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Chen Y, Xu H, Luo Y, Ding Y, Huang J, Wu H, Han J, Du L, Kang A, Jia M, Xiong W, Yang Z. Plastic bottles for chilled carbonated beverages as a source of microplastics and nanoplastics. WATER RESEARCH 2023; 242:120243. [PMID: 37354839 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.120243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 06/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/26/2023]
Abstract
Carbonated beverages are characterized by low temperatures, multiple microbubbles, high pressure, and an acidic environment, creating ideal conditions for releasing contaminants from plastic bottles. However, the release patterns of microplastics (MPs) and nanoplastics (NPs) are poorly understood. We investigated the effects of plastic type, CO2 filling volume, temperature, sugar content, and additive on the leakage of MPs/NPs and heavy metals. Our results showed that polypropylene bottles released greater MPs (234±9.66 particles/L) and NPs (9.21±0.73 × 107 particles/L) than polyethylene and polyethylene terephthalate bottles. However, subjecting the plastic bottles to 3 repeated inflation treatments resulted in 91.65-93.18% removal of MPs/NPs. The release of MPs/NPs increased with increasing CO2 filling volume, driven by the synergistic effect of CO2 bubbles and pressure. After 4 freeze-thaw cycles, the release of MPs and NPs significantly increased, reaching 450±38.65 MPs and 2.91±0.10 × 108 NPs per liter, respectively. The presence of sugar leads to an elevation in MPs release compared to sucrose-free carbonated water, while the addition of additives to carbonated water exhibits negligible effects on MPs release. Interestingly, actual carbonated beverages demonstrated higher MPs concentrations (260.52±27.18-281.38±61.33 particles/L) than those observed in our well-controlled experimental setup. Our study highlights the non-negligible risk of MPs/NPs in carbonated beverages at low temperatures and suggests strategies to mitigate human ingestion of MPs/NPs, such as selecting appropriate plastic materials, high-pressure carbonated water pretreatment, and minimizing freeze-thaw cycles. Our findings provide insights for further study of the release patterns of the contaminants in natural environments with bubbles, pressure, low temperature, and freeze-thaw conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yalin Chen
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China; College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Haiyin Xu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China.
| | - Yuanling Luo
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China; Changsha Environmental Protection College, Changsha 410004, China.
| | - Yuting Ding
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China
| | - Junguo Huang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China
| | - Honghui Wu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China; College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Jianing Han
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China
| | - Linjing Du
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China
| | - Anqi Kang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China
| | - Meiying Jia
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China
| | - Weiping Xiong
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Zhaohui Yang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
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Mondal J, Lakkaraju R, Ghosh P, Ashokkumar M. Acoustic cavitation-induced shear: a mini-review. Biophys Rev 2021; 13:1229-1243. [PMID: 35059039 PMCID: PMC8724341 DOI: 10.1007/s12551-021-00896-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Acoustic cavitation (or the formation of bubbles using acoustic or ultrasound-based devices) has been extensively exploited for biological applications in the form of bioprocessing and drug delivery/uptake. However, the governing parameters behind the several physical effects induced by cavitation are generally lacking in quantity in terms of suitable operating parameters of ultrasonic units. This review elaborates the current gaps in this realm and summarizes suitable investigative tools to explore the shear generated during cavitation. The underlying physics behind these events are also discussed. Furthermore, current advances of acoustic shear on biological specimens as well as future prospects of this cavitation-induced shear are also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joydip Mondal
- School of Chemistry, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010 Australia
- Cryogenic Engineering Centre, IIT Kharagpur, Kharagpur, 721302 India
| | - Rajaram Lakkaraju
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, IIT Kharagpur, Kharagpur, 721302 India
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