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Li S, Cui B, Jia X, Wang W, Cui Y, Ding J, Yang C, Fang Y, Song Y, Zhang X. Cellulose-based light-management film exhibiting flame-retardant and thermal-healing properties. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 265:130447. [PMID: 38458280 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.130447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 01/28/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024]
Abstract
The increased use and expansion of biomass applications offer a viable approach to diminish reliance on petroleum-derived resources and promote carbon neutrality. Cellulose, being the most abundant natural polymer on Earth, has garnered considerable attention. This study introduces a straightforward method to fabricate a cellulose-based multifunctional composite film designed for efficient light management, specifically featuring flame retardant and thermal-healing capabilities. The film incorporates a microfibrillated cellulose (MFC) matrix with functional components, namely benzoxazine resin (BR) and 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate phosphate (HEMAP). Utilizing dynamic covalent crosslinking, the composite films exhibit satisfactory self-healing properties. The combined effects of BR and HEMAP contribute to the effective flame retardancy of the composite film. Furthermore, the resulting film shields ultraviolet and blue light, offering comfortable interior lighting by mitigating harsh light and extending light propagation. The film also demonstrates favorable water resistance and high tensile strength. The exceptional multifunctional properties, coupled with its safety and extended service life, position it as a potential optical management film for smart building materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Li
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Based Material Science and Technology (Ministry of Education), Material Science and Engineering College, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Boyu Cui
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Based Material Science and Technology (Ministry of Education), Material Science and Engineering College, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Xue Jia
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Based Material Science and Technology (Ministry of Education), Material Science and Engineering College, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Weihong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Based Material Science and Technology (Ministry of Education), Material Science and Engineering College, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China.
| | - Yutong Cui
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Based Material Science and Technology (Ministry of Education), Material Science and Engineering College, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Jiayan Ding
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Based Material Science and Technology (Ministry of Education), Material Science and Engineering College, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Chunmao Yang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Based Material Science and Technology (Ministry of Education), Material Science and Engineering College, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Yiqun Fang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Based Material Science and Technology (Ministry of Education), Material Science and Engineering College, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Yongming Song
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Based Material Science and Technology (Ministry of Education), Material Science and Engineering College, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Xianquan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Based Material Science and Technology (Ministry of Education), Material Science and Engineering College, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
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Zhang M, Zhao J, Wang S, Dai Z, Qin S, Mei S, Zhang W, Guo R. Carbon Quantum Dots for Long-Term Protection against UV Degradation and Acidification in Paper-Based Relics. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:5009-5018. [PMID: 38227429 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c17011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
Paper-based cultural relics constitute a significant and invaluable part of human civilization and cultural heritage. However, they are highly vulnerable to environmental factors such as ultraviolet (UV) photodegradation and acidification degradation, posing substantial threats to their long-term preservation. Carbon quantum dots (CQDs), known for their outstanding optical properties, high water solubility, and good safety, offer a promising solution for slowing down UV damage and acidification of paper-based relics during storage and transportation. Herein, we propose a feasible strategy for the simple preparation of CQDs with high dispersion stability, excellent UV absorption, room-temperature phosphorescence, and photostability for the safety protection of paper. Accelerated aging experiments were conducted using UV and dry-heat aging methods on both CQD-protected paper and unprotected paper, respectively, to evaluate the effectiveness of CQD protection. The results demonstrate a slowdown in both the oxidation and acid degradation processes of the protected paper under both UV-aging and dry-heat aging conditions. Notably, CQDs with complex luminescence patterns of both fluorescence and room-temperature phosphorescence also endue them as enhanced optical anticounterfeiting materials for multifunctional paper protection. This research provides a new direction for the protection of paper-based relics with emerging carbon nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingliang Zhang
- Institute for Electric Light Sources, School of Information Science and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Jinchan Zhao
- Institute for Electric Light Sources, School of Information Science and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Sinong Wang
- Institute for Preservation and Conservation of Chinese Ancient Books, Fudan University Library, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Zhenyu Dai
- Institute of Future Lighting, Academy for Engineering and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Shuaitao Qin
- Institute for Electric Light Sources, School of Information Science and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Shiliang Mei
- Institute for Electric Light Sources, School of Information Science and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Wanlu Zhang
- Institute for Electric Light Sources, School of Information Science and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Ruiqian Guo
- Institute for Electric Light Sources, School of Information Science and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
- Institute of Future Lighting, Academy for Engineering and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
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Gan J, Chen L, Chen Z, Zhang J, Yu W, Huang C, Wu Y, Zhang K. Lignocellulosic Biomass-Based Carbon Dots: Synthesis Processes, Properties, and Applications. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2304066. [PMID: 37537709 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202304066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
Carbon dots (CDs), a new type of carbon-based fluorescent nanomaterial, have attracted widespread attention because of their numerous excellent properties. Lignocellulosic biomass is the most abundant renewable natural resource and possesses broad potential to manufacture different composite and smart materials. Numerous studies have explored the potential of using the components (such as cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin) in lignocellulosic biomass to produce CDs. There are few papers systemically aiming in the review of the state-of-the-art works related to lignocellulosic biomass-derived CDs. In this review, the significant advances in synthesis processes, formation mechanisms, structural characteristics, optical properties, and applications of lignocellulosic biomass-based CDs such as cellulose-based CDs, hemicellulose-based CDs and lignin-based CDs in latest research are reviewed. In addition, future research directions on the improvement of the synthesis technology of CDs using lignocellulosic biomass as raw materials to enhance the properties of CDs are proposed. This review will serve as a road map for scientists engaged in research and exploring more applications of CDs in different science fields to achieve the highest material performance goals of CDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Gan
- Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Lizhen Chen
- Sustainable Materials and Chemistry, Department of Wood Technology and Wood-Based Composites, University of Göttingen, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Zhijun Chen
- Engineering Research Center of Advanced Wooden Materials and Key Laboratory of Bio-based Material Science & Technology Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, China
| | - Jilei Zhang
- Department of Sustainable Bioproducts, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS, 39762, USA
| | - Wenji Yu
- Research Institute of Wood Industry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091, China
| | - Caoxing Huang
- Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Yan Wu
- Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Kai Zhang
- Sustainable Materials and Chemistry, Department of Wood Technology and Wood-Based Composites, University of Göttingen, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
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Bai Y, Zhao B, Ni J, Sun L, Wang Y, Wang J, Liu Y, Han S, Gao F, Zhang C. Construction of composite films using carbon nanodots for blocking ultraviolet light from the Sun. RSC Adv 2023; 13:23728-23735. [PMID: 37555088 PMCID: PMC10405637 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra04123a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Carbon nanodots (CNDs) which demonstrate concentration-dependent emission and have a photoluminescence quantum yield of 45% were designed. Transparent CND-containing composite films (CND-films), obtained by combining the CNDs with polyvinyl alcohol in different proportions, were shown to block the UV component of sunlight. Whereas the pure PVA film could not block UV light, the ability of CND-films to block UV light could be adjusted by altering the proportion of CNDs in the film. The larger the proportion of CNDs, the greater the extent of UV blocking. CND-film containing 32 wt% CNDs completely blocked UV light (≤400 nm) from sunlight, without affecting the transmission of visible light (>800 nm). The ability of the CND-films to block the UV component of sunlight was investigated using a commercially available UV-induced color change card, which confirmed that the capacity of the CND-films to block UV light could be adjusted by altering the proportion of CNDs in the film. This study shows that CNDs with concentration-dependent long wavelength emission characteristics can be used as optical barrier units for the preparation of materials to block high-energy short wavelength light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yibing Bai
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Based Material Science & Technology (Northeast Forestry University), Ministry of Education Harbin 150040 China
| | - Bin Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Based Material Science & Technology (Northeast Forestry University), Ministry of Education Harbin 150040 China
| | - Jiaxin Ni
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Based Material Science & Technology (Northeast Forestry University), Ministry of Education Harbin 150040 China
| | - Lianhang Sun
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Based Material Science & Technology (Northeast Forestry University), Ministry of Education Harbin 150040 China
| | - Yuning Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Based Material Science & Technology (Northeast Forestry University), Ministry of Education Harbin 150040 China
| | - Jing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Based Material Science & Technology (Northeast Forestry University), Ministry of Education Harbin 150040 China
| | - Yu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Based Material Science & Technology (Northeast Forestry University), Ministry of Education Harbin 150040 China
| | - Shiyan Han
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Based Material Science & Technology (Northeast Forestry University), Ministry of Education Harbin 150040 China
| | - Fugang Gao
- Jiangsu Transline Technology Co. Ltd Changzhou 213100 China
| | - Chunlei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Based Material Science & Technology (Northeast Forestry University), Ministry of Education Harbin 150040 China
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Padhiar MA, Ji Y, Wang M, Pan S, Ali Khan S, Khan NZ, Zhao L, Qin F, Zhao Z, Zhang S. Sr 2+doped CsPbBrI 2perovskite nanocrystals coated with ZrO 2for applications as white LEDs. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2023; 34:275201. [PMID: 37011606 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/acc9cc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Perovskite nanocrystals (NCs) feature adjustable bandgap, wide absorption range, and great color purity for robust perovskite optoelectronic applications. Nevertheless, the absence of lasting stability under continues energization, is still a major hurdle to the widespread use of NCs in commercial applications. In particular, the reactivity of red-emitting perovskites to environmental surroundings is more sensitive than that of their green counterparts. Here, we present a simple synthesis of ultrathin ZrO2coated, Sr2+doped CsPbBrI2NCs. Introducing divalent Sr2+may significantly eliminate Pb° surface traps, whereas ZrO2encapsulation greatly improves environmental stability. The photoluminescence quantum yield of the Sr2+-doped CsPbBrI2/ZrO2NCs was increased from 50.2% to 87.2% as a direct consequence of the efficient elimination of Pb° surface defects. Moreover, the thickness of the ZrO2thin coating gives remarkable heat resistance and improved water stability. Combining CsPbSr0.3BrI2/ZrO2NCs in a white light emitting diode (LED) with an excellent optical efficiency (100.08 lm W-1), high and a broad gamut 141% (NTSC) standard. This work offers a potential method to suppress Pb° traps by doping with Sr2+and improves the performance of perovskite NCs by ultrathin coating structured ZrO2, consequently enabling their applicability in commercial optical displays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Amin Padhiar
- School of Physics and Materials Science, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
- Research Center for Advanced Information Materials (CAIM), Huangpu Research and Graduate School of Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510555, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongqiang Ji
- State Key Laboratory for Artificial Microstructure and Mesoscopic Physics, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, People's Republic of China
- Electronic Materials Research Laboratory, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education International Center for Dielectric Research & Shannxi Engineering Research Center of Advanced Energy Materials and Devices, Xi'an Jiaotong University, 710049 Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Minqiang Wang
- Electronic Materials Research Laboratory, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education International Center for Dielectric Research & Shannxi Engineering Research Center of Advanced Energy Materials and Devices, Xi'an Jiaotong University, 710049 Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Shusheng Pan
- School of Physics and Materials Science, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
- Research Center for Advanced Information Materials (CAIM), Huangpu Research and Graduate School of Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510555, People's Republic of China
| | - Sayed Ali Khan
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, 08854, United States of America
| | - Noor Zamin Khan
- School of Physics and Materials Science, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
- Research Center for Advanced Information Materials (CAIM), Huangpu Research and Graduate School of Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510555, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Zhao
- School of Electronic Engineering Lanzhou City University, Lanzhou, 730070, People's Republic of China
| | - Fangrong Qin
- School of Physics and Materials Science, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
- Research Center for Advanced Information Materials (CAIM), Huangpu Research and Graduate School of Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510555, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhuan Zhao
- School of Physics and Materials Science, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
- Research Center for Advanced Information Materials (CAIM), Huangpu Research and Graduate School of Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510555, People's Republic of China
| | - Shaolin Zhang
- School of Physics and Materials Science, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, People's Republic of China
- Research Center for Advanced Information Materials (CAIM), Huangpu Research and Graduate School of Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510555, People's Republic of China
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Wang R, Li S, Huang H, Liu B, Gao L, Qu M, Wei Y, Wei J. Preparation of Carbon Dots from PET Waste by One-step Hydrothermal Method and its Application in Light Blocking Films and LEDs. J Fluoresc 2023:10.1007/s10895-022-03132-9. [PMID: 36637778 DOI: 10.1007/s10895-022-03132-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
An environmentally friendly PET-based Carbon Dots (PET-CDs) with excellent fluorescence properties were prepared with waste PET bottle, pyromellitic acid and ammonia water as raw materials by one-step hydrothermal method. The preparation mechanism of PET-CDs was as follows: PET first underwent ammonolysis reaction to produce terephthalic acid diamide and ethylene glycol, and then dehydrated and carbonized with pyromellitic acid to form PET-CDs. The as-prepared PET-CDs exhibit excitation-independent emission properties in the range from 340 to 440 nm, and the fluorescence quantum yield is as high as 87.36%. In terms of structure, PET-CDs is a spherical structure with an average particle size of 2.0 nm, and its surface contains carboxyl and amino groups. The PET-CDs were dispersed in a PVA matrix to obtain an light blocking films(LBFs) for 250-450 nm light with excellent properties, and its transparency for 450-700 nm light is good. In addition, PET-CDs was used in the fields of LED, and it was found that the color coordinate for the LED assembled with PET-CDs and 395 nm LED chips is (0.55, 0.44) and the correlated color temperature is 2018 K.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Wang
- School of Materials Design and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Fashion Technology, 100029, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Clothing Materials R&D and Assessment, Beijing Engineering Research Center of Textile Nano Fiber, Beijing Institute of Fashion Technology, 100029, Beijing, China
| | - Shumiao Li
- School of Materials Design and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Fashion Technology, 100029, Beijing, China
| | - Hanjiang Huang
- School of Materials Design and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Fashion Technology, 100029, Beijing, China
| | - Botong Liu
- School of Materials Design and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Fashion Technology, 100029, Beijing, China
| | - Lu Gao
- School of Materials Design and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Fashion Technology, 100029, Beijing, China
| | - Meiru Qu
- School of Materials Design and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Fashion Technology, 100029, Beijing, China
| | - Yanying Wei
- School of Materials Design and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Fashion Technology, 100029, Beijing, China
| | - Jianfei Wei
- School of Materials Design and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Fashion Technology, 100029, Beijing, China. .,Beijing Key Laboratory of Clothing Materials R&D and Assessment, Beijing Engineering Research Center of Textile Nano Fiber, Beijing Institute of Fashion Technology, 100029, Beijing, China.
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Li X, Zhao L, Wu Y, Zhou A, Jiang X, Zhan Y, Sun Z. Nitrogen and boron co-doped carbon dots as a novel fluorescent probe for fluorogenic sensing of Ce 4+ and ratiometric detection of Al 3. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2022; 282:121638. [PMID: 35908499 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2022.121638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 07/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Carbon dots have been widely focused on the field of metal ion detection due to their excellent optical property. Herein, novel orange fluorescent nitrogen and boron co-doped carbon dots (NB-CDs) are obtained by one-pot solvothermal using p-phenylenediamine and boric acid as raw materials. The NB-CDs exhibit excitation-independent emissions and the maximum emission wavelength is 597 nm at 420 nm excitation. The fluorescence can be quenched by Ce4+ effectively and selectively, and the detection range of Ce4+ is gained from 0.14 to 180 μM with a detection limit of as low as 0.14 μM. Furthermore, Al3+ can also recombine with NB-CDs surface functional groups, which shows a detection range from 1.07 to 100 μM and a detection limit of as low as 1.07 μM, accompanied with a blue-shift to 527 nm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Li
- Key Laboratory for the Green Preparation and Application of Functional Materials, Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Liuxi Zhao
- Key Laboratory for the Green Preparation and Application of Functional Materials, Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Yuhan Wu
- Key Laboratory for the Green Preparation and Application of Functional Materials, Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Ao Zhou
- Key Laboratory for the Green Preparation and Application of Functional Materials, Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Xuanfeng Jiang
- Key Laboratory for the Green Preparation and Application of Functional Materials, Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Yuan Zhan
- Key Laboratory for the Green Preparation and Application of Functional Materials, Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China.
| | - Zhengguang Sun
- Key Laboratory for the Green Preparation and Application of Functional Materials, Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China.
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Recent Advances in Synthesis, Modification, Characterization, and Applications of Carbon Dots. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14112153. [PMID: 35683827 PMCID: PMC9183192 DOI: 10.3390/polym14112153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 05/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Although there is significant progress in the research of carbon dots (CDs), some challenges such as difficulty in large-scale synthesis, complicated purification, low quantum yield, ambiguity in structure-property correlation, electronic structures, and photophysics are still major obstacles that hinder the commercial use of CDs. Recent advances in synthesis, modification, characterization, and applications of CDs are summarized in this review. We illustrate some examples to correlate process parameters, structures, compositions, properties, and performances of CDs-based materials. The advances in the synthesis approach, purification methods, and modification/doping methods for the synthesis of CDs are also presented. Moreover, some examples of the kilogram-scale fabrication of CDs are given. The properties and performance of CDs can be tuned by some synthesis parameters, such as the incubation time and precursor ratio, the laser pulse width, and the average molar mass of the polymeric precursor. Surface passivation also has a significant influence on the particle sizes of CDs. Moreover, some factors affect the properties and performance of CDs, such as the polarity-sensitive fluorescence effect and concentration-dependent multicolor luminescence, together with the size and surface states of CDs. The synchrotron near-edge X-ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS) test has been proved to be a useful tool to explore the correlation among structural features, photophysics, and emission performance of CDs. Recent advances of CDs in bioimaging, sensing, therapy, energy, fertilizer, separation, security authentication, food packing, flame retardant, and co-catalyst for environmental remediation applications were reviewed in this article. Furthermore, the roles of CDs, doped CDs, and their composites in these applications were also demonstrated.
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