1
|
Xu J, Jia L, Lan Q, Wu D. Enhanced Thermal and Mechanical Properties of Cardanol Epoxy/Clay-Based Nanocomposite through Girard's Reagent. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:1528. [PMID: 38891475 PMCID: PMC11175116 DOI: 10.3390/polym16111528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2024] [Revised: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
The green and environmentally friendly cardanol epoxy resin has a bright application prospect, but its insufficient thermal/mechanical properties seriously hinder its application. Adding nanoclay to polymer matrix is an effective method to enhance the thermal/mechanical properties of material, but the dispersion and compatibility of nanoclay in epoxy resin remain to be solved. In this work, active Girard's reagent clay (PG-clay) and non-active Girard's reagent clay (NG-clay) were prepared by using acethydrazide trimethylammonium chloride (Girard's reagent) as the modifier, and cardanol epoxy resin/G-clay nanocomposites were synthesized by the "clay slurry composite method". The results showed that both PG-clay and NG-clay were dispersed in the epoxy matrix in the form of random exfoliation/intercalation, which effectively improved the thermal/mechanical properties of the composites. Tg of the cardanol epoxy resin has raised from 19.8 °C to 38.1 °C (4 wt.% PG-clay). When the mass fraction of clay is 4%, the tensile strength of the non-reactive NG-clay increases by 128%, and the elongation at break also increases by 101%. Simultaneously, the active PG-clay can participate in the curing reaction of epoxy resin due to the amino group, forming a chemical bond between the clay layer and the resin matrix and establishing a strong interfacial force. The tensile strength of the composite is increased by 970%, and the elongation at break is also increased by 428%. This research demonstrates that the cardanol epoxy resin/G-clay nanocomposite stands as a highly promising candidate for bio-based epoxy resin materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ji Xu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Marine Materials, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China; (J.X.)
| | - Lingxiao Jia
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Marine Materials, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China; (J.X.)
| | - Qixin Lan
- Department of Ocean Engineering and Technology, College of Ocean, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Daheng Wu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Marine Materials, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China; (J.X.)
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Necolau MI, Radu IN, Bălănucă B, Frone AN, Damian CM. Broadening the coating applications of sustainable materials by reinforcing epoxidized corn oil with single-walled carbon nanotubes. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:37465-37479. [PMID: 38776024 PMCID: PMC11182871 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-33702-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
In the global context of environmental awareness, the present research proposes a sustainable alternative to the widely used petroleum-based epoxy coatings. Epoxidized corn oil (ECO) was tested as potential matrix for advanced nanocomposite coating materials reinforced with 0.25 to 1 wt.% single-walled carbon nanotubes (SW) with carboxyl and amide functionalities. The elemental composition of the epoxy networks was monitored by XPS, showing the increase of O/C ratio to 0.387 when carboxyl-functionalized SW are added. To achieve sustainable composite materials, citric acid was used as curing agent, as a substitute for conventional counterparts. The influence of both surface functional groups and concentration of SW was evaluated through structural and thermo-mechanical analysis. The progressive increase of the DSC enthalpy for SW formulated systems indicates a possible pattern for specific interactions within the bio-based epoxy translated by adjusted activation energy. For 1% neat SW addition, the Ea values decreased to 46 kJ/mol in comparison with 53 kJ/mol calculated for neat epoxy. Furthermore, the -COOH groups from SW nanostructures exerted a strong influence over the mechanical performance of bio-epoxy networks, improving the crosslinking density with ~ 60% and twofold the storage modulus value. Accordingly, by gradual addition of SW-COOH filler within the ECO-based formulations, a very consistent behaviour in seawater was noted, with a 28% decreased value for the absorption degree.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mădălina Ioana Necolau
- Advanced Polymer Materials Group, National University of Science and Technology, Politehnica Bucharest 1-7 Gh. Polizu Street, 011061, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Iulia Nicoleta Radu
- Advanced Polymer Materials Group, National University of Science and Technology, Politehnica Bucharest 1-7 Gh. Polizu Street, 011061, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Brînduşa Bălănucă
- Advanced Polymer Materials Group, National University of Science and Technology, Politehnica Bucharest 1-7 Gh. Polizu Street, 011061, Bucharest, Romania
- Department of Organic Chemistry "C. Nenitescu, National University of Science and Technology, Politehnica Bucharest 1-7 Gh. Polizu Street, 011061, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Adriana Nicoleta Frone
- National Institute for Research & Development in Chemistry and Petrochemistry-ICECHIM, 202 Spl. Independentei, 060021, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Celina Maria Damian
- Advanced Polymer Materials Group, National University of Science and Technology, Politehnica Bucharest 1-7 Gh. Polizu Street, 011061, Bucharest, Romania.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ebrahimnezhad-Khaljiri H, Ghadi A. Recent advancement in synthesizing bio-epoxy nanocomposites using lignin, plant oils, saccharides, polyphenols, and natural rubbers: A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 256:128041. [PMID: 37979768 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.128041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/20/2023]
Abstract
Due to environmental issues, production costs, and the low recycling capability of conventional epoxy polymers and their composites, many science groups have tried to develop a new type of epoxy polymers, which are compatible with the environment. Considering the precursors, these polymers can be produced from plant oils, saccharides, lignin, polyphenol, and natural resins. The appearance of these bio-polymers caused to introduce a new type of composites, namely bio-epoxy nanocomposites, which can be classified according to the synthesized bio-epoxy, the used nanomaterials, or both. Hence, in this work, various bio-epoxy resins, which have the proper potential for application as a matrix, are completely introduced with the synthesis viewpoint, and their characterized chemical structures are drawn. In the next steps, the bio-epoxy nanocomposites are classified based on the used nanomaterials, which are carbon nanoparticles (carbon nanotubes, graphene nanoplatelets, graphene oxide, reduced graphene oxide, etc.), nano-silica (mesoporous and spherical), cellulose (nanofibers and whiskers), nanoclay and so on. Also, the features of these bio-nanocomposites and their applications are introduced. This review study can be a proper guide for developing a new type of green nanocomposites in the near future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Ebrahimnezhad-Khaljiri
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Zanjan, P.O. Box 45371-38791, Zanjan, Iran.
| | - Aliakbar Ghadi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Zanjan, P.O. Box 45371-38791, Zanjan, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Joseph CH, Luzi F, Azman SNA, Forcellese P, Pavoni E, Fabi G, Mencarelli D, Gentili S, Pierantoni L, Morini A, Simoncini M, Bellezze T, Corinaldesi V, Farina M. Nanoscale Characterization of Graphene Oxide-Based Epoxy Nanocomposite Using Inverted Scanning Microwave Microscopy. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:9608. [PMID: 36559977 PMCID: PMC9783995 DOI: 10.3390/s22249608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Revised: 12/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Scanning microwave microscopy (SMM) is a novel metrological tool that advances the quantitative, nanometric, high-frequency, electrical characterization of a broad range of materials of technological importance. In this work, we report an inverted near-field scanning microwave microscopy (iSMM) investigation of a graphene oxide-based epoxy nanocomposite material at a nanoscopic level. The high-resolution spatial mapping of local conductance provides a quantitative analysis of the sample's electrical properties. In particular, the electrical conductivity in the order of ∼10-1 S/m as well as the mapping of the dielectric constant with a value of ∼4.7 ± 0.2 are reported and validated by the full-wave electromagnetic modeling of the tip-sample interaction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C. H. Joseph
- Department of Information Engineering, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Francesca Luzi
- Department of Materials, Environmental Sciences and Urban Planning, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - S. N. Afifa Azman
- Department of Information Engineering, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Pietro Forcellese
- Department of Materials, Environmental Sciences and Urban Planning, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Eleonora Pavoni
- Department of Information Engineering, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Gianluca Fabi
- Department of Information Engineering, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Davide Mencarelli
- Department of Information Engineering, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Serena Gentili
- Department of Industrial Engineering and Mathematical Science, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Luca Pierantoni
- Department of Information Engineering, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Antonio Morini
- Department of Information Engineering, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Michela Simoncini
- Department of Industrial Engineering and Mathematical Science, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Tiziano Bellezze
- Department of Materials, Environmental Sciences and Urban Planning, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Valeria Corinaldesi
- Department of Materials, Environmental Sciences and Urban Planning, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Marco Farina
- Department of Information Engineering, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Chen S, Han Y, Chen C, Liu H, Zou H. Bio‐based epoxy modified with
nano‐SiO
2
and organosilicon for controlled‐release urea. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.51810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Songling Chen
- College of Land and Environment Shenyang Agricultural University Shenyang Liaoning China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Efficient Utilization of Soil and Fertilizer Resources Shenyang Liaoning China
- Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Northeast China) Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Shenyang Liaoning China
| | - Yanyu Han
- College of Land and Environment Shenyang Agricultural University Shenyang Liaoning China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Efficient Utilization of Soil and Fertilizer Resources Shenyang Liaoning China
- Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Northeast China) Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Shenyang Liaoning China
| | - Chunyu Chen
- College of Land and Environment Shenyang Agricultural University Shenyang Liaoning China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Efficient Utilization of Soil and Fertilizer Resources Shenyang Liaoning China
- Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Northeast China) Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Shenyang Liaoning China
| | - Hongdou Liu
- College of Land and Environment Shenyang Agricultural University Shenyang Liaoning China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Efficient Utilization of Soil and Fertilizer Resources Shenyang Liaoning China
- Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Northeast China) Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Shenyang Liaoning China
| | - Hongtao Zou
- College of Land and Environment Shenyang Agricultural University Shenyang Liaoning China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Efficient Utilization of Soil and Fertilizer Resources Shenyang Liaoning China
- Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Northeast China) Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Shenyang Liaoning China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Thermal decomposition behavior and flame retardancy of bioepoxies, their blends and composites: A comprehensive review. Eur Polym J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2021.110904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
7
|
Liang X, Li X, Tang Y, Zhang X, Wei W, Liu X. Hyperbranched epoxy resin-grafted graphene oxide for efficient and all-purpose epoxy resin modification. J Colloid Interface Sci 2021; 611:105-117. [PMID: 34933189 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2021.12.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Despite great efforts have been made on epoxy resins modification, development of additives that can be used to efficiently and universally modify epoxy composites remains a challenging task. Herein, graphene oxide (GO) sheets were covalently linked with hyperbranched epoxy resin (HBPEE-epoxy) to form HBPEE-epoxy functionalized GO (HPE-GO), which was then incorporated into epoxy resin (EP) matrix to achieve efficient and all-purpose enhancement of the properties of EPs. Compared with unmodified GO sheets, the functionalized HPE-GO sheets were better dispersed and exhibited better interfacial compatibility with the epoxy matrix, and consequently, the mechanical and thermal properties of HPE-GO/EP composites improved significantly compared to unmodified GO/EP composites. The tensile strength, flexural strength, impact strength, and fracture toughness (KIC) of EP composites containing 0.5 wt% HPE-GO increased by 65.0%, 36.2%, 259.1%, and 178.9%, respectively, compared with those for the neat EP. The storage modulus (E'), glass transition temperature (Tg), and thermal stability (T5%) also showed modest improvements. Furthermore, the HPE-GO/EP composites exhibited optimal thermal conductivities and thermal expansion properties, while maintaining higher volume resistivities compared with GO/EP composites. The results of this study support that HPE-GO is a promising, all-purpose modifier for EPs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xue Liang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, No 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, PR China
| | - Xiaojie Li
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, No 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, PR China.
| | - Yong Tang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, No 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, PR China
| | - Xiyu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, No 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, PR China
| | - Wei Wei
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, No 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, PR China
| | - Xiaoya Liu
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, No 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
|