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Lang Y, Zhou J, Sun J, Liang H, Zhang K, Wang C, Liu Y, Geng T. Effect of Different Ethylene Oxide Addition Numbers on the Performance of Polyoxyethylene Tallow Amine as a Pesticide Emulsifier. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2024; 40:1503-1514. [PMID: 38156944 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c03269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Surfactant reduces the surface tension of liquids, resulting in improved emulsion stability, and there is great interest in pesticide additives. Ethoxylate is often used as a pesticide emulsifier. However, the degree of ethoxylation and the existence of dioxane byproducts can significantly affect the performance of emulsifiers. Here, a series of polyoxyethylene tallow amines with the addition of different numbers of ethylene oxide (EO) were synthesized and characterized. Their physical and chemical performances were measured. The ability of POEA as a surfactant to reduce water surface tension and the surface adsorption of molecules were assessed based on the static and dynamic surface tensions. The results show that the surfactant molecules preferentially form a saturated adsorption layer in solution, and the mixed-diffusion-kinetics mechanism dominates the adsorption process. With the increase of the EO addition number, the emulsifying property of POEA increases, while the wetting property gradually decreases and the contact angle increases. These results can provide a basis for the selection of pesticide additives. At the same time, the mechanism of removing dioxane by ethoxylate is described, and a simple and low-consumption method is put forward to reduce the dioxane content. It provides a new idea for the removal of dioxane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Lang
- China Research Institute of Daily Chemical Industry, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, PR China
| | - Jingjie Zhou
- China Research Institute of Daily Chemical Industry, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, PR China
| | - Jinyuan Sun
- China Research Institute of Daily Chemical Industry, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, PR China
| | - Huibin Liang
- China Research Institute of Daily Chemical Industry, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, PR China
| | - Ke Zhang
- China Research Institute of Daily Chemical Industry, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, PR China
| | - Chunyu Wang
- China Research Institute of Daily Chemical Industry, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, PR China
| | - Yuqi Liu
- China Research Institute of Daily Chemical Industry, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, PR China
| | - Tao Geng
- China Research Institute of Daily Chemical Industry, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, PR China
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Hu X, Liao M, Shen K, Ding K, Campana M, van der Kamp S, McInnes EF, Padia F, Lu JR. Unraveling How Membrane Nanostructure Changes Impact the Eye Irritation of Nonionic Alkyl Ethoxylate Surfactants. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:59087-59098. [PMID: 38078441 PMCID: PMC10739585 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c14794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/22/2023]
Abstract
Nonionic surfactants used in agri-spraying processes may cause varying degrees of corneal irritation when they come in direct contact with farmers' eyes, and the exact irritations are thought to be determined by how surfactants interact with corneal cell membranes. However, how nonionic surfactants interact with cell membranes at the molecular and nano levels remains largely unexplored. In this study, the interactions between nonionic surfactants (alkyl ethoxylate, C12Em) and lipid membranes were examined by membrane permeability measurement, quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation, dual polarization interferometry, confocal laser scanning microscopy, and neutron reflection, aiming to reveal complementary structural features at the molecular and nano levels. Apart from the extremely hydrophobic surfactant C12E2, all nonionic surfactants studied could penetrate the model cell membrane composed of a phosphocholine lipid bilayer. Nonionic surfactants with intermediate amphiphilicity (C12E6) rapidly fused into the lipid membrane and stimulated the formation of pores across the lipid bilayer, consistent with the cytoplasm leakage and fast cell necrosis observed from the cytotoxicity study of corneal cells. In comparison, while hydrophobic and hydrophilic surfactants [those with long and short ethoxylates (C12E4,12,23)] could cause mild structural alteration to the outer lipid layer of the membrane, these structural changes were insufficient to elicit large cytoplasmic leakage rapidly and instead cell death occurred over longer periods of time due to changes in the membrane permeability. These results reveal the strong link of surfactant-lipid membrane interactions to surfactant cytotoxicity and the association with amphiphilicity of nonionic surfactants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuzhi Hu
- Biological
Physics Group, Department of Physics and Astronomy, School of Natural
Sciences, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K.
| | - Mingrui Liao
- Biological
Physics Group, Department of Physics and Astronomy, School of Natural
Sciences, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K.
| | - Kangcheng Shen
- Biological
Physics Group, Department of Physics and Astronomy, School of Natural
Sciences, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K.
| | - Ke Ding
- Biological
Physics Group, Department of Physics and Astronomy, School of Natural
Sciences, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K.
| | - Mario Campana
- Rutherford
Appleton Laboratory, STFC ISIS Facility, Didcot OX11 0QX, U.K.
| | - Sophie van der Kamp
- Jealott’s
Hill International Research Centre, Syngenta, Bracknell, Berkshire RG42
6EY, U.K.
| | - Elizabeth F. McInnes
- Jealott’s
Hill International Research Centre, Syngenta, Bracknell, Berkshire RG42
6EY, U.K.
| | - Faheem Padia
- Jealott’s
Hill International Research Centre, Syngenta, Bracknell, Berkshire RG42
6EY, U.K.
| | - Jian R. Lu
- Biological
Physics Group, Department of Physics and Astronomy, School of Natural
Sciences, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K.
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Hu X, Carter J, Ge T, Liao M, Margaret Stephens A, Mclnnes EF, Padia F, Lu JR. Impacts of chain and head lengths of nonionic alkyl ethoxylate surfactants on cytotoxicity to human corneal and skin cells in agri-spraying processes*. J Colloid Interface Sci 2022; 628:162-173. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2022.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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