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Farina M, Joseph CH, Azman SNA, Morini A, Pierantoni L, Mencarelli D, di Donato A, Pietrangelo T, Al Hadi R. Analytical expressions for spreading resistance in lossy media and their application to the calibration of scanning microwave microscopy. RSC Adv 2023; 13:21277-21282. [PMID: 37456547 PMCID: PMC10346358 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra03766e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
This paper presents the analytical derivation of spreading resistance expressions for diverse geometries of a conducting probe submerged in a lossy medium. Resulting equations can be used to calibrate scanning impedance/scanning microwave microscopes operating in liquid. The expressions are systematically validated through numerical and experimental methods for the calibration of an inverted Scanning Microwave Microscope (iSMM) when operating in a lossy saline medium, such as Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM), a widely used medium for supporting the growth of biological cells. The calibration process within DMEM plays an important role in the quantitative local evaluation of electromagnetic properties of biological samples under physiological conditions. Additionally, measurements are performed in distilled water for comparative analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Farina
- Department of Information Engineering, Università Politecnica delle Marche Via Brecce Bianche 60131 Ancona Italy
| | - C H Joseph
- Department of Information Engineering, Università Politecnica delle Marche Via Brecce Bianche 60131 Ancona Italy
| | - S N Afifa Azman
- Department of Information Engineering, Università Politecnica delle Marche Via Brecce Bianche 60131 Ancona Italy
| | - Antonio Morini
- Department of Information Engineering, Università Politecnica delle Marche Via Brecce Bianche 60131 Ancona Italy
| | - Luca Pierantoni
- Department of Information Engineering, Università Politecnica delle Marche Via Brecce Bianche 60131 Ancona Italy
| | - Davide Mencarelli
- Department of Information Engineering, Università Politecnica delle Marche Via Brecce Bianche 60131 Ancona Italy
| | - Andrea di Donato
- Department of Information Engineering, Università Politecnica delle Marche Via Brecce Bianche 60131 Ancona Italy
| | - Tiziana Pietrangelo
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, University G d'Annunzio Chieti-Pescara I-66013 Chieti Italy
| | - Richard Al Hadi
- École de Technologie Supérieure (ETS), Université du Quebec Canada
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Joseph CH, Capoccia G, Lucibello A, Proietti E, Sardi GM, Bartolucci G, Marcelli R. Fabrication of Ultra-Sharp Tips by Dynamic Chemical Etching Process for Scanning Near-Field Microwave Microscopy. Sensors (Basel) 2023; 23:3360. [PMID: 36992071 PMCID: PMC10056389 DOI: 10.3390/s23063360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
This work details an effective dynamic chemical etching technique to fabricate ultra-sharp tips for Scanning Near-Field Microwave Microscopy (SNMM). The protruded cylindrical part of the inner conductor in a commercial SMA (Sub Miniature A) coaxial connector is tapered by a dynamic chemical etching process using ferric chloride. The technique is optimized to fabricate ultra-sharp probe tips with controllable shapes and tapered down to have a radius of tip apex around ∼1 μm. The detailed optimization facilitated the fabrication of reproducible high-quality probes suitable for non-contact SNMM operation. A simple analytical model is also presented to better describe the dynamics of the tip formation. The near-field characteristics of the tips are evaluated by finite element method (FEM) based electromagnetic simulations and the performance of the probes has been validated experimentally by means of imaging a metal-dielectric sample using the in-house scanning near-field microwave microscopy system.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. H. Joseph
- Institute for Microelectronics and Microsystems, National Research Council (CNR-IMM), Via del Fosso del Cavaliere 100, 00133 Rome, Italy
- Department of Electronic Engineering, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Via del Politecnico 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanni Capoccia
- Institute for Microelectronics and Microsystems, National Research Council (CNR-IMM), Via del Fosso del Cavaliere 100, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Lucibello
- Institute for Microelectronics and Microsystems, National Research Council (CNR-IMM), Via del Fosso del Cavaliere 100, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Emanuela Proietti
- Institute for Microelectronics and Microsystems, National Research Council (CNR-IMM), Via del Fosso del Cavaliere 100, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanni Maria Sardi
- Institute for Microelectronics and Microsystems, National Research Council (CNR-IMM), Via del Fosso del Cavaliere 100, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Bartolucci
- Department of Electronic Engineering, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Via del Politecnico 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Romolo Marcelli
- Institute for Microelectronics and Microsystems, National Research Council (CNR-IMM), Via del Fosso del Cavaliere 100, 00133 Rome, Italy
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Joseph CH, Luzi F, Azman SNA, Forcellese P, Pavoni E, Fabi G, Mencarelli D, Gentili S, Pierantoni L, Morini A, Simoncini M, Bellezze T, Corinaldesi V, Farina M. Nanoscale Characterization of Graphene Oxide-Based Epoxy Nanocomposite Using Inverted Scanning Microwave Microscopy. Sensors (Basel) 2022; 22:9608. [PMID: 36559977 PMCID: PMC9783995 DOI: 10.3390/s22249608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Revised: 12/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Scanning microwave microscopy (SMM) is a novel metrological tool that advances the quantitative, nanometric, high-frequency, electrical characterization of a broad range of materials of technological importance. In this work, we report an inverted near-field scanning microwave microscopy (iSMM) investigation of a graphene oxide-based epoxy nanocomposite material at a nanoscopic level. The high-resolution spatial mapping of local conductance provides a quantitative analysis of the sample's electrical properties. In particular, the electrical conductivity in the order of ∼10-1 S/m as well as the mapping of the dielectric constant with a value of ∼4.7 ± 0.2 are reported and validated by the full-wave electromagnetic modeling of the tip-sample interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. H. Joseph
- Department of Information Engineering, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Francesca Luzi
- Department of Materials, Environmental Sciences and Urban Planning, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - S. N. Afifa Azman
- Department of Information Engineering, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Pietro Forcellese
- Department of Materials, Environmental Sciences and Urban Planning, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Eleonora Pavoni
- Department of Information Engineering, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Gianluca Fabi
- Department of Information Engineering, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Davide Mencarelli
- Department of Information Engineering, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Serena Gentili
- Department of Industrial Engineering and Mathematical Science, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Luca Pierantoni
- Department of Information Engineering, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Antonio Morini
- Department of Information Engineering, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Michela Simoncini
- Department of Industrial Engineering and Mathematical Science, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Tiziano Bellezze
- Department of Materials, Environmental Sciences and Urban Planning, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Valeria Corinaldesi
- Department of Materials, Environmental Sciences and Urban Planning, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Marco Farina
- Department of Information Engineering, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
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