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Okhrimenko DV, Rasmussen KH, Bøtner JA, Ceccato M, Foss M, Solvang M. Dissolution behavior of stone wool fibers in synthetic lung fluids: Impact of iron oxidation state changes induced by heat treatment for binder removal. Toxicol Lett 2024; 393:33-46. [PMID: 38232781 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2024.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
Stone wool fiber materials are commonly used for thermal and acoustic insulation, horticulture and filler purposes. Biosolubility of the stone wool fiber (SWF) materials accessed through acellular in vitro dissolution tests can potentially be used in future as an indicator of fiber biopersistence in vivo. To correlate acellular in vitro studies with in vivo and epidemiological investigations, not only a robust dissolution procedure is needed, but fundamental understanding of fiber behavior during sample preparation and dissolution is required. We investigated the influence of heat treatment procedure for binder removal on the SWF iron oxidation state as well as on the SWF dissolution behavior in simulant lung fluids (with and without complexing agents). We used heat treatments at 450 °C for 5 min and 590 °C for 1 h. Both procedures resulted in complete binder removal from the SWF. Changes of iron oxidation state were moderate if binder was removed at 450 °C for 5 min, and there were no substantial changes of SWF's dissolution behavior in all investigated fluids after this heat treatment. In contrast, if binder was removed at 590 °C for 1 h, complete Fe(II) oxidation to Fe(III) was observed and significant increase of dissolution was shown in fluids without complexing agent (citrate). PHREEQC solution speciation modeling showed that in this case, released Fe(III) may form ferrihydrite precipitate in the solution. Precipitation of ferrihydrite solid phase leads to removal of iron cations from the solution, thus shifting reaction towards the dissolution products and increasing total mass loss of fiber samples. This effect is not observed for heat treated fibers if citrate is present in the fluid, because Fe(III) binds with citrate and remains mobile in the solution. Therefore, for developing the most accurate SWF in vitro acellular biosolubility test, SWF heat treatment for binder removal is not recommended in combination with dissolution testing in fluids without citrate as a complexing agent.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - K H Rasmussen
- ROCKWOOL A/S, Hovedgaden 584, Hedehusene 2640, Denmark; Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Faculty of Natural Sciences, Aarhus University, Aarhus 8000, Denmark
| | - J A Bøtner
- ROCKWOOL A/S, Hovedgaden 584, Hedehusene 2640, Denmark
| | - M Ceccato
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Faculty of Natural Sciences, Aarhus University, Aarhus 8000, Denmark
| | - M Foss
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Faculty of Natural Sciences, Aarhus University, Aarhus 8000, Denmark
| | - M Solvang
- ROCKWOOL A/S, Hovedgaden 584, Hedehusene 2640, Denmark
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Hoffman JW, Okhrimenko DV, Chaudan E, Herault Q, Drnovsek N, Pezennec E, Aznar A, Mascaraque N, Haddouchi S, Lecluse M, Badissi AA, de Cruz J, Hiéronimus L, Solvang M. Initial evaluation of USP apparatus 4 for measuring dissolution profile of man-made vitreous fibers. Toxicol Lett 2023; 386:30-33. [PMID: 37716589 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2023.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/18/2023]
Abstract
We report the successful evaluation of a US Pharmacopeia Apparatus 4 (USP-4) system in measuring the dissolution profiles of man-made vitreous fibers (MMVF)1. Glass and stone wool fibers with different (high- and low-) solubility profiles were tested in closed-loop configuration using a sodium/potassium phosphate buffer solution or an acetate buffer, respectively. Results confirm a need to operate in diluted conditions to avoid silicon saturation in the simulant solution and suppression of fiber dissolution. A clear fiber-to-fiber differentiation with good cell-to-cell reproducibility was achieved. These findings support the continued development of a USP-4 protocol for MMVF in vitro acellular testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- J W Hoffman
- Owens Corning S&T, 2790 Columbus Road, Granville, OH 43054, USA
| | | | - E Chaudan
- Saint-Gobain Research Paris, 39 quai Lucien Lefranc, Aubervilliers 93300, France
| | - Q Herault
- Saint-Gobain Research Paris, 39 quai Lucien Lefranc, Aubervilliers 93300, France
| | - N Drnovsek
- Knauf Insulation, Trata 32, Sl-4220 Škofja Loka, Slovenia
| | - E Pezennec
- Knauf Insulation, Rue de Maestricht 95, 4600 Visé, Belgium
| | - A Aznar
- URSA Insulation S.A., Paseo de Recoletos 3, Madrid 28004, Spain
| | - N Mascaraque
- URSA Insulation S.A., Paseo de Recoletos 3, Madrid 28004, Spain
| | - S Haddouchi
- Sotax Pharma Services, 3 rue Chateaubriand, Orléans 45071, Cedex 2, France
| | - M Lecluse
- Sotax Pharma Services, 3 rue Chateaubriand, Orléans 45071, Cedex 2, France
| | - A A Badissi
- Eurima, Rue des Deux Eglises 29, 1000 Brussels, Belgium
| | - J de Cruz
- Eurima, Rue des Deux Eglises 29, 1000 Brussels, Belgium
| | - L Hiéronimus
- Eurima, Rue des Deux Eglises 29, 1000 Brussels, Belgium
| | - M Solvang
- ROCKWOOL A/S, Hovedgaden 584, Hedehusene 2640, Denmark
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Li C, Song B, Chen Z, Liu Z, Yu L, Zhi Z, Zhao Y, Wei H, Song M. Immobilization of heavy metals in ceramsite prepared using contaminated soils: Effectiveness and potential mechanisms. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 310:136846. [PMID: 36243092 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.136846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Heavy metal contaminated soils pose a serious threat to the environment, and preparing ceramsite using contaminated soils was proposed as an effective method to address this threat in this study. Specifically, two typical soils (i.e., contaminated clay and sandy soil) were mixed with different ratios and calcined at temperature 1000-1200 °C to prepare ceramsite. Special attentions were paid to evaluating the immobilization of heavy metals in ceramsite and identifying the corresponding immobilization mechanisms. Using the leachability of heavy metals from ceramsite as evaluation criteria, the optimum mixing ratio of clay/sandy soil and sintering temperature were determined as 0.6:0.4 and 1200 °C. Moreover, based on the spectroscopic characterizations and thermodynamic calculation, high sintering temperature well facilitated the liquid phases formation, promoting the reactions between heavy metals and aluminosilicates and the valence state conversion of heavy metals. Accordingly, heavy metals were well immobilized in ceramsite by forming thermodynamically stable minerals, being encapsulated in solid matrix, and transforming to valence states with low mobility. The leaching conditions including pH and temperature had minimal effect on the immobilization of heavy metals in ceramsite. In summary, ceramsite prepared by contaminated soils was environmentally friendly and had good potential in engineering application as building materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengming Li
- Key Laboratory of Energy Thermal Conversion and Control of Ministry of Education, School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210096, China
| | - Bing Song
- Key Laboratory of Energy Thermal Conversion and Control of Ministry of Education, School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210096, China
| | - Zhiliang Chen
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235, United States
| | - Zequan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Energy Thermal Conversion and Control of Ministry of Education, School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210096, China
| | - Lei Yu
- Key Laboratory of Energy Thermal Conversion and Control of Ministry of Education, School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210096, China
| | - ZeJian Zhi
- Key Laboratory of Energy Thermal Conversion and Control of Ministry of Education, School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210096, China
| | - Yan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Energy Thermal Conversion and Control of Ministry of Education, School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210096, China
| | - Hong Wei
- Key Laboratory of Energy Thermal Conversion and Control of Ministry of Education, School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210096, China
| | - Min Song
- Key Laboratory of Energy Thermal Conversion and Control of Ministry of Education, School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210096, China; Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Soil and Groundwater Pollution Prevention and Control, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210036, China.
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Yliniemi J. Surface Layer Alteration of Multi-Oxide Silicate Glasses at a Near-Neutral pH in the Presence of Citric and Tartaric Acid. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2022; 38:987-1000. [PMID: 35025515 PMCID: PMC8793144 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c02378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed at determining the chemical alterations occurring at the surface of multi-oxide silicate glasses in the presence of organic ligands─citrate and tartrate─at a near-neutral pH. Batch surface titration experiments for basaltic glass and blast furnace slag (BFS) were conducted in the range of 6.4 < pH < 8 to investigate the element release, and speciation and solid phase saturation were modeled with PHREEQC software. Surface sensitive XPS and zeta potential measurements were used to characterize the alterations occurring on the surface. The results show that, while Al/Si and Fe/Si surface molar ratios of the raw materials increase at a near-neutral pH, the presence of organic ligands prevents the accumulation of Al and Fe on the surface and increases their concentration in the solution, particularly at pH 6.4. The Al- and Fe-complexing ligands decrease the effective concentration of these cations in the solution, consequently decreasing the surface cation/Si ratio, which destabilizes the silicate surface and increases the extent of dissolution by 300% within the 2 h experiment. Based on the thermodynamic modeling, 1:1 metal-to-ligand complexes are the most prevalent aqueous species under these experimental conditions. Moreover, changes in Ca/Si and Mg/Si surface ratios are observed in the presence of organic ligands; the direction of the change depends on the type of ligand and pH. The coordination of Al and Fe on the surface is different depending on the ligand and pH. This study provides a detailed description of the compositional changes occurring between the surface of multi-oxide silicate materials and the solution in the presence of citrate and tartrate. The surface layer composition is crucial not only for understanding and controlling the dissolution of these materials but also for determining the activated surface complexes and secondary minerals that they evolve into.
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Okhrimenko DV, Bøtner JA, Riis HK, Ceccato M, Foss M, Solvang M. The dissolution of stone wool fibers with sugar-based binder and oil in different synthetic lung fluids. Toxicol In Vitro 2021; 78:105270. [PMID: 34757181 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2021.105270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The biopersistence of fiber materials is one of the cornerstones in estimating potential risk to human health upon inhalation. To connect epidemiological and in vivo investigations with in vitro studies, reliable and robust methods of fiber biopersistence determination and understanding of fiber dissolution mechanism are required. We investigated dissolution properties of oil treated stone wool fibers with and without sugar-based binder (SBB) at 37 °C in the liquids representing macrophages intracellular conditions (pH 4.5). Conditions varied from batch to flow of different rates. Fiber morphology and surface chemistry changes caused by dissolution were monitored with scanning electron microscopy and time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry mapping. Stone wool fiber dissolution rate depends on liquid composition (presence of ligands, such as citrate), pH, reaction products transport and fibers wetting properties. The dissolution rate decreases when: 1) citrate is consumed by the reaction with the released Al cations; 2) the pH increases during a reaction in poorly buffered solutions; 3) the dissolution products are accumulated; 4) fibers are not fully wetted with the fluid. Presence of SBB has no influence on dissolution rate if fiber material was wetted prior to dissolution experiment to avoid poorly wetted fiber agglomerates formation in the synthetic lung fluids.
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Affiliation(s)
- D V Okhrimenko
- ROCKWOOL International A/S, Hovedgaden 584, 2640 Hedehusene, Denmark.
| | - J A Bøtner
- ROCKWOOL International A/S, Hovedgaden 584, 2640 Hedehusene, Denmark
| | - H K Riis
- ROCKWOOL International A/S, Hovedgaden 584, 2640 Hedehusene, Denmark
| | - M Ceccato
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, Aarhus 8000, Denmark
| | - M Foss
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, Aarhus 8000, Denmark
| | - M Solvang
- ROCKWOOL International A/S, Hovedgaden 584, 2640 Hedehusene, Denmark
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