period. To present a novel and minimally invasive revision approach for a misplaced cochlear implant (CI) electrode array. CASE In this case report, the authors present a previously undescribed alternative minimally invasive revision cochlear implantation approach for a patient with a misplaced CI electrode array in the right ear who underwent bilateral simultaneous cochlear implantation one and a half years ago at another center. CONCLUSION To correct CI electrode array misplacement, the endoscopic transcanal approach is a safe and effective alternative to the conventional approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Secaattin Gülşen
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Dr. Ersin Arslan Training and Research Hospital, Gaziantep, Turkey
| | - Sercan Çıkrıkcı
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Yozgat City Hospital, Yozgat, Turkey
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Magos T, Kanona H, Morley S, Khalil S, Shaida A. Migration and other electrode complications following cochlear implantation. Cochlear Implants Int 2024:1-9. [PMID: 38383952 DOI: 10.1080/14670100.2024.2318838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate migration and other electrode-related complications in cochlear implant surgery. METHODS Retrospective review of all patients (adult and paediatric) undergoing cochlear implantation at a tertiary referral centre in England, between April 2019 and December 2021. Split arrays and patients who did not have post-op imaging were excluded. RESULTS Two hundred and ninety-nine cochlear implants were performed including 90% primary and 10% revision surgeries. Two hundred and forty-eight (86%) of electrodes implanted were straight arrays.Twenty-seven (9%) demonstrated suboptimal position on post-operative imaging. Three (11%) were true migration, 4 (15%) possible migration, 15 (56%) had two or less extra-cochlear electrodes, 3 (11%) expected partial insertion and 2 (7%) demonstrated tip fold-overs. Twenty (74%) of arrays within the suboptimal insertion group were in primary surgeries. Six patients required re-implantation. The most common reason for re-implantation was migration. DISCUSSION Electrode migration after cochlear implantation may be more common than previously thought. We demonstrate rates of migration congruous with current literature; this is despite robust and varied fixation techniques. Notable in our series is that all true captured migrations were seen exclusively in straight arrays. The majority of patients in the possible and confirmed migration group had normal inner ear anatomy. CONCLUSION Suboptimal electrode position following cochlear implant surgery is a recognized complication and can affect implant performance. Reporting may increase with more widespread use of sophisticated post-operative imaging. Use of a pre-curved electrode and routine use of appropriate fixation techniques may reduce migration rates.
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Abstract
Fluoride (F-) export proteins, including F- channels and F- transporters, are widespread in biology. They contribute to cellular resistance against fluoride ion, which has relevance as an ancient xenobiotic, and in more modern contexts like organofluorine biosynthesis and degradation or dental medicine. This chapter summarizes quantitative methods to measure fluoride transport across membranes using fluoride-specific lanthanum-fluoride electrodes. Electrode-based measurements can be used to measure unitary fluoride transport rates by membrane proteins that have been purified and reconstituted into lipid vesicles, or to monitor fluoride efflux into living microbial cells. Thus, fluoride electrode-based measurements yield quantitative mechanistic insight into one of the major determinants of fluoride resistance in microorganisms, fungi, yeasts, and plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Yu Kang
- Program in Biophysics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Minjun An
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Randy B Stockbridge
- Program in Biophysics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States; Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.
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Hossain MH, Abdullah N, Tan KH, Saidur R, Mohd Radzi MA, Shafie S. Evolution of Vanadium Redox Flow Battery in Electrode. CHEM REC 2024; 24:e202300092. [PMID: 37144668 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202300092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The vanadium redox flow battery (VRFB) is a highly regarded technology for large-scale energy storage due to its outstanding features, such as scalability, efficiency, long lifespan, and site independence. This paper provides a comprehensive analysis of its performance in carbon-based electrodes, along with a comprehensive review of the system's principles and mechanisms. It discusses potential applications, recent industrial involvement, and economic factors associated with VRFB technology. The study also covers the latest advancements in VRFB electrodes, including electrode surface modification and electrocatalyst materials, and highlights their effects on the VRFB system's performance. Additionally, the potential of two-dimensional material MXene to enhance electrode performance is evaluated, and the author concludes that MXenes offer significant advantages for use in high-power VRFB at a low cost. Finally, the paper reviews the challenges and future development of VRFB technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Hasnat Hossain
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Norulsamani Abdullah
- Research Center for Nano-Materials and Energy Technology (RCNMET), School of Engineering and Technology, Sunway University, Bandar Sunway, Petaling Jaya, 47500, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
- Sunway Materials Smart Science & Engineering (SMS2E) Cluster, Sunway University, Petaling Jaya, Selangor, 47500, Malaysia
| | - Kim Han Tan
- Research Center for Nano-Materials and Energy Technology (RCNMET), School of Engineering and Technology, Sunway University, Bandar Sunway, Petaling Jaya, 47500, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - R Saidur
- Research Center for Nano-Materials and Energy Technology (RCNMET), School of Engineering and Technology, Sunway University, Bandar Sunway, Petaling Jaya, 47500, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
- Sunway Materials Smart Science & Engineering (SMS2E) Cluster, Sunway University, Petaling Jaya, Selangor, 47500, Malaysia
- School of Engineering, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YW, UK
| | - Mohd Amran Mohd Radzi
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Suhaidi Shafie
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
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Kaul VF, Brannan Z, Keith J, Hittle B, Riggs W, Hiss M, Varadarajan V, Zhan K, Powell K, Wiet GJ, Adunka OF. Post-operative evaluation of computed tomography imaging following cochlear implantation. Am J Otolaryngol 2024; 45:104081. [PMID: 37820391 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjoto.2023.104081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study utilized an automated segmentation algorithm to assess the cochlear implant electrode array within the cochlea and investigate its impact on audiologic outcomes as measured by post-operative speech perception scores. Furthermore, manual evaluations of electrode placement were compared to automatic segmentation methods to determine their accuracy in predicting post-operative audiologic outcomes. MATERIALS AND METHODS This retrospective chart review was conducted at a tertiary care referral center involving adult post-lingually deafened cochlear implant recipients implanted from 2015 to 2019. Patients with appropriate postoperative imaging and speech testing were included. Patients were excluded if non-English speaking, had a cognitive deficit, or a labyrinthine malformation. Automated and manual methods were used to analyze computed tomography (CT) scans and correlate the findings with post-operative speech perception scores and detection of electrode translocation. RESULTS Among the 47 patients who met inclusion criteria, 15 had electrode translocations confirmed by automatic segmentation methods. Controlling for CI usage and pre-operative AzBio scores, patients with translocation exhibited significantly lower consonant-nucleus consonant (CNC) and AzBio scores at 6-months post-implantation compared to patients with ST insertions. Moreover, the number of translocated electrode contacts was significantly associated with post-operative CNC scores. Manual evaluations of electrode location were predictive but less sensitive to electrode translocations when compared with automated 3D segmentation. CONCLUSIONS Placement of CI electrode contacts within ST without translocation into SV, leads to improved audiologic outcomes. Manual assessment of electrode placement via temporal bone CT, without 3D reconstruction, provides a less sensitive method to determine electrode placement than automated methods. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level 4. LAY SUMMARY This study investigated the impact of electrode placement on speech outcomes for cochlear implant recipients. Using advanced imaging techniques, the researchers compared automated and manual methods for evaluating electrode position and examined the relationship between electrode translocation and audiologic outcomes. The findings revealed that proper placement within the cochlea without translocation into inappropriate compartments inside the cochlea improves speech understanding. Manual evaluations were somewhat accurate but less sensitive in detecting translocations compared to automated methods, which offer more precise predictions of patient outcomes. These results contribute to our understanding of factors influencing cochlear implant success and highlight the importance of optimizing electrode placement for improved speech outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivian F Kaul
- The Ohio State Wexner Medical Center, 915 Olentangy River Rd, Columbus, OH 43212, United States of America.
| | - Zachary Brannan
- The Ohio State University College of Medicine, 370 W 9th Ave, Columbus, OH 43210, United States of America
| | - Jason Keith
- Ohio State University College of Engineering, 2070 Neil Ave, Columbus, OH 43210, United States of America.
| | - Bradley Hittle
- The Ohio State University College of Medicine, 370 W 9th Ave, Columbus, OH 43210, United States of America.
| | - William Riggs
- The Ohio State Wexner Medical Center, 915 Olentangy River Rd, Columbus, OH 43212, United States of America
| | - Meghan Hiss
- The Ohio State Wexner Medical Center, 915 Olentangy River Rd, Columbus, OH 43212, United States of America.
| | - Varun Varadarajan
- Associates of Otolaryngology Colorado, 850 E Harvard Ave # 505, Denver, CO 80210, United States of America
| | - Kevin Zhan
- Northwestern Medical Group, 251 East Huron Street, Chicago, IL 60611, United States of America.
| | - Kimerly Powell
- The Ohio State Wexner Medical Center, 915 Olentangy River Rd, Columbus, OH 43212, United States of America.
| | - Gregory J Wiet
- The Ohio State Wexner Medical Center, 915 Olentangy River Rd, Columbus, OH 43212, United States of America; Nationwide Children's Hospital, 700 Children's Dr, Columbus, OH 43205, United States of America.
| | - Oliver F Adunka
- The Ohio State Wexner Medical Center, 915 Olentangy River Rd, Columbus, OH 43212, United States of America; Nationwide Children's Hospital, 700 Children's Dr, Columbus, OH 43205, United States of America.
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Montenegro-Apraez D, Machuca-Martínez F. Analysis of scientific and technological trends in the incorporation of activated carbon in advanced oxidation processes-a bibliometric study. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2023:10.1007/s11356-023-31120-4. [PMID: 38141124 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-31120-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
There is high interest in the development of water pollution remediation technologies. Advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) are a promising alternative for the degradation of organic compounds; however, these technologies have been limited mainly by high operating costs and, in some cases, by forming byproducts, which can be more hazardous than the original pollutants. Activated carbon (AC) is a porous material that can be combined with AOP systems in various ways, given its adsorbent and catalytic characteristics. In addition, AC is a flexible, adaptable, and low-cost material. This article presents a bibliometric analysis of AOPs incorporating CA in scientific research and patents; the Scopus database was used to obtain patents and Orbit Express for patents. The most investigated AOPs incorporating AC are photocatalysis processes, Fenton processes, persulfate-based AOP, electrochemical processes, and ozonation. However, it is the persulfate-based AOP that has seen the greatest growth in scientific publications in recent years; this great interest can be related to the synergy that the process has with AC, allowing the degradation of contaminants via radical and non-radical. According to the maturity analysis of scientific publications, photocatalysis, Fenton, electrochemistry, ozonation, and persulfate technologies are in a growth stage and will reach maturity in 2034, 2042, 2040, 2034, and 2035, respectively; these technologies coupled with AC are expected to generate a greater number of patents when they reach maturity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Montenegro-Apraez
- Escuela de Ingeniería Química, Universidad del Valle, Calle 13 No 100-00, AA, 25360, Cali, Colombia.
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Zhai M, Ye J, Jiang Y, Yuan S, Li Y, Liu Y, Dai L, Wang L, He Z. Biomass-derived carbon materials for vanadium redox flow battery: From structure to property. J Colloid Interface Sci 2023; 651:902-918. [PMID: 37573736 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2023.08.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
Biomass-derived carbon (BDC) materials are suitable as electrode or catalyst materials for vanadium redox flow battery (VRFB), owing to the characteristics of vast material sources, environmental friendliness, and multifarious structures. A timely and comprehensive review of the structure and property significantly facilitates the development of BDC materials. Here, the paper starts with the preparation of biomass materials, including carbonization and activation. It is designed to summarize the lastest developments in BDC materials of VRFB in four different structural dimensions from zero dimension (0D) to three dimension (3D). Every dimension begins with meticulously selected examples to introduce the structural characteristics of materials and then illustrates the improved performance of the VRFB due to the structure. Simultaneously, challenges, solutions, and prospects are indicated for the further development of BDC materials. Overall, this review will help researchers select excellent strategies for the fabrication of BDC materials, thereby facilitating the use of BDC materials in VRFB design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meixiang Zhai
- School of Chemical Engineering, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan 063009, Hebei, China
| | - Jiejun Ye
- School of Chemical Engineering, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan 063009, Hebei, China
| | - Yingqiao Jiang
- School of Chemical Engineering, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan 063009, Hebei, China
| | - Sujuan Yuan
- School of Chemical Engineering, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan 063009, Hebei, China.
| | - Yuehua Li
- School of Chemical Engineering, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan 063009, Hebei, China
| | - Yongguang Liu
- School of Chemical Engineering, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan 063009, Hebei, China
| | - Lei Dai
- School of Chemical Engineering, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan 063009, Hebei, China; Hebei Province Key Laboratory of Photocatalytic and Electrocatalytic Materials for Environment, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan 063009, Hebei, China
| | - Ling Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan 063009, Hebei, China; Hebei Province Key Laboratory of Photocatalytic and Electrocatalytic Materials for Environment, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan 063009, Hebei, China.
| | - Zhangxing He
- School of Chemical Engineering, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan 063009, Hebei, China; Hebei Province Key Laboratory of Photocatalytic and Electrocatalytic Materials for Environment, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan 063009, Hebei, China.
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Freund BE, Feyissa AM, Khan A, Sirven JI, Grewal SS, Sabsevitz D, Moniz-Garcia D, Quinones-Hinojosa A, Tatum WO. Enhanced sensitivity of electrocorticography during awake craniotomy using a novel circular grid electrode. J Neurooncol 2023; 165:313-320. [PMID: 37932608 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-023-04495-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Awake craniotomy with intraoperative functional brain mapping (FBM) bedside neurological testing is an important technique used to optimize resective brain surgeries near eloquent cortex. Awake craniotomy performed with electrocorticography (ECoG) and direct electrical stimulation (DES) for FBM can delineate eloquent cortex from lesions and epileptogenic regions. However, current electrode technology demonstrates spatial limitations. Our group has developed a novel circular grid with the goal of improving spatial recording of ECoG to enhance detection of ictal and interictal activity. METHODS This retrospective study was approved by the institutional review board at Mayo Clinic Florida. We analyzed patients undergoing awake craniotomy with ECoG and DES and compared ECoG data obtained using the 22 contact circular grid to standard 6 contact strip electrode. RESULTS We included 144 cases of awake craniotomy with ECoG, 73 using circular grid and 71 with strip electrode. No significant differences were seen regarding preoperative clinical and demographic data, duration of ECoG recording (p = 0.676) and use of DES (p = 0.926). Circular grid was more sensitive in detecting periodic focal epileptiform discharges (PFEDs) (p = 0.004), PFEDs plus (p = 0.032), afterdischarges (ADs) per case (p = 0.022) at lower minimum (p = 0.012) and maximum (p < 0.0012) intensity stimulation, and seizures (p = 0.048). PFEDs (p < 0.001), PFEDs plus (p < 0.001), and HFOs (p < 0.001) but not ADs (p = 0.255) predicted electrographic seizures. CONCLUSION We demonstrate higher sensitivity in detecting ictal and interictal activity on ECoG during awake craniotomy with a novel circular grid compared to strip electrode, likely due to better spatial sampling during ECoG. We also found association between PFEDs and intraoperative seizures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brin E Freund
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA.
| | | | - Aafreen Khan
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | | | | | - David Sabsevitz
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurosurgery, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
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Idris MO, Mohamad Ibrahim MN, Md Noh NA, Yaqoob AA, Hussin MH, Mohamad Shukri IA, Hamidon TS. Simultaneous naphthalene degradation and electricity production in a biowaste-powered microbial fuel cell. Chemosphere 2023; 340:139985. [PMID: 37640217 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.139985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Naphthalene is a very common and hazardous environmental pollutant, and its biodegradation has received serious attention. As demonstrated in this study, naphthalene-contaminated wastewater can be biodegraded using a microbial fuel cell (MFC). Furthermore, the potential of MFC for electricity generation appears to be a promising technology to meet energy demands other than those produced from fossil fuels. Nowadays, efforts are being made to improve the overall performance of MFC by integrating biowaste materials for anode fabrication. In this study, palm kernel shell waste was used to produce palm kernel shell-derived graphene oxide (PKS-GO) and palm kernel shell-derived reduced graphene oxide (PKS-rGO), which were then fabricated into anode electrodes to improve the system's electron mobilization and transport. The MFC configuration with the PKS-rGO anode demonstrated greater energy production potential, with a maximum power density of 35.11 mW/m2 and a current density of 101.76 mA/m2, compared to the PKS-GO anode, which achieved a maximum power density of 17.85 mW/m2 and a current density of 72.56 mA/m2. Furthermore, there is simultaneous naphthalene biodegradation with energy production, where the biodegradation efficiency of naphthalene with PKS-rGO and PKS-GO is 85.5%, and 79.7%, respectively. In addition, the specific capacitance determined from the cyclic voltammetry curve revealed a value for PKS-rGO of 2.23 × 10-4 F/g, which is also higher than the value for PKS-GO (1.57 × 10-4 F/g) on the last day of operation. Anodic microbial analysis shows that electrogens thrive in the MFC process. Finally, a comparison with previous literature and the future prospects of the study are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustapha Omenesa Idris
- Materials Technology Research Group (MaTRec), School of Chemical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia; Department of Pure and Industrial Chemistry, Kogi State (Prince Abubakar Audu) University, P.M.B 1008 Anyigba, Kogi State, Nigeria
| | - Mohamad Nasir Mohamad Ibrahim
- Materials Technology Research Group (MaTRec), School of Chemical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia.
| | - Nur Asshifa Md Noh
- School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
| | - Asim Ali Yaqoob
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, PROSE, 92160, Antony, France.
| | - M Hazwan Hussin
- Materials Technology Research Group (MaTRec), School of Chemical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
| | | | - Tuan Sherwyn Hamidon
- Materials Technology Research Group (MaTRec), School of Chemical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
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Vacek J, Zatloukalová M, Dorčák V, Cifra M, Futera Z, Ostatná V. Electrochemistry in sensing of molecular interactions of proteins and their behavior in an electric field. Mikrochim Acta 2023; 190:442. [PMID: 37847341 PMCID: PMC10582152 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-023-05999-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemical methods can be used not only for the sensitive analysis of proteins but also for deeper research into their structure, transport functions (transfer of electrons and protons), and sensing their interactions with soft and solid surfaces. Last but not least, electrochemical tools are useful for investigating the effect of an electric field on protein structure, the direct application of electrochemical methods for controlling protein function, or the micromanipulation of supramolecular protein structures. There are many experimental arrangements (modalities), from the classic configuration that works with an electrochemical cell to miniaturized electrochemical sensors and microchip platforms. The support of computational chemistry methods which appropriately complement the interpretation framework of experimental results is also important. This text describes recent directions in electrochemical methods for the determination of proteins and briefly summarizes available methodologies for the selective labeling of proteins using redox-active probes. Attention is also paid to the theoretical aspects of electron transport and the effect of an external electric field on the structure of selected proteins. Instead of providing a comprehensive overview, we aim to highlight areas of interest that have not been summarized recently, but, at the same time, represent current trends in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Vacek
- Department of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, Hnevotinska 3, 77515, Olomouc, Czech Republic.
| | - Martina Zatloukalová
- Department of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, Hnevotinska 3, 77515, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Vlastimil Dorčák
- Department of Medical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, Hnevotinska 3, 77515, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Cifra
- Institute of Photonics and Electronics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Chaberska 1014/57, 18200, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Zdeněk Futera
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branisovska 1760, 37005, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Veronika Ostatná
- Institute of Biophysics, The Czech Academy of Sciences, v.v.i., Kralovopolska 135, 61200, Brno, Czech Republic
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Shirokura T, Hirohata T, Sato K, Villani E, Sekiya K, Chien YA, Kurioka T, Hifumi R, Hattori Y, Sone M, Tomita I, Inagi S. Site-Selective Synthesis and Concurrent Immobilization of Imine-Based Covalent Organic Frameworks on Electrodes Using an Electrogenerated Acid. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202307343. [PMID: 37294142 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202307343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Imine-based covalent organic frameworks (COFs) are crystalline porous materials with prospective uses in various devices. However, general bulk synthetic methods usually produce COFs as powders that are insoluble in most of the common organic solvents, arising challenges for the subsequent molding and fixing of these materials on substrates. Here, we report a novel synthetic methodology that utilizes an electrogenerated acid (EGA), which is produced at an electrode surface by electrochemical oxidation of a suitable precursor, acting as an effective Brønsted acid catalyst for imine bond formation from the corresponding amine and aldehyde monomers. Simultaneously, it provides the corresponding COF film deposited on the electrode surface. The COF structures obtained with this method exhibited high crystallinities and porosities, and the film thickness could be controlled. Furthermore, such process was applied for the synthesis of various imine-based COFs, including a three-dimensional (3D) COF structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoki Shirokura
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 226-8502, Japan
| | - Tomoki Hirohata
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 226-8502, Japan
| | - Kosuke Sato
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 226-8502, Japan
| | - Elena Villani
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 226-8502, Japan
| | - Kazuyasu Sekiya
- Faculty of Textile Science and Technology, Shinshu University, Ueda, Nagano, 386-8567, Japan
| | - Yu-An Chien
- Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 226-8503, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Kurioka
- Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 226-8503, Japan
| | - Ryoyu Hifumi
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 226-8502, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Hattori
- Faculty of Textile Science and Technology, Shinshu University, Ueda, Nagano, 386-8567, Japan
| | - Masato Sone
- Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 226-8503, Japan
| | - Ikuyoshi Tomita
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 226-8502, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Inagi
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 226-8502, Japan
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Gregory BA, Thompson CH, Salatino JW, Railing MJ, Zimmerman AF, Gupta B, Williams K, Beatty JA, Cox CL, Purcell EK. Structural and functional changes of deep layer pyramidal neurons surrounding micro electrode arrays implanted in rat motor cortex. Acta Biomater 2023; 168:429-439. [PMID: 37499727 PMCID: PMC10441615 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2023.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 06/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Devices capable of recording or stimulating neuronal signals have created new opportunities to understand normal physiology and treat sources of pathology in the brain. However, it is possible that the tissue response to implanted electrodes may influence the nature of the signals detected or stimulated. In this study, we characterized structural and functional changes in deep layer pyramidal neurons surrounding silicon or polyimide-based electrodes implanted in the motor cortex of rats. Devices were captured in 300 µm-thick tissue slices collected at the 1 or 6 week time point post-implantation, and individual neurons were assessed using a combination of whole-cell electrophysiology and 2-photon imaging. We observed disrupted dendritic arbors and a significant reduction in spine densities in neurons surrounding devices. These effects were accompanied by a decrease in the frequency of spontaneous excitatory post-synaptic currents, a reduction in sag amplitude, an increase in spike frequency adaptation, and an increase in filopodia density. We hypothesize that the effects observed in this study may contribute to the signal loss and instability that often accompany chronically implanted electrodes. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Implanted electrodes in the brain can be used to treat sources of pathology and understand normal physiology by recording or stimulating electrical signals generated by local neurons. However, a foreign body response following implantation undermines the performance of these devices. While several studies have investigated the biological mechanisms of device-tissue interactions through histology, transcriptomics, and imaging, our study is the first to directly interrogate effects on the function of neurons surrounding electrodes using single-cell electrophysiology. Additionally, we provide new, detailed assessments of the impacts of electrodes on the dendritic structure and spine morphology of neurons, and we assess effects for both traditional (silicon) and newer polymer electrode materials. These results reveal new potential mechanisms of electrode-tissue interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Cort H Thompson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Michigan State University, United States
| | - Joseph W Salatino
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Michigan State University, United States
| | - Mia J Railing
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, United States
| | | | - Bhavna Gupta
- Neuroscience Program, Michigan State University, United States
| | - Kathleen Williams
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Michigan State University, United States
| | - Joseph A Beatty
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, United States; Neuroscience Program, Michigan State University, United States
| | - Charles L Cox
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, United States; Neuroscience Program, Michigan State University, United States
| | - Erin K Purcell
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Michigan State University, United States; Neuroscience Program, Michigan State University, United States; Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States.
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Shan P, Chen J, Tao M, Zhao D, Lin H, Fu R, Yang Y. The applications of solid-state NMR and MRI techniques in the study of rechargeable sodium-ion batteries. J Magn Reson 2023; 353:107516. [PMID: 37418780 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2023.107516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023]
Abstract
In order to develop new electrode and electrolyte materials for advanced sodium-ion batteries (SIBs), it is crucial to understand a number of fundamental issues. These include the compositions of the bulk and interface, the structures of the materials used, and the electrochemical reactions in the batteries. Solid-state NMR (SS-NMR) has unique advantages in characterizing the local or microstructure of solid electrode/electrolyte materials and their interfaces-one such advantage is that these are determined in a noninvasive and nondestructive manner at the atomic level. In this review, we provide a survey of the recent advances in the understanding of the fundamental issues of SIBs using advanced NMR techniques. First, we summarize the applications of SS-NMR in characterizing electrode material structures and solid electrolyte interfaces (SEI). In particular, we elucidate the key role of in-situ NMR/MRI in revealing the complex reactions and degradation mechanisms of SIBs. Next, the characteristics and shortcomings of SS-NMR and MRI techniques in SIBs are also discussed in comparison to similar Li-ion batteries. Finally, an overview of SS-NMR and MRI techniques for sodium batteries are briefly discussed and presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peizhao Shan
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, Fujian, China
| | - Junning Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, Fujian, China
| | - Mingming Tao
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, Fujian, China
| | - Danhui Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, Fujian, China
| | - Hongxin Lin
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, Fujian, China
| | - Riqiang Fu
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, 1800 E. Paul Dirac Drive, Tallahassee, FL 32310, USA
| | - Yong Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, Fujian, China.
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20
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Yindeedej V, Uda T, Kawashima T, Koh S, Tanoue Y, Kojima Y, Goto T. Electrode Tip Shift During the Stereotactic Electroencephalography Evaluation Period with Boltless Suture Fixation. World Neurosurg 2023; 175:e1210-e1219. [PMID: 37427700 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2023.04.099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Electrodes for stereotactic electroencephalography (SEEG) are typically fixed to the skull with anchor bolts. When anchor bolts are unavailable, electrodes have to be fixed using other methods, carrying the possibility of electrode shift. This study, therefore, evaluated the characteristics of electrode tip shift during SEEG monitoring in patients with electrodes fixed using the suture technique. METHODS We retrospectively included patients who underwent SEEG implantation with suture fixation and evaluated the tip shift distance (TSD) of electrodes. Possible influences evaluated included: 1) implantation period, 2) lobe of entry, 3) unilateral or bilateral implantation, 4) electrode length, 5) skull thickness, and 6) scalp thickness difference. RESULTS A total of 50 electrodes in 7 patients were evaluated. TSD was 1.4 ± 2.0 mm (mean ± standard deviation). Implantation period was 8.1 ± 2.2 days. Entry lobe was frontal for 28 electrodes and temporal for 22 electrodes. Implantation was bilateral for 25 electrodes and unilateral for 25 electrodes. Electrode length was 45.4 ± 14.3 mm. Skull thickness was 6.0 ± 3.7 mm. Scalp thickness difference was -1.5 ± 2.1 mm, which was found greater in temporal lobe entry compared with frontal lobe entry. According to univariate analyses, neither implantation period nor electrode length correlated with TSD. Multivariate regression analysis showed that only greater scalp thickness difference correlated significantly with greater TSD (P = 0.0018). CONCLUSIONS Greater scalp thickness difference correlated with greater TSD. Surgeons need to consider the degree of scalp thickness difference and electrode shift when using suture fixation, especially with temporal lobe entry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vich Yindeedej
- Department of Neurosurgery, Osaka Metropolitan University, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan; Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Thammasat University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Thammasat University, Pathumthani, Thailand
| | - Takehiro Uda
- Department of Neurosurgery, Osaka Metropolitan University, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan.
| | - Toshiyuki Kawashima
- Department of Neurosurgery, Osaka Metropolitan University, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Saya Koh
- Department of Neurosurgery, Osaka Metropolitan University, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yuta Tanoue
- Department of Neurosurgery, Osaka Metropolitan University, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Kojima
- Department of Neurosurgery, Osaka Metropolitan University, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takeo Goto
- Department of Neurosurgery, Osaka Metropolitan University, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
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Mazloum V, Akbari H, Gholampour A. The comparison of the effects of neuromuscular electrical stimulation and Kinesio Taping on ankle swelling in athletes with lateral ankle sprain. J Exp Orthop 2023; 10:63. [PMID: 37300642 DOI: 10.1186/s40634-023-00624-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Ankle swelling (AS) is one of the main complaints in athletes with a lateral ankle sprain (LAS) in the acute phase. Reducing AS may help the athlete to return to training faster. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of Kinesio Taping® (KT) and neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) in reducing AS in athletes with a LAS. METHODS Thirty-one athletes with a unilateral ankle sprain from various sports were allocated to either KT (N = 16; mean age of 24.1 years) or NMES (N = 15; mean age of 26.4 years) groups. KT was applied over the medial and lateral ankle surfaces in the Fan cut pattern for five consecutive days; however, NMES was applied to the tibialis anterior and gastrocnemius muscles for 30 min. Outcome measures to assess the extent of AS included volumetry, perimetry, relative volumetry, and the difference in both ankles' volumetry and perimetry at baseline, after the interventions, and 15 days following the treatment completion. RESULTS The results of the mixed model repeated measures ANOVA demonstrated no significant difference between the two groups in mean changes in outcomes over pre- and post-interventions as well as follow-up periods (P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS None of the KT and NMES methods could reduce acute AS in athletes with LAS. Further studies are needed in this area of research that consider changes in treatment protocol given the variety of NMES approaches and KT applications that can be used in recovery from an ankle sprain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vahid Mazloum
- Clinical Care and Health Promotion Research Center, Karaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Karaj, Iran
| | - Hadi Akbari
- Department of Sport Sciences, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, University of Zabol, Zabol, Iran.
| | - Anis Gholampour
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, Karaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Karaj, Iran
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Männlin J, San Antonio-Arce V, Reinacher PC, Scheiwe C, Shah MJ, Urbach H, Schulze-Bonhage A. Safety profile of subdural and depth electrode implantations in invasive EEG exploration of drug-resistant focal epilepsy. Seizure 2023; 110:21-27. [PMID: 37302157 DOI: 10.1016/j.seizure.2023.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To analyze the safety profile of subdural and depth electrode implantation in a large monocentric cohort of patients of all ages undergoing intracranial EEG exploration because of drug resistant focal epilepsy diagnosed and implanted by a constant team of epileptologists and neurosurgeons. METHODS We retrospectively analyzed data from 452 implantations in 420 patients undergoing invasive presurgical evaluation at the Freiburg Epilepsy Center from 1999 to 2019 (n = 160 subdural electrodes, n = 156 depth electrodes and n = 136 combination of both approaches). Complications were classified as hemorrhage with or without clinical manifestations, infection-associated and other complications. Furthermore, possible risk factors (age, duration of invasive monitoring, number of electrode contacts used) and changes in complication rates during the study period were analyzed. RESULTS The most frequent complications in both implantation groups were hemorrhages. Subdural electrode explorations caused significantly more symptomatic hemorrhages and required more operative interventions (SDE 9.9%, DE 0.3%, p < 0.05). Hemorrhage risk was higher for grids with 64 contacts than for smaller grids (p < 0.05). The infection rate was very low (0,2%). A transient neurological deficit occurred in 8.8% of all implantations and persisted for at least 3 months in 1.3%. Transient, but not persistent neurological deficits were more common in patients with implanted subdural electrodes than in the depth electrode group. CONCLUSION The use of subdural electrodes was associated with a higher risk of hemorrhage and transient neurological symptoms. However persistent deficits were rare with either approach, demonstrating that intracranial investigations using either subdural electrodes or depth electrodes carry acceptable risks in patients with drug-resistant focal epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Männlin
- Freiburg Epilepsy Center, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Breisacher Str. 64, Freiburg im Breisgau 79106, Germany.
| | - Victoria San Antonio-Arce
- Freiburg Epilepsy Center, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Breisacher Str. 64, Freiburg im Breisgau 79106, Germany; Member of the European Reference Network for Rare and Complex Epilepsies EpiCARE, Germany
| | - Peter Christoph Reinacher
- Department of Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Breisacher Str. 64, Freiburg im Breisgau 79106, Germany; Fraunhofer Institute for Laser Technology (ILT), Aachen, Germany
| | - Christian Scheiwe
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Breisacher Str. 64, Freiburg im Breisgau 79106, Germany
| | - Mukesch Johannes Shah
- Department of Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Breisacher Str. 64, Freiburg im Breisgau 79106, Germany
| | - Horst Urbach
- Department of Neuroradiology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Breisacher Str. 64, Freiburg im Breisgau 79106, Germany
| | - Andreas Schulze-Bonhage
- Freiburg Epilepsy Center, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Breisacher Str. 64, Freiburg im Breisgau 79106, Germany; Member of the European Reference Network for Rare and Complex Epilepsies EpiCARE, Germany.
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Knecht S, Schlageter V, Badertscher P, Krisai P, Jousset F, Küffer T, Madaffari A, Schaer B, Osswald S, Sticherling C, Kühne M. Atrial substrate characterization based on bipolar voltage electrograms acquired with multipolar, focal and mini- electrode catheters. Europace 2023; 25:euad127. [PMID: 37165671 PMCID: PMC10228606 DOI: 10.1093/europace/euad127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bipolar voltage (BV) electrograms for left atrial (LA) substrate characterization depend on catheter design and electrode configuration. AIMS The aim of the study was to investigate the relationship between the BV amplitude (BVA) using four catheters with different electrode design and to identify their specific LA cutoffs for scar and healthy tissue. METHODS AND RESULTS Consecutive high-resolution electroanatomic mapping was performed using a multipolar-minielectrode Orion catheter (Orion-map), a duo-decapolar circular mapping catheter (Lasso-map), and an irrigated focal ablation catheter with minielectrodes (Mifi-map). Virtual remapping using the Mifi-map was performed with a 4.5 mm tip-size electrode configuration (Nav-map). BVAs were compared in voxels of 3 × 3 × 3 mm3. The equivalent BVA cutoff for every catheter was calculated for established reference cutoff values of 0.1, 0.2, 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 mV. We analyzed 25 patients (72% men, age 68 ± 15 years). For scar tissue, a 0.5 mV cutoff using the Nav corresponds to a lower cutoff of 0.35 mV for the Orion and of 0.48 mV for the Lasso. Accordingly, a 0.2 mV cutoff corresponds to a cutoff of 0.09 mV for the Orion and of 0.14 mV for the Lasso. For healthy tissue cutoff at 1.5 mV, a larger BVA cutoff for the small electrodes of the Orion and the Lasso was determined of 1.68 and 2.21 mV, respectively. CONCLUSION When measuring LA BVA, significant differences were seen between focal, multielectrode, and minielectrode catheters. Adapted cutoffs for scar and healthy tissue are required for different catheters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Knecht
- Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Petersgraben 4, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
- Cardiovascular Research Institute Basel, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Vincent Schlageter
- Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Petersgraben 4, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
- Cardiovascular Research Institute Basel, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Patrick Badertscher
- Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Petersgraben 4, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
- Cardiovascular Research Institute Basel, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Philipp Krisai
- Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Petersgraben 4, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
- Cardiovascular Research Institute Basel, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Florian Jousset
- Boston Scientific, Rhythm Management, Solothurn, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Küffer
- Department of Cardiology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Antonio Madaffari
- Department of Cardiology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Beat Schaer
- Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Petersgraben 4, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
- Cardiovascular Research Institute Basel, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Osswald
- Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Petersgraben 4, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
- Cardiovascular Research Institute Basel, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Christian Sticherling
- Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Petersgraben 4, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
- Cardiovascular Research Institute Basel, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Michael Kühne
- Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Petersgraben 4, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
- Cardiovascular Research Institute Basel, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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24
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Cao Y, Zhang W, Shi Y, Xiao J, Li Y. Effects of electrode materials on the performance of Zr0.75Hf0.25O2-based ferroelectric thin films via post deposition annealing. Nanotechnology 2023; 34. [PMID: 37130511 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/acd199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
In this work, the effects of top electrode (TE) and bottom electrode (BE) on the ferroelectric properties of zirconia-based Zr0.75Hf0.25O2 (ZHO) thin films annealed by post-deposition annealing (PDA) are investigated in detail. Among W/ZHO/BE capacitors (BE = W, Cr or TiN), W/ZHO/W delivered the highest ferroelectric remanent polarization and the best endurance performance, revealing that the BE with a smaller coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) plays a vital role in enhancing the ferroelectricity of fluorite-structure ZHO. For TE/ZHO/W structures (TE = W, Pt, Ni, TaN or TiN), the stability of TE metals seems to have a larger impact on the performance over their CTE values. This work provides a guideline to modulate and optimize the ferroelectric performance of PDA-treated ZHO-based thin films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yating Cao
- Hebei University, Baoding, Baoding, Hebei, 071002, CHINA
| | - Wei Zhang
- Hebei University, Baoding, Baoding, 071002, CHINA
| | - Yuxuan Shi
- Hebei University, Baoding, Baoding, 071002, CHINA
| | - Jinchao Xiao
- Hebei University, Baoding, Baoding, 071002, CHINA
| | - Yubao Li
- Hebei University, Baoding, Baoding, 071002, CHINA
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25
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Verma M, Singh V, Mishra V. Moving towards the enhancement of extracellular electron transfer in electrogens. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 39:130. [PMID: 36959310 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-023-03582-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/25/2023]
Abstract
Electrogens are very common in nature and becoming a contemporary theme for research as they can be exploited for extracellular electron transfer. Extracellular electron transfer is the key mechanism behind bioelectricity generation and bioremediation of pollutants via microbes. Extracellular electron transfer mechanisms for electrogens other than Shewanella and Geobacter are less explored. An efficient extracellular electron transfer system is crucial for the sustainable future of bioelectrochemical systems. At present, the poor extracellular electron transfer efficiency remains a decisive factor in limiting the development of efficient bioelectrochemical systems. In this review article, the EET mechanisms in different electrogens (bacteria and yeast) have been focused. Apart from the well-known electron transfer mechanisms of Shewanella oneidensis and Geobacter metallireducens, a brief introduction of the EET pathway in Rhodopseudomonas palustris TIE-1, Sideroxydans lithotrophicus ES-1, Thermincola potens JR, Lysinibacillus varians GY32, Carboxydothermus ferrireducens, Enterococcus faecalis and Saccharomyces cerevisiae have been included. In addition to this, the article discusses the several approaches to anode modification and genetic engineering that may be used in order to increase the rate of extracellular electron transfer. In the side lines, this review includes the engagement of the electrogens for different applications followed by the future perspective of efficient extracellular electron transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manisha Verma
- School of Biochemical Engineering, IIT (BHU), 221005, Varanasi, India
| | - Vishal Singh
- School of Biochemical Engineering, IIT (BHU), 221005, Varanasi, India
| | - Vishal Mishra
- School of Biochemical Engineering, IIT (BHU), 221005, Varanasi, India.
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26
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Liu S, Chen Y, Dorsel PKP, Wu C. Facile preparation of nanocellulose/multi-walled carbon nanotube/polyaniline composite aerogel electrodes with high area-specific capacitance for supercapacitors. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 238:124158. [PMID: 36965562 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.124158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/27/2023]
Abstract
As a natural biological macromolecule, nanocellulose is a promising substrate for high-performance supercapacitor electrodes. However, it shows that a low area-specific capacitance can limit its use. To strengthen the area-specific capacitance of nanocellulose-based composite aerogel electrodes to obtain high-performance supercapacitors, we combined the addition of conductive materials and physical cross-linking. After physical cross-linking and polyaniline embedding in the original conductive framework, a nanocellulose-based composite aerogel with a conductive network and outstanding electrochemical performance was obtained. The good electrochemical performance of the composite aerogel film electrode can be attributed to the high specific surface area of 46.32 m2·g-1, mesoporous structure, and uniform growth of polyaniline. The electrode exhibited the highest area-specific capacitance of 2176.3 mF·cm-2 at a current density of 1 mA·cm-2. Even at a current density of 10 mA·cm-2, the capacitance was retained at 1071.67 mF·cm-2, thereby showing good rate performance. Furthermore, the as-prepared aerogel film electrode exhibited electrochemical stability with a capacitance retention of 64 % at a current density of 10 mA·cm-2 after 1050 cycles. The as-assembled all-solid-state supercapacitor showed the highest area-specific capacitance of 968.94 mF·cm-2 at a current density of 0.5 mA·cm-2 and considerable energy and power density of 86.1 μWh·cm-2 and 200 μW·cm-2, respectively. In this study, we demonstrated that the proper construction of conductive networks by conductive polymers could maximize electrochemical performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuaibiao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, Shandong, China
| | - Yehong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, Shandong, China.
| | - Padonou-Kengue Patrick Dorsel
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, Shandong, China
| | - Chaojun Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, Shandong, China.
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Saeed T, Zaman T, Miah MJ, Yadav AK, Majed N. Organic media-based two-stage traditional and electrode-integrated tidal flow wetlands to treat landfill leachate: Influence of aeration strategy and plants. J Environ Manage 2023; 330:117253. [PMID: 36621313 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.117253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 12/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Landfill leachate treatment employing normal and electrode-integrated constructed wetlands is difficult due to the presence of significant amounts of organic compounds, which frequently impede the progression of microbial-based aerobic pollutant removal pathways. As a result, this study examines the effect of supplementary air availability via intermittent and continuous aeration strategies in improving organic, nutrient, and coliform removals of the unplanted, planted (normal and electrode-integrated) two-stage tidal flow constructed wetlands designed to treat landfill leachate. The constructed wetlands were filled with coal and biochar media and planted with Canna indica. Mean chemical oxygen demand (COD), total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), and coliform removal percentages of the externally aerated two-stage unplanted, only planted, planted-microbial fuel cell integrated constructed wetland systems ranged between 96 and 99%, 82 and 93%, 91 and 98%, 86 and 96%, respectively, throughout the experimental campaign. External aeration inhibited the development of a dominant anaerobic environment within the media of the wetland systems and improved overall pollutant removal. The electrode-integrated planted tidal flow wetlands produced better effluent quality than the unplanted or only planted tidal flow systems without electrode assistance. The first stages of the three wetland systems achieved an additional 5-7% COD, 7-12% TN, and 15-22% coliform removal during the continuous aeration period compared to the corresponding performance of the intermittent aeration phase. The pollutant removal performance of the second-stage wetlands decreased during the continuous aeration phase. The media composition supported electrochemically active and inactive microbial-based pollutant removal routes and the chemical adsorption of pollutants. Nitrogen and phosphorus accumulation percentage in plant tissues was low, i.e., 0.4-2.2% and 0.04-0.8%, respectively. During the continuous aeration period, the electrode-integrated tidal flow constructed wetlands achieved higher power density production, i.e., between 859 and 1432 mW (mW)/meter3(m3). This study demonstrates that external aeration might improve pollutant removal performance of the normal, electrodes integrated tidal flow-based constructed wetlands when employed for high organic-strength wastewater treatment such as landfill leachate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanveer Saeed
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Asia Pacific, Dhaka, 1205, Bangladesh.
| | - Takrim Zaman
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Asia Pacific, Dhaka, 1205, Bangladesh
| | - Md Jihad Miah
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Asia Pacific, Dhaka, 1205, Bangladesh
| | - Asheesh Kumar Yadav
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Technology, Rey Juan Carlos University, Mostoles, 28933, Madrid, Spain
| | - Nehreen Majed
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Asia Pacific, Dhaka, 1205, Bangladesh
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28
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Wang S, Jiang J, Zhao Q, Wei L, Wang K. Investigation of electrochemical properties, leachate purification, organic matter characteristics, and microbial diversity in a sludge treatment wetland- microbial fuel cell. Sci Total Environ 2023; 862:160799. [PMID: 36493836 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Sludge treatment wetland-microbial fuel cell (STW-MFC) is a unique sludge treatment process that produces bioelectricity, but its technology is still in its infancy. This study investigated the electrochemical properties, organic matter characteristics, leachate purification, and microbial community structure of STW-MFCs as affected by electrode location. When electrodes were placed in the filler layer, the STW-MFC system presented a higher power generation capacity (maximum output power density: 0.498 W/m3; peak cell voltage: 0.879 V) and organic matter degradation efficiency. The hydrophilic fraction was the main dissolved organic carbon fraction in sludge extracellular biological organic matter (EBOM) and leachate dissolved organic matter (DOM). Aromatics were mainly concentrated in the hydrophobic acid fraction. The UV-254 content of sludge EBOM decreased mainly in the hydrophilic and transphilic acid fractions. The excitation-emission matrix analysis showed that tryptophan-like protein was more easily eliminated than tyrosine-like protein. In addition, there was a strong correlation between voltage and NH4+ removal efficiency; a negative correlation between total chemical oxygen demand (TCOD), total nitrogen (TN), and total phosphorus (TP) removal efficiency, and a negative correlation between pH and TN, TP, and NH4+ removal efficiencies. High-throughput sequencing showed that the system was most abundant in Thermomonas, Geothrix and Geobacter when the electrodes were placed in the filled layer, while the levels of genes for membrane transport, carbohydrate metabolism and energy metabolism functions were higher than in other systems. This work will support STW- MFC widespread implementation by illuminating the underlying mechanics of different anode positions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shutian Wang
- School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Junqiu Jiang
- School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China; Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Ecosystem (HPKLPEE), School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China.
| | - Qingliang Zhao
- School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China; State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resources and Environments (SKLUWRE), School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China.
| | - Liangliang Wei
- School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China; State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resources and Environments (SKLUWRE), School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Kun Wang
- School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China; State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resources and Environments (SKLUWRE), School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
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29
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Bao Z, Xie B, Li W, Zhong S, Fan L, Tongsh C, Gao F, Du Q, Benbouzid M, Jiao K. High-consistency proton exchange membrane fuel cells enabled by oxygen-electron mixed-pathway electrodes via digitalization design. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2023; 68:266-275. [PMID: 36710149 DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2023.01.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell has been regarded as a promising approach to the decarbonization and diversification of energy sources. In recent years, durability and cost issues of PEM fuel cells are increasingly significant with the rapid increase of power density. However, the failure to maintain the cell consistency, as one major cause of the above issue, has attracted little attention. Therefore, this study intends to figure out the underlying cause of cell inconsistency and provide solutions to it from the perspective of multi-physics transport coupled with electrochemical reactions. The PEM fuel cells with electrodes under two compression modes are firstly discussed to fully explain the relationship of cell performance and consistency to electrode structure and multi-physics transport. The result indicates that one main cause of cell inconsistency is the intrinsic conflict between the separated transport and cooperated consumption of oxygen and electron throughout the active area. Then, a mixed-pathway electrode design is proposed to reduce the cell inconsistency by enhancing the mixed transport of oxygen and electron in the electrode. It is found that the mixing of pathways in electrodes at under-rib region is more effective than that at the under-channel region, and can achieve an up to 40% reduction of the cell inconsistency with little (3.3%) sacrificed performance. In addition, all the investigations are implemented based on a self-developed digitalization platform that reconstructs the complex physical-chemical system of PEM fuel cells. The fully observable physical information of the digitalized cells provides strong support to the related analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiming Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Engines, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China; INSA Rennes, Rennes 35700, France
| | - Biao Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Engines, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Weizhuo Li
- State Key Laboratory of Engines, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Shenghui Zhong
- Beihang Hangzhou Innovation Institute Yuhang, Hangzhou 310023, China
| | - Linhao Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Engines, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Chasen Tongsh
- State Key Laboratory of Engines, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Fei Gao
- FEMTO-ST Institute, University of Technology of Belfort-Montbeliard, National Center for Scientific Research, Belfort F-90010, France.
| | - Qing Du
- State Key Laboratory of Engines, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Mohamed Benbouzid
- UMR 6027 IRDL, Brest University, National Center for Scientific Research, Brest 29238, France; Shanghai Marine University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Kui Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Engines, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China; National Industry-Education Platform of Energy Storage, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China.
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30
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Selvakumar D, Sonu KP, Ramadoss G, Sivaramakrishnan R, Jayavel R, Eswaramoorthy M, Venkateswara Rao K, Pugazhendhi A. Heterostructures of polyaniline and Ce-ZnO nanomaterial coated flexible PET thin films for LPG gas sensing at standard environment. Chemosphere 2023; 314:137492. [PMID: 36481170 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.137492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The n-type Ce doped ZnO (Ce-ZnO) and p-type polyaniline (PANI) heterojunction were successfully synthesized via simple chemical solution method for sensing liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) at standard environment. The morphology and structures of as-prepared Ce-ZnO & PANI nanoparticles were analyzed by numerous kinds of techniques. Ce-ZnO & PANI nanoparticles were mixed with n-methylpyrrolidone (NMP) which is coated over the gold coated PET electrode by doctor blade method and dried overnight at 60 °C to form p-n junction. The as-formed p-n junction is to be driven with the help of 1.5 V potential at ambient temperature. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy results of Ce-ZnO nanoparticles confirmed the existence of Ce4+ and the improved amount of both chemisorbed oxygen and oxygen vacancy after the formation of Ce-ZnO heterojunction. The maximum response of 80% was realized for hollow Ce-ZnO/PANI sensor at 100 ppm. The proposed material is a novel candidate to detect the LPG even at low (30) ppm and this study reveals the possibility of developing a potentially inexpensive hollow Ce-ZnO/PANI sensor for sensing LPG efficiently.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Selvakumar
- Department of ECE, KPR Institute of Engineering and Technology, Coimbatore, 641407, India; Chemistry and Physics of Materials Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Bangalore, 560064, India.
| | - K P Sonu
- Chemistry and Physics of Materials Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Bangalore, 560064, India
| | - G Ramadoss
- School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed University, Thanjavur, 613401, India
| | - R Sivaramakrishnan
- Laboratory of Cyanobacterial Biotechnology, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - R Jayavel
- Centre for Nanoscience and Technology, Anna University, Chennai, 600 025, India
| | - M Eswaramoorthy
- Chemistry and Physics of Materials Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Bangalore, 560064, India
| | - K Venkateswara Rao
- Centre for Nano Science and Technology, JNT University Hyderabad, Kukatpally, 500085, Telangana, India
| | - A Pugazhendhi
- School of Engineering, Lebanese American University, Byblos, Lebanon; University Centre for Research & Development, Department of Civil Engineering, Chandigarh University, Mohali, India.
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31
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Hussain I, Shaheen I, Ahmad R, Ali I, Hussain K, Hussain SS, Alsaiari NS, Katubi KM, Eldin SM, Ansari MZ. Binder-free cupric-ion containing zinc sulfide nanoplates-like structure for flexible energy storage devices. Chemosphere 2023; 314:137660. [PMID: 36581122 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.137660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Researchers have been enthusiastic about developing high-performance electrode materials based on metal chalcogenides for energy storage applications. Herein, we developed cupric ion-containing zinc sulfide (ZnS:Cu) nanoplates by using a solvothermal approach. The as-synthesized ZnS:Cu nanoplates electrode was characterized and analyzed by using XRD, SEM, TEM, EDS, and XPS. The binder-free flexible ZnS:Cu nanoplates exhibited excellent specific capacitance of 545 F g-1 at a current density of 1 A g-1. The CV and GCD measurements revealed that the specific capacitance was mainly attributed to the Faradaic redox mechanism. Further, the binder-free flexible ZnS:Cu nanoplates electrode retained 87.4% along with excellent Coulombic efficiency (99%) after 5000 cycles. The binder-free flexible ZnS:Cu nanoplates exhibited excellent conductivity, specific capacitance, and stability which are beneficial in energy storage systems. These findings will also open new horizons amongst material scientists toward the new direction of electrode development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iftikhar Hussain
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong.
| | - Irum Shaheen
- Sabanci University Nanotechnology Research and Application Center, Orta Mah. Tuzla 34956 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Rabia Ahmad
- U.S.-Pakistan Center for Advanced Studies in Energy (USPCAS-E), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan
| | - Ijaz Ali
- Department of Materials Engineering, Ming Chi University of Technology, New Taipei City 243, Taiwan
| | - Khurshid Hussain
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sayed Sajid Hussain
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Norah Salem Alsaiari
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P. O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khadijah Mohammedsaleh Katubi
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P. O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sayed M Eldin
- Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Future University in Egypt, New Cairo 11835, Egypt
| | - Mohd Zahid Ansari
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Yeungnam University, 280 Daehak-Ro, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 38541, Republic of Korea.
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Das AK, Islam MN, Ghosh RK, Maryana R. Cellulose-based bionanocomposites in energy storage applications-A review. Heliyon 2023; 9:e13028. [PMID: 36820173 PMCID: PMC9938483 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e13028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The growing demand for energy and environmental issues are the main concern for the sustainable development of modern society. Replacing toxic and expensive materials with inexpensive and biodegradable biomaterials is the main challenge for researchers. Nanocomposites are of the utmost consideration for their application in energy storage devices because of their specific electrochemical properties. Cellulose-based bionanocomposites have added a new dimension to this field since these are developed from available renewable biomaterials. Studies on developing electrodes, separators, collectors, and electrolytes for the batteries have been conducted based on these composites rigorously. Electrodes and separators made of these composites for the supercapacitors have also been investigated. Researchers have used a wide range of micro- and nano-structural cellulose along with nanostructured inorganic materials to produce cellulose-based bionanocomposites for energy devices, i.e., supercapacitors and batteries. The presence of cellulosic materials enhances the loading capacity of active materials and uniform porous structure in the electrode matrix. Thus, it has shown improved electrochemical properties. Therefore, these can help to develop biodegradable, lightweight, malleable, and strong energy storage devices. In this review article, the manufacturing process, properties, applications, and possible opportunities of cellulose-based bionanocomposites in energy storage devices have been emphasized. Its challenges and opportunities have also been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atanu Kumar Das
- Department of Forest Biomaterials and Technology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE- 90183, Umeå, Sweden,Corresponding author.
| | - Md Nazrul Islam
- Forestry and Wood Technology Discipline, Khulna University, Khulna, 9208, Bangladesh
| | - Rupak Kumar Ghosh
- Forest Chemistry Division, Bangladesh Forest Research Institute, Chittagong, 4211, Bangladesh
| | - Roni Maryana
- Research Center for Chemistry, National Research and Innovation Agency, South Tangerang, Banten 10340, Indonesia
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Zhang X, Liang X, Xu M, Wang J, Wang F, Chen M. In situ recombination for durable photoelectrocatalytic degradation of organic dye in wastewater. Chemosphere 2023; 312:137237. [PMID: 36400199 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.137237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Photoelectrocatalysis (PEC) can effectively degrade organic pollutants by using photoelectrodes without secondary pollution. However, significant mass transport resistance and decreased catalytic activity caused by the shedding of active components remain a barrier to achieving the photocatalytic system with a high degradation rate and long-term durability. Here, an in situ recombination concept is presented to overcome this challenge. The bionic coral-like electrode, obtained by in situ assembly of UIO-66 around TiO2 nanoflowers (TNF) on Ti-foam substrate, is employed as the photoanode in PEC. Ex situ evaluation of photoelectrochemical activity demonstrates that the UIO-66@TNF/Ti-foam (U@T/T) design significantly improves the light-propagation, light-absorption and charge transfer. In Situ degradation evaluations also shows that the interesting design promotes rapid and stable degradation of organic dye (e.g. Rhodamine B (RhB)). At 2.0 V of bias potential and pH 7.0 in 5 mg L-1 RhB, under the action of active species such as ·O2- and ·OH (proved by the degradation mechanism experiments), the removal rate of RhB can reach 96.1% at 120 min and almost complete removal at 200 min (99.1%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Zhang
- School of Earth and Environment, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan, Anhui, 232001, People's Republic of China; School of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Huainan Normal University, Huainan, Anhui, 232001, People's Republic of China
| | - Xian Liang
- School of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Huainan Normal University, Huainan, Anhui, 232001, People's Republic of China.
| | - Mai Xu
- School of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Huainan Normal University, Huainan, Anhui, 232001, People's Republic of China
| | - Jin Wang
- School of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Huainan Normal University, Huainan, Anhui, 232001, People's Republic of China
| | - Fengwu Wang
- School of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Huainan Normal University, Huainan, Anhui, 232001, People's Republic of China.
| | - Minggong Chen
- School of Earth and Environment, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan, Anhui, 232001, People's Republic of China.
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Zhang C, Li H, Yang X, Tan X, Wan C, Liu X. Characterization of electrodes modified with sludge-derived biochar and its performance of electrocatalytic oxidation of azo dyes. J Environ Manage 2022; 324:116445. [PMID: 36352724 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.116445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Pyrolysis of waste sludge in sewage treatment can achieve a substantial reduction in solid waste and obtain sludge-based biochars with multiple functions. However, the electrochemical properties of sludge-derived biochar as electrode modification material and the electrocatalytic ability of biochar-modified electrodes are still unclear. In this study, sludge-based biochars were prepared at various pyrolysis temperatures (400 °C, 500 °C, 600 °C, 700 °C, and 800 °C) and then were cast on glassy carbon electrodes to fabricate composite biochar-electrodes (GC400, GC500, GC600, GC700, and GC800). The results of elemental analysis and Raman spectra showed that sludge-based biochar prepared at higher temperatures exhibited higher aromaticity and degree of defect structures. And the results of cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectra confirmed that biochar-modified electrodes prepared at higher temperatures (>600 °C) possessed better electrocatalytic activity and electrochemical stability, and their higher oxygen evolution potential than control test could improve the electrocatalytic efficiency. In the electrocatalytic oxidation of methyl orange, the removal rate with GC800 was the highest, reaching 94.49% within 240 min, and the removal rates with other composite electrodes were 90.61% (GC700) > 86.96% (GC600) > 80.32% (GC). The free radical quenching experiment revealed that the electrocatalytic degradation of methyl orange mainly depended on the indirect oxidation of hydroxyl radicals generated by electrocatalysis, accounting for 81.3% of the removal rate. The biochar-modified electrode not only greatly improved the electrocatalytic ability of the electrode for the degradation of azo dyes, but also achieved the recycling application of products after pyrolysis of sludge waste.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Zhang
- Shanghai Municipal Engineering Design Institute Group Co Ltd, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Huiqi Li
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Xue Yang
- Shanghai Municipal Engineering Design Institute Group Co Ltd, Shanghai, 200092, China.
| | - Xuejun Tan
- Shanghai Municipal Engineering Design Institute Group Co Ltd, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Chunli Wan
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Xiang Liu
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China.
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Baghel PK. Effect of SMAW process parameters on similar and dissimilar metal welds: An overview. Heliyon 2022; 8:e12161. [PMID: 36578398 PMCID: PMC9791349 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e12161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Shielded metal arc welding (SMAW) is the most economical and portable and robust welding processes which utilizes the power source, electrode holder and electrode to weld metals. It is utilized successfully in welding ferrous metals. Nowadays due to increased application of non ferrous metals, the joining of the same with this welding has been on rise. The further advancement in the field of material science, the welding of ferrous and non ferrous metals has found many takers. So SMAW has been tried in welding of ferrous and non ferrous metals i.e of oxygen rich copper with chromium and nickel rich stainless steel 304. The stainless steel due to its properties like corrosion resistance, high resilience, higher toughness has been utilized in automobile, household aerospace applications. Copper has wide spread application in engineering structure, electrical components, power plant industry due to its unique mechanical, physical and chemical properties. The purpose of review is to find work done by different researchers in the area of arc welding of similar and dissimilar metals, study the findings related to research, check the feasibility to weld oxygen rich copper to chromium and nickel rich Stainless steel 304 using SMAW process and to study the, economics, sustainability of SMAW in terms of green technology and eco-social aspects and to find the suitable electrode to weld.
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36
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Dupertuis YM, Pereira AG, Karsegard VL, Hemmer A, Biolley E, Collet TH, Genton L. Influence of the type of electrodes in the assessment of body composition by bioelectrical impedance analysis in the supine position. Clin Nutr 2022; 41:2455-2463. [PMID: 36215865 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2022.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 08/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS The main source of error in body composition assessment of bedridden patients by bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) is the electrode inadequacy and placement. As electrocardiogram (ECG) electrodes are often used for BIA measurements, this study aimed to compare three of them with a reference BIA electrode. METHODS BIA was performed sequentially on 24 healthy subjects in the supine position, using 3 different ECG electrodes (3M® Red Dot® 2330; Ambu® BlueSensor 2300; Ambu® BlueSensor SU-00-C) and the reference electrode (Bianostic AT®) for the BIA device (Nutriguard-M®, Data Input, Germany). Resistance (R), reactance (Xc), phase angle (PhA), appendicular skeletal muscle index (ASMI), fat-free mass index (FFMI) and fat mass percentage (FM%) obtained with the different electrodes were compared using Bland-Altman plots, repeated measures one-way ANOVA and paired t-test. Patient characteristics potentially involved in BIA measurement differences were assessed using linear regression analysis. RESULTS The study population consisted of 9 men and 15 women, 33% and 47% of whom were overweight, respectively. The measured R was within the physiological range for all men (428-561 Ω) and women (472-678 Ω), regardless of the type of electrodes used. Compared to the reference electrode, the 3M® Red Dot® 2330 and Ambu® BlueSensor SU-00-C electrodes gave significantly different Xc and PhA values, but only the Ambu® BlueSensor SU-00-C gave significantly different ASMI, FFMI and FM% at 50 kHz, with biases of -0.2 kg/m2, -0.3 kg/m2 and +1.4%, respectively. The higher the current frequency, the lower was the Xc and PhA measured by the Ambu® BlueSensor SU-00-C compared to the reference electrode. These measurement differences seemed mainly due to the too small gel area of the Ambu® BlueSensor SU-00-C (154 mm2) compared to the reference electrode (1311 mm2). CONCLUSIONS The use of electrodes with small gel area affects BIA measurement in the supine position, especially when PhA is used as an indicator of the nutritional status. Therefore, it is essential to specify the type of electrodes and carry out comparative tests before changing consumables for body composition assessment, to ensure BIA measurement reliability in clinical and research settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yves M Dupertuis
- Nutrition Unit, Service of Endocrinology, Diabetology, Nutrition and Therapeutic Education, Department of Medicine, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - Amanda Gomes Pereira
- Department of Internal Medicine, Botucatu Medical School, UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Véronique L Karsegard
- Nutrition Unit, Service of Endocrinology, Diabetology, Nutrition and Therapeutic Education, Department of Medicine, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - Alexandra Hemmer
- Nutrition Unit, Service of Endocrinology, Diabetology, Nutrition and Therapeutic Education, Department of Medicine, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - Emma Biolley
- Nutrition Unit, Service of Endocrinology, Diabetology, Nutrition and Therapeutic Education, Department of Medicine, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - Tinh-Hai Collet
- Nutrition Unit, Service of Endocrinology, Diabetology, Nutrition and Therapeutic Education, Department of Medicine, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland; Diabetes Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - Laurence Genton
- Nutrition Unit, Service of Endocrinology, Diabetology, Nutrition and Therapeutic Education, Department of Medicine, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland; Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
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Shen Z, Fang M, Gao Y, Shi J, Peng J, Jiang K. Preparing Pd/Sn modified nickel foam electrode for nitrate removal from aqueous solutions. Environ Res 2022; 214:114141. [PMID: 35995216 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.114141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Nitrate pollution in ground water and surface water has been becoming a worldwide problem that poses a great challenge to steady water ecosystem and human health. Electrochemical reduction is a promising way to remove nitrate from water because of advantages. We prepared Pd/Sn modified nickel foam (NF) electrode according to a two-step electrodeposition method. The prepared NF-Pd/Sn electrode showed a micromorphology like "Karst Fengcong" with peaks, saddles and nadirs intertwined with each other. Pd0 and Sn0 were detected on the NF-Pd/Sn electrode and the mass ratio of Pd/Sn was 4.3/1. The NF-Pd/Sn electrode showed the highest reaction rate (kobs: 0.543 h-1) and removal efficiency (94%) under the condition of 100 mg N/L, 0.05 mol/L Na2SO4 and -1.6 V vs. Ag/AgCl sat. KCl. The highest N2-selectivity (100%) was reached under the condition of 100 mg N/L, 0.05 mol/L NaCl and -1.6 V vs. Ag/AgCl sat. KCl. The microstructure of NF-Pd/Sn electrode like "Karst Fengcong" could provide large specific surface area and more active sites for nitrate adsorption and electrocatalytic reduction in aqueous solution. The adsorption and the reduction reaction of nitrate on the surface of NF-Pd/Sn could increase the electric current response in the test system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhanhui Shen
- Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, School of Environment, Henan Normal University, 46 East of Construction Road, Xinxiang, 453007, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Road, Nanjing, 210023, PR China.
| | - Menghao Fang
- Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, School of Environment, Henan Normal University, 46 East of Construction Road, Xinxiang, 453007, PR China
| | - Ya Gao
- Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, School of Environment, Henan Normal University, 46 East of Construction Road, Xinxiang, 453007, PR China
| | - Jialu Shi
- Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, School of Environment, Henan Normal University, 46 East of Construction Road, Xinxiang, 453007, PR China
| | - Jianbiao Peng
- Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, School of Environment, Henan Normal University, 46 East of Construction Road, Xinxiang, 453007, PR China
| | - Kai Jiang
- Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, School of Environment, Henan Normal University, 46 East of Construction Road, Xinxiang, 453007, PR China
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Paknahad J, Machnoor M, Lazzi G, Gokoffski KK. The Influence of Electrode Properties on Induced Voltage Gradient Along the Rat Optic Nerve. IEEE J Electromagn RF Microw Med Biol 2022; 6:321-330. [PMID: 36910030 PMCID: PMC10004096 DOI: 10.1109/jerm.2022.3165171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Significant interest exists in the potential of electric field (EF) application to be developed into a technology to direct neuronal regeneration. In vitro, EFs were shown to direct the growth of retinal ganglion cell (RGC) axons, the neurons that make up the optic nerve. As larger EF gradients were shown to direct more efficient growth, investigations into the most effective stimulation strategies that can generate the greatest voltage gradient are needed before EF application can be developed into a technology to direct optic nerve regeneration in vivo. We performed ex-vivo experiments to compare the ability of different electrode materials, platinum vs. tungsten, to generate an EF gradient along the rat optic nerve. Platinum electrodes at both source and ground positions were found to generate the greatest voltage gradient along the optic nerve. Experimental results were used to inform an equivalent computational model of the optic nerve, which was subsequently employed to predict more effective electrode pair combinations. Our results confirmed that the platinum-platinum electrode pair generates the maximum voltage gradient which are highly dependent on electrode size and electrode-electrolyte interfaces. This computational platform can serve as a foundation for the development of electrical stimulation therapies for nerve regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javad Paknahad
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering at the University of Southern California Los Angeles, CA 90033 USA
| | - Manjunath Machnoor
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering at the University of Southern California Los Angeles, CA 90033 USA. He is now with Skyworks Solutions Inc., 1845 Ellis Blvd NW, Cedar Rapids, IA 52405 USA
| | - Gianluca Lazzi
- Departments of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Biomedical Engineering, and Ophthalmology at the University of Southern California Los Angeles, CA 90033 USA
| | - Kimberly K Gokoffski
- Department of Ophthalmology at the University of Southern California Los Angeles, CA 90033 USA
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Zhou Y, Zheng W, Zhang W, Zhang Y, Fang L. Effective removal of Sb(V) from aqueous solutions by electrocoagulation with composite scrap iron-manganese as an anode. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2022; 29:58088-58096. [PMID: 35362887 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-20033-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Improving the removal rate of pentavalent antimony (Sb(V)) by electrocoagulation (EC) is of great significance to the environment. In this paper, the EC with composite scrap iron and manganese filings as an anode (Fe-Mn EC) was investigated for the high-efficiency elimination of Sb(V). The results showed that Fe-Mn EC can enhance the removal of Sb(V) by 11.18-17.36% compared with the traditional iron electrocoagulation (Fe EC). Meanwhile, Sb(V) removal increased with the growth of current concentration as well as Mn content in the anode. However, the Sb(V) removal rate was inhibited when Mn content exceeded 20%. Moreover, the flocs generated during the Fe and Fe-Mn EC (Fe flocs and Fe-Mn flocs) were analyzed both structurally and theoretically using XRD, SEM, BET, and adsorption experiment. The results indicated that the components of Fe-Mn flocs were mostly Mn-substituted FeOOH, which appeared as the structure of nanometer flakes and large internal surface areas. Meanwhile, the Fe-Mn flocs had the ability of much faster Sb(V) adsorption rate; its Sb(V) adsorption capacity was 2.5 times more than that of the Fe flocs. The thermodynamics constants of both Fe and Fe-Mn flocs proved that adsorption was associated with monolayer physical adsorption. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of the electrocoagulation with composite scrap iron-manganese as an anode to remove Sb, which provide a new idea and potential technical support for the removal of Sb(V).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongchao Zhou
- Institute of Municipal Engineering, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, Hangzhou, 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenxin Zheng
- Institute of Municipal Engineering, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, Hangzhou, 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenming Zhang
- Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Yiping Zhang
- Institute of Municipal Engineering, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, Hangzhou, 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Fang
- Institute of Municipal Engineering, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, Hangzhou, 310058, People's Republic of China.
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Cao H, Sun J, Wang K, Zhu G, Li X, Lv Y, Wang Z, Feng Q, Feng J. Performance of bio electrode based on different carbon materials in bioelectrochemical anaerobic digestion for methanation of maize straw. Sci Total Environ 2022; 832:154997. [PMID: 35381255 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The performance of the bioelectrochemical anaerobic digestion (BEAD) reactor was investigated with different carbon material-modified electrodes for the methanation of maize straw. The carbon material-modified electrodes used titanium (Ti) mesh modified with carbon nanotube (CNT), carbon black (CB), and activated carbon (AC). The maximum cumulative methane production obtained in the Ti-CNT reactor was (616.4 ± 9.3) mL/g VS, while the maximum methane production rate in the Ti-AC reactor was (61.9 ± 1.0) mL/g VS.d.The electroactive bacteria were well enriched by the different electrodes, and the enriched electroactive bacteria further facilitate the direct interspecies electron transfer (DIET) for methane production. Additionally, we found the phylum Firmicutes showed a linear relationship to methanogenic performance, as well as the Genus Proteiniborus. The Ti-CNT electrode shows better performance by the electrochemical analysis. These findings provide critical knowledge for the large-scale use of the BEAD process and the treatment of maize straw.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongrui Cao
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China
| | - Jin Sun
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China
| | - Keqiang Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China
| | - Guanyu Zhu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China
| | - Xiaoxiang Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China
| | - Yaowei Lv
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China
| | - Zejie Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China.
| | - Qing Feng
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan 250353, China.
| | - Jie Feng
- School of Rehabilitation, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250353, China
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Masakari Y, Hara C, Nakazawa H, Ichiyanagi A, Umetsu M. Comparison of the stability of Mucor-derived flavin adenine dinucleotide-dependent glucose dehydrogenase and glucose oxidase. J Biosci Bioeng 2022; 134:307-310. [PMID: 35927131 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2022.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Long-term stability at near-body temperature is important for continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) sensors. However, the stability of enzymes used in CGM sensors has often been evaluated by measuring their melting temperature (Tm) values and by short heat treatment but not at around 37 °C. Glucose oxidase (GOD) is used in current CGM sensors. In this study, we evaluated the stability of modified Mucor-derived flavin adenine dinucleotide-dependent glucose dehydrogenase (designated Mr144-297) with improved thermal stability at medium to high temperatures and compared it with that of GOD. The Tm value of Mr144-297 was 61.6 ± 0.3 °C and was similar to that of GOD (61.4 ± 1.2 °C). However, Mr144-297 was clearly more stable than GOD at 40 °C and 55 °C. At 37 °C, the stability of a carbon electrode with immobilized Mr144-297 was higher than that of an electrode with GOD. Our data indicate that Mr144-297 is a more suitable enzyme for CGM sensors than is GOD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosuke Masakari
- Research and Development Division, Kikkoman Corporation, 338 Noda, Noda City, Chiba 278-0037, Japan; Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, 6-6-11 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8579, Japan.
| | - Chiaki Hara
- Research and Development Division, Kikkoman Corporation, 338 Noda, Noda City, Chiba 278-0037, Japan
| | - Hikaru Nakazawa
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, 6-6-11 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8579, Japan
| | - Atsushi Ichiyanagi
- Research and Development Division, Kikkoman Corporation, 338 Noda, Noda City, Chiba 278-0037, Japan
| | - Mitsuo Umetsu
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, 6-6-11 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8579, Japan
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Mahmoudi-Moghaddam H, Akbari Javar H, Garkani-Nejad Z. Fabrication of platinum-doped NiCo 2O 4 nanograss modified electrode for determination of carbendazim. Food Chem 2022; 383:132398. [PMID: 35183970 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.132398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2021] [Revised: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In this study, a platinum-doped nickel cobaltite nanograss (Pt-doped NiCo2O4 NG) with its own unique structural features was initially synthesized, utilizing a simple hydrothermal method and then applied as a novel platform for the detection of carbendazim (C9H9N3O2; CBZ). To this end, the CBZ electrochemical signals were evaluated by means of differential pulse voltammetry (DPV), demonstrating the acceptable catalytic effect of the Pt-doped NiCo2O4 NG/screen-printed electrode (SPE) on the CBZ oxidation signal. Under the optimized conditions, CBZ was subsequently quantified by the Pt-doped NiCo2O4 NG/SPE with a wide linear range (0.03-140 μM) and a low limit of detection (LOD) value (0.005 μM). The proposed sensor was thus characterized by good anti-interference ability, selectivity, and stability. The analysis of the real samples, viz. tomato and lettuce, also confirmed that the given sensor had good recoveries and relative standard deviation (RSD). Ultimately, a comparison between liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) and this method established no significant difference in the results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadi Mahmoudi-Moghaddam
- Environmental Health Engineering Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran; Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran.
| | - Hamid Akbari Javar
- Pharmaceutics Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Garkani-Nejad
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran.
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Alhabib SF, Almuhawas F, Hagr A, Alzhrani F, Hamed N, Alenzi S, Abdelsamad Y, Dhanasingh A. Mastoid Growth and the Configuration of Cochlear Implant Electrode Lead. Ear Nose Throat J 2022:1455613221106221. [PMID: 35861389 DOI: 10.1177/01455613221106221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To study the changes in the coiled configuration of electrode excess lead in the mastoid cavity in the cochlear implant recipients over time. METHODS Post-operative CT scans at two different appointments of fourteen patients with cochlear implants (CI) were retrospectively analyzed using a DICOM viewer software (3D-slicer). Mastoid thickness (MT) was measured in the oblique coronal plane from the round window (RW) entrance to the mastoid edge and inter-cochlear distance (ICD) was measured in the axial plane at the fundus level between two ears. 3D segmentation of the entire inner ear of both sides and coiled electrode excess lead was performed to visually compare the changes in coiled configuration between the two CT scan time points. RESULT MT and ICD increased logarithmically with the patient's age, as has been measured from both the 1st and the 2nd CT scans and a weak linear correlation between MT and ICD was observed. Growth in MT and ICT measured between the time of 1st and 2nd CT scans showed a strong linear correlation. In eight cases, changes in the electrode excess lead have been observed in the 2nd CT scan, either a change in the coiling configuration of electrode excess lead or shifted laterally toward the mastoid edge. The ICD growth between the 1st and the 2nd CT scans was >2 mm in only seven cases and all of them were children. All other six cases had no observed changes in the coiled electrode lead. In addition, the mastoid growth between the 1st and the 2nd CT scan was >2.5 mm in only 4 cases. CONCLUSION Coiled configuration of electrode excess lead could change when the MT and ICD increased over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salman F Alhabib
- King Abdullah Ear Specialist Center (KAESC), College of Medicine, ORL Department, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fida Almuhawas
- King Abdullah Ear Specialist Center (KAESC), College of Medicine, ORL Department, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulrahman Hagr
- King Abdullah Ear Specialist Center (KAESC), College of Medicine, ORL Department, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Farid Alzhrani
- King Abdullah Ear Specialist Center (KAESC), College of Medicine, ORL Department, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nezar Hamed
- King Abdullah Ear Specialist Center (KAESC), College of Medicine, ORL Department, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saad Alenzi
- King Fahad specialized Hospital-Tabuk, Ministry of Health, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Anandhan Dhanasingh
- MED-EL, Innsbruck, Austria
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Translational Neurosciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
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Chen F, Li Z, Ye Y, Lv M, Liang B, Yuan Y, Cheng HY, Liu Y, He Z, Wang H, Wang Y, Wang A. Coupled sulfur and electrode-driven autotrophic denitrification for significantly enhanced nitrate removal. Water Res 2022; 220:118675. [PMID: 35635922 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.118675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Elemental sulfur (S0)-based autotrophic denitrification (SAD) has gained intensive attention in the treatment of secondary effluent for its low cost, high efficiency, and good stability. However, in practice, the supplementary addition of limestone is necessary to balance the alkalinity consumption during SAD operation, which increases water hardness and reduces the effective reaction volume. In this study, a coupled sulfur and electrode-driven autotrophic denitrification (SEAD) process was proposed with superior nitrate removal performance, less accumulation of sulfate, and self-balance of acidity-alkalinity capacity by regulating the applied voltage. The dual-channel electron supply from S0 and electrodes made the nitrate removal rate constant k in the SEAD process 3.7-5.1 and 1.4-3.5 times higher than that of the single electrode- and sulfur-driven systems, respectively. The S° contributed to 75.3%-83.1% of nitrate removal and the sulfate yield during SEAD (5.67-6.26 mg SO42-/mg NO3--N) was decreased by 17%-25% compared with SAD. The S0 particle and electrode both as active bio-carriers constructed collaborative denitrification communities and functional genes. Pseudomonas, Ralstonia and Brevundimonas were the dominant denitrifying genera in S0 particle biofilm, while Pseudomonas, Chryseobacterium, Pantoea and Comamonas became dominant denitrifying genera in the cathode biofilm. The narG/Z/H/Y/I/V, nxrA/B, napA/B, nirS/K, norB/C and nosZ were potential functional genes for efficient nitrate reduction during the SEAD process. Metagenomic sequencing indicated that S0 as an electron donor has greater potential for complete denitrification than the electrode. These findings revealed the potential of SEAD for acting as a highly efficient post denitrification process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, P. R. China; School of Ecology and Environment, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710129, P. R. China
| | - Zhiling Li
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, P. R. China
| | - Yin Ye
- School of Ecology and Environment, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710129, P. R. China
| | - Miao Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, P. R. China
| | - Bin Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518055, P.R. China
| | - Ye Yuan
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng, 224051, P.R. China
| | - Hao-Yi Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518055, P.R. China
| | - Yang Liu
- College of Eco-Environmental Engineering, Qinghai University, Xining, 810016, P.R. China
| | - Zhangwei He
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, 710055, P.R. China
| | - Hongcheng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518055, P.R. China
| | - Yuheng Wang
- School of Ecology and Environment, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710129, P. R. China
| | - Aijie Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, P. R. China; State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518055, P.R. China.
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45
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Zhao Y, Qiu X, Ma Z, Zhao C, Li Z, Zhai S. Fabrication of Pd/Sludge-biochar electrode with high electrochemical activity on reductive degradation of 4-chlorophenol in wastewater. Environ Res 2022; 209:112740. [PMID: 35085561 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.112740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Effective treatment and utilization of sludge contribute to achieve conventional carbon emission reduction and resource recovery, which is of great significance to realize carbon neutralization of WWTPs. Sludge carbonization derived biochar has attracted more interest because of high potential as catalytic materials. Therein, sludge-derived electrode exhibits a promising potential in the case of sludge utilization for electrocatalysis, however, electrocatalytic performance of the already reported sludge-derived electrode is unsatisfactory due to insufficient active sites. In this study, an efficient Pd/sludge-biochar loaded foam nickel (Pd-SAC@Ni) was successfully fabricated using simple pyrolysis and solidification method, and exhibited remarkable electrocatalytic performance for 4-chlorophenol (4-CP) degradation. Furthermore, the morphology, element distribution and crystal composition were characterized by SEM, EDS, XPS and XRD. The Pd-SAC@Ni electrode exhibited superior electrocatalytic performance than Ni, SAC@Ni, Pd-Ni electrodes. The reduction rate of 98.9% was achieved at current density of 5 mA cm-2, 4-CP concentration of 0.8 mM and initial pH of 7.0. Also, Pd-SAC@Ni electrode showed desirable reusability and achieved 98% of 4-CP removal after multiple runs of experiments. Moreover, the active hydrogen species (H*) generation capacity of electrodes was determined using tert-butanol (TBA) as trapping agent. The mechanism analysis demonstrated that direct reduction process and indirect reduction process both involved in the 4-CP degradation process, and their contribution were 19.5% and 80.5%, respectively. Then, the intermediates formed in the electrochemical degradation of 4-CP were revealed by HPLC and the plausible degradation pathway was proposed. This study provides a cost-effective approach for preparing sludge biochar electrode, and explored a novel way to promote resourceful utilization of sludge for carbon neutrality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingxin Zhao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, PR China
| | - Xiaojie Qiu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, PR China
| | - Zehao Ma
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, PR China
| | - Cailian Zhao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, PR China
| | - Zhuoran Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, PR China
| | - Siyuan Zhai
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Biotechnology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 18 Shuangqing Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100085, China.
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46
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P A, Naina Mohamed S, Singaravelu DL, Brindhadevi K, Pugazhendhi A. A review on graphene / graphene oxide supported electrodes for microbial fuel cell applications: Challenges and prospects. Chemosphere 2022; 296:133983. [PMID: 35181417 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.133983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Microbial Fuel Cell (MFC) has gained great interest as an alternative green technology for bioenergy generation along with reduced sludge production, nutrient recovery, removal of COD and color, etc. during wastewater treatment. However, the MFC has several challenges for real-time applications due to less power output and high ohmic resistance and fabrication (electrode and membrane) cost. Several kinds of research have been carried out to increase energy production by reducing various losses associated with electrodes in the MFC. Though, carbonaceous electrodes (carbon and graphite) are the key materials for the anode and cathode side, since these have a higher surface area, good biocompatibility, low cost, and good mechanical strength. Graphene or graphene oxide-based nanocomposite can be an ideal substitute for electrode modifications and an alternative for an expensive anode and cathode catalyst in MFC. Graphene oxide synthesis from waste material such as waste biomass, agricultural, plastic waste, etc. is added advantages of minimizing the cost of the electrodes. But, the synthesis of graphene is quite expensive and has limitations in economic feasibility for bioelectricity production in MFC. Hence, the present review deals with the anode and cathode electrode modification with graphene-based nanocomposites, synthesis of graphene/graphene oxide from various raw materials, and its application in MFC. The current challenges and future outlook on graphene-based composites on MFC performance are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiswaria P
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli-15, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Samsudeen Naina Mohamed
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli-15, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - D Lenin Singaravelu
- Department of Production Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli-15, India
| | - Kathirvel Brindhadevi
- Center for Transdisciplinary Research (CFTR), Department of Pharmacology, Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, India
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Bagheri AR, Aramesh N, Chen J, Liu W, Shen W, Tang S, Lee HK. Polyoxometalate-based materials in extraction, and electrochemical and optical detection methods: A review. Anal Chim Acta 2022; 1209:339509. [PMID: 35569843 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2022.339509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Polyoxometalates (POMs) as metal-oxide anions have exceptional properties like high negative charges, remarkable redox abilities, unique ligand properties and availability of organic grafting. Moreover, the amenability of POMs to modification with different materials makes them suitable as precursors to further obtain new composites. Due to their unique attributes, POMs and their composites have been utilized as adsorbents, electrodes and catalysts in extraction, and electrochemical and optical detection methods, respectively. A survey of the recent progress and developments of POM-based materials in these methods is therefore desirable, and should be of great interest. In this review article, POM-based materials, their properties as well as their identification methods, and analytical applications as adsorbents, electrodes and catalysts, and corresponding mechanisms of action, where relevant, are reviewed. Some current issues of the utilization of these materials and their future prospects in analytical chemistry are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nahal Aramesh
- Department of Chemistry, Isfahan University, Isfahan, 81746-73441, Iran
| | - Jisen Chen
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, 212003, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Wenning Liu
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Wei Shen
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, 212003, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Sheng Tang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, 212003, Jiangsu Province, China.
| | - Hian Kee Lee
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, 117543, Singapore.
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Benovitski Y, Lai A, Saunders A, McGowan C, Burns O, Nayagam D, Millard R, Harrison M, Rathbone GD, Williams RA, May CN, Murphy M, D'Souza W, Cook MJ, Williams C. Preclinical safety study of a fully implantable, sub-scalp ring electrode array for long-term EEG recordings. J Neural Eng 2022; 19:036027. [PMID: 35609552 DOI: 10.1088/1741-2552/ac72c1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Long-term electroencephalogram (EEG) recordings can aid diagnosis and management of various neurological conditions such as epilepsy. In this study we characterize the safety and stability of a clinical grade ring electrode arrays by analyzing EEG recordings, fluoroscopy, and computed tomography (CT) imaging with long-term implantation and histopathological tissue response. APPROACH Seven animals were chronically implanted with EEG recording array consisting of four electrode contacts. Recordings were made bilaterally using a bipolar longitudinal montage. The array was connected to a fully implantable micro-processor controlled electronic device with two low-noise differential amplifiers and a transmitter-receiver coil. An external wearable was used to power, communicate with the implant via an inductive coil, and store the data. The sub-scalp electrode arrays were made using medical grade silicone and platinum. The electrode arrays were tunneled in the subgaleal cleavage plane between the periosteum and the overlying dermis. These were implanted for 3-7 months before euthanasia and histopathological assessment. EEG and impedance were recorded throughout the study. MAIN RESULTS Impedance measurements remained low throughout the study for 11 of 12 channels over the recording period ranged from 3 to 5 months. There was also a steady amplitude of slow-wave EEG and chewing artifact (noise). The post-mortem CT and histopathology showed the electrodes remained in the subgaleal plane in 6 of 7 sheep. There was minimal inflammation with a thin fibrotic capsule that ranged from 4 to 101μm. There was a variable fibrosis in the subgaleal plane extending from 210 to 3617μm (S3-S7) due to surgical cleavage. One sheep had an inflammatory reaction due to electrode extrusion. The passive electrode array extraction force was around 1N. SIGNIFICANCE Results show sub-scalp electrode placement was safe and stable for long term implantation. This is advantageous for diagnosis and management of neurological conditions where long-term, EEG monitoring is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri Benovitski
- Bionics Institute, 384-388 Albert Street, East Melbourne, Victoria, 3002, AUSTRALIA
| | - Alan Lai
- The University of Melbourne Faculty of Medicine Dentistry and Health Sciences, St Vincent's Hospital, Fitzroy, Victoria, 3065, AUSTRALIA
| | - Alexia Saunders
- Bionics Institute, 384-388 Albert Street, East Melbourne, Victoria, 3002, AUSTRALIA
| | - Ceara McGowan
- Bionics Institute, 384-388 Albert Street, East Melbourne, Victoria, 3002, AUSTRALIA
| | - Owen Burns
- Bionics Institute, 384-388 Albert Street, East Melbourne, Victoria, 3002, AUSTRALIA
| | - David Nayagam
- Bionics Institute, 384-388 Albert Street, East Melbourne, Victoria, 3002, AUSTRALIA
| | - Rodney Millard
- Bionics Institute, 384-388 Albert Street, East Melbourne, Victoria, 3002, AUSTRALIA
| | - Mark Harrison
- Bionics Institute, 384-388 Albert Street, East Melbourne, Victoria, 3002, AUSTRALIA
| | - Graeme D Rathbone
- Bionics Institute, 384-388 Albert Street, East Melbourne, Victoria, 3002, AUSTRALIA
| | - Richard A Williams
- The University of Melbourne Department of Clinical Pathology, St Vincent's Hospital, Fitzroy, Victoria, 3065, AUSTRALIA
| | - Clive N May
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, 30 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, AUSTRALIA
| | - Michael Murphy
- The University of Melbourne Surgery at St Vincent's Hospital, St. Vincent's Hospital, Fitzroy, Victoria, 3065, AUSTRALIA
| | - Wendyl D'Souza
- The University of Melbourne Faculty of Medicine Dentistry and Health Sciences, St Vincent's Hospital, Fitzroy, Victoria, 3065, AUSTRALIA
| | - Mark J Cook
- The University of Melbourne Faculty of Medicine Dentistry and Health Sciences, St Vincent's Hospital, Fitzroy, Victoria, 3065, AUSTRALIA
| | - Chris Williams
- Bionics Institute, 384-388 Albert Street, East Melbourne, Victoria, 3002, AUSTRALIA
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Hwang H, Ajaz AM, Choi JW. A study on activation mechanism in perspective of lignin structures and applicability of lignin-derived activated carbons for pollutant absorbent and supercapacitor electrode. Chemosphere 2022; 291:133045. [PMID: 34843833 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.133045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In this study activated carbons were produced from the biorefinery waste lignin (Asian lignin (AL) USA & Inbicon lignin (IL) Denmark) to evaluate their potential in waste water treatment and as energy storage devices. These products were studied for their surface characteristics as a function of reaction temperature, time, and catalyst loading accordingly. Under the conditions with a temperature lower than 750 °C and within a reaction time of 1 h, the catalytic reaction of alkali-carbon bonding occurred from the external surface, and a turbostratic disorder structure with a large aromatic ring system was formed. More severe reaction conditions accelerated the volatile release of de-alkylated aromatics such as benzene and naphthalene, along with structure and surface collapse. The maximum BET surface area of 2782 m2/g was obtained at 750 °C, 2 h and catalyst ratio of 4. Lignin-derived activated carbon was more efficient for the removal of organic pollutants (<50% adsorption capacity) rather than heavy metals (adsorption capacity >90%) due to interaction of π-π bonding. Furthermore, the activated carbon has a potential to be used as a supercapacitor electrode with high specific capacitance (214.0 F/g AL lignin) and an excellent cyclic stability (95% of their initial capacity). The results of this study demonstrate that lignin is an attractive precursor to produce activated carbons with diverse applications both as biosorbent and as a carbon electrode material even so with acceptable performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyewon Hwang
- Department of Forest Sciences, Seoul National University, 599 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, South Korea
| | - Ahmed Muhammad Ajaz
- Graduate School of International Agricultural Technology and Institute of Green-Bio Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang, Gangwon-do, 25354, South Korea
| | - Joon Weon Choi
- Graduate School of International Agricultural Technology and Institute of Green-Bio Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang, Gangwon-do, 25354, South Korea.
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50
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Petersen AP, McCain ML. Quantifying Propagation Velocity from Engineered Cardiac Tissues with High-Speed Fluorescence Microscopy and Automated Analysis Software. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2485:133-145. [PMID: 35618903 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2261-2_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Many acquired or inherited forms of heart disease as well as drugs are known to increase the susceptibility of patients to arrhythmias. To predict arrhythmogenic events and discover new therapeutic strategies to mitigate them, approaches to efficiently quantify the velocity of propagation in engineered cardiac tissues are important research tools. In this chapter, we describe how to collect videos of propagating calcium waves in engineered cardiac tissues with a high-speed camera mounted on an inverted fluorescence microscope. We also provide instructions for downloading and using our software package to analyze these videos and calculate propagation velocity. These techniques should be compatible with a variety of voltage- or calcium-sensitive fluorescent dyes or genetically encoded sensors. Although these approaches were originally developed for engineered neonatal rat cardiac tissues, the same procedures can likely be used with human-induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiac myocytes, paving the way for patient-specific analysis of propagation due to features such as tissue architecture, substrate rigidity, genetic mutations, or drug treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew P Petersen
- Laboratory for Living Systems Engineering, Department of Biomedical Engineering, USC Viterbi School of Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Megan L McCain
- Laboratory for Living Systems Engineering, Department of Biomedical Engineering, USC Viterbi School of Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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