Multifunctional TiO2/C nanosheets derived from 3D metal–organic frameworks for mild-temperature-photothermal-sonodynamic-chemodynamic therapy under photoacoustic image guidance

Green synthesis of manganese ferrite magnetic nanoparticle and its modification with metallic-organic frameworks for the tetracycline adsorption from aqueous solutions: A mathematical study of kinetics, isotherms, and thermodynamics

In the current investigation, MnFe2O4/ZIF-8 nanocomposite was generated as a magnetic nanoadsorber using the extract of Dracocephalum plant and characterized by XRD, FTIR, VSM, BET, FESEM, EDS-mapping, TEM, XPS, TPD-NH3, and TGA analyses. Also, to determine its efficiency in the adsorption process of tetracycline, the effect of pH (3-9), nanocomposite dose (0.025-2 g/L), initial pollutant concentration (5-100 mg/L), contact time (5-200 min), and temperature (5-50 °C) were studied. The results of the morphological properties of the magnetic nanocomposite confirmed the spherical shape of this nanoadsorber with an average size of 54 ± 31 nm. BET analysis showed that modification of MnFe2O4 material with ZIF-8 as a new nanoadsorber leads to excellent modification of SBET (143.8 m2/g) and VTotal (0.44 cm3/g). The highest removal efficiency of tetracycline in optimal conditions (pH = 7, contact time = 120 min, nanocomposite dose = 1.5 g/L, and temperature = 20 °C for a tetracycline concentration of 20 mg/L) was 90.11%. As the temperature increased, the removal efficiency increased from 40.46% to 95.06% during 120 min, which indicates that the adsorption reaction is endothermic. In addition, the data obtained from the isotherms of Langmuir (R2 = 0.958), Freundlich (R2 = 0.534), and Temkin (R2 = 0.747) showed that the tetracycline adsorption is monolayer and on the homogeneous surface of the synthesized magnetic nanoadsorber. The elimination process of tetracycline by nanoadsorber followed the pseudo-second order model (R2 = 0.998). Investigating the effect of interfering ions also confirmed the decrease in the adsorption efficiency. Also, the investigation of the reusability of the synthesized magnetic nanoadsorber in tetracycline adsorption indicates that after eight cycles, the efficiency decreases by %16.51. According to the results, the magnetic nanocomposite synthesized in this work can be a suitable and economical adsorber for the removal of tetracycline from aqueous environments.

A novel strategy for the synthesis of samarium/europium-metal organic frameworks, and their utilization for detection of Cr3+, Pb2+, and acetone as a luminescent sensor with superior selectivity and sensitivity properties

With outstanding detection selectivity and sensitivity characteristics, samarium/europium-metal organic frameworks (Sm/Eu-MOF) is capable of functioning as a versatile light-emitting sensor particularly for detecting acetone, Cr3+, and Pb2+ in aqueous environment. While considering maximum detectable concentrations of 0.85 μM, 0.46 μM, and 1.04 μM, respectively, competitive energy interactions for acetone, absorption of energy for Cr3+, and substitution of ions for Pb2+ are the elucidated mechanisms of detecting these substances by Sm/Eu-MOF. Successful formulation and synthesis of a core-shell structured Sm/Eu-MOF, which has endurance to acid/alkali conditions and hydration/heat-stability, can be accomplished by utilizing Samarium and Europium nitrate ions, terephthalic acid, and 2, 5-furandicarboxylic acid. The recovery rate of acetone, Cr3+, and Pb2+ detection from real samples were 95.0-101.0 %, 99.8-101.0 %, and 99.9-104.0 %, respectively.

Multifaceted Carbonized Metal-Organic Frameworks Synergize with Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors for Precision and Augmented Cuproptosis Cancer Therapy

The discovery of cuproptosis, a copper-dependent mechanism of programmed cell death, has provided a way for cancer treatment. However, cuproptosis has inherent limitations, including potential cellular harm, the lack of targeting, and insufficient efficacy as a standalone treatment. Therefore, exogenously controlled combination treatments have emerged as key strategies for cuproptosis-based oncotherapy. In this study, a Cu2-xSe@cMOF nanoplatform was constructed for combined sonodynamic/cuproptosis/gas therapy. This platform enabled precise cancer cotreatment, with external control allowing the selective induction of cuproptosis in cancer cells. This approach effectively prevented cancer metastasis and recurrence. Furthermore, Cu2-xSe@cMOF was combined with the antiprogrammed cell death protein ligand-1 antibody (aPD-L1), and this combination maximized the advantages of cuproptosis and immune checkpoint therapy. Additionally, under ultrasound irradiation, the H2Se gas generated from Cu2-xSe@cMOF induced cytotoxicity in cancer cells. Further, it generated reactive oxygen species, which hindered cell survival and proliferation. This study reports an externally controlled system for cuproptosis induction that combines a carbonized metal-organic framework with aPD-L1 to enhance cancer treatment. This precision and reinforced cuproptosis cancer therapy platform could be valuable as an effective therapeutic agent to reduce cancer mortality and morbidity in the future.

Stealth Nanocarriers in Cancer Therapy: a Comprehensive Review of Design, Functionality, and Clinical Applications

Nanotechnology has significantly transformed cancer treatment by introducing innovative methods for delivering drugs effectively. This literature review provided an in-depth analysis of the role of nanocarriers in cancer therapy, with a particular focus on the critical concept of the 'stealth effect.' The stealth effect refers to the ability of nanocarriers to evade the immune system and overcome physiological barriers. The review investigated the design and composition of various nanocarriers, such as liposomes, micelles, and inorganic nanoparticles, highlighting the importance of surface modifications and functionalization. The complex interaction between the immune system, opsonization, phagocytosis, and the protein corona was examined to understand the stealth effect. The review carefully evaluated strategies to enhance the stealth effect, including surface coating with polymers, biomimetic camouflage, and targeting ligands. The in vivo behavior of stealth nanocarriers and their impact on pharmacokinetics, biodistribution, and toxicity were also systematically examined. Additionally, the review presented clinical applications, case studies of approved nanocarrier-based cancer therapies, and emerging formulations in clinical trials. Future directions and obstacles in the field, such as advancements in nanocarrier engineering, personalized nanomedicine, regulatory considerations, and ethical implications, were discussed in detail. The review concluded by summarizing key findings and emphasizing the transformative potential of stealth nanocarriers in revolutionizing cancer therapy. This review enhanced the comprehension of nanocarrier-based cancer therapies and their potential impact by providing insights into advanced studies, clinical applications, and regulatory considerations.

Development, characterization, and evaluation of withaferin-A and artesunate-loaded pH-responsive acetal-dextran polymeric nanoparticles for the management of malaria

Artemisinin and its derivatives have been commonly used to treat malaria. However, the emergence of resistance against artemisinin derivatives has posed a critical challenge in malaria management. In the present study, we have proposed a combinatorial approach, utilizing pH-responsive acetal-dextran nanoparticles (Ac-Dex NPs) as carriers for the delivery of withaferin-A (WS-3) and artesunate (Art) to improve treatment efficacy of malaria. The optimized WS-3 and Art Ac-Dex NPs demonstrated enhanced pH-responsive release profiles under parasitophorous mimetic conditions (pH 5.5). Computational molecular modeling reveals that Ac-Dex's polymeric backbone strongly interacts with merozoite surface protein-1 (MSP-1), preventing erythrocyte invasion. In-vitro antimalarial activity of drug-loaded Ac-Dex NPs reveals a 1-1.5-fold reduction in IC50 values compared to pure drug against the 3D7 strain of Plasmodium falciparum. Treatment with WS-3 Ac-Dex NPs (100 mg/kg) and Art Ac-Dex NPs (30 mg/kg) to Plasmodium berghei-infected mice resulted in 78.11 % and 100 % inhibition of parasitemia. Notably, the combination therapy comprised of Art and WS-3 Ac-Dex NPs achieved complete inhibition of parasitemia even at a half dose of Art, indicating the synergistic potential of the combinations. However, further investigations are necessary to confirm the safety and effectiveness of WS-3 and Art Ac-Dex NPs for their successful clinical implications.

From diagnosis to therapy: The critical role of lncRNAs in hepatoblastoma

According to findings, long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) serves an integral part in growth and development of a variety of human malignancies, including Hepatoblastoma (HB). HB is a rare kind of carcinoma of the liver that mostly affects kids and babies under the age of three. Its manifestations include digestive swelling, abdominal discomfort, and losing weight. This thorough investigation digs into the many roles that lncRNAs serve in HB, giving views into their varied activities as well as possible therapeutic consequences. The function of lncRNAs in HB cell proliferation, apoptosis, migratory and penetrating capacities, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, and therapy tolerance is discussed. Various lncRNA regulatory roles are investigated in depth, yielding information on their effect on essential cell processes such as angiogenesis, apoptosis, immunity, and growth. Circulating lncRNAs are currently acknowledged as potential indications for the initial stages of identification of cancer, with the ability to diagnose as well as forecast. In addition to their diagnostic utility, lncRNAs provide curative opportunities as locations and actors, contributing to the expanding landscape of cancer research. Several HB-linked lncRNAs have been demonstrated to exhibit abnormal expression and are involved in tumor-like characteristics via DNA, RNA, or protein binding or encoding short peptides. As a result, a better knowledge of lncRNA instability might bring fresh perspectives into HB etiology as well as innovative strategies for HB early diagnosis and therapy. We describe the abnormalities of lncRNA expression in HB and their tumor-suppressive or carcinogenic activities during HB carcinogenesis in this study. Furthermore, we explore lncRNAs' diagnostic and therapeutic possibilities in HB.

Evaluation of machine learning models for predicting TiO2 photocatalytic degradation of air contaminants

The escalation of global urbanization and industrial expansion has resulted in an increase in the emission of harmful substances into the atmosphere. Evaluating the effectiveness of titanium dioxide (TiO2) in photocatalytic degradation through traditional methods is resource-intensive and complex due to the detailed photocatalyst structures and the wide range of contaminants. Therefore in this study, recent advancements in machine learning (ML) are used to offer data-driven approach using thirteen machine learning techniques namely XG Boost (XGB), decision tree (DT), lasso Regression (LR2), support vector regression (SVR), adaBoost (AB), voting Regressor (VR), CatBoost (CB), K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN), gradient boost (GB), random Forest (RF), artificial neural network (ANN), ridge regression (RR), linear regression (LR1) to address the problem of estimation of TiO2 photocatalytic degradation rate of air contaminants. The models are developed using literature data and different methodical tools are used to evaluate the developed ML models. XGB, DT and LR2 models have high R2 values of 0.93, 0.926 and 0.926 in training and 0.936, 0.924 and 0.924 in test phase. While ANN, RR and LR models have lowest R2 values of 0.70, 0.56 and 0.40 in training and 0.62, 0.63 and 0.31 in test phase respectively. XGB, DT and LR2 have low MAE and RMSE values of 0.450 min-1/cm2, 0.494 min-1/cm2 and 0.49 min-1/cm2 for RMSE and 0.263 min-1/cm2, 0.285 min-1/cm2 and 0.29 min-1/cm2 for MAE in test stage. XGB, DT, and LR2 have 93% percent errors within 20% error range in training phase. XGB has 92% and DT, and LR2 have 94% errors with 20% range in test phase. XGB, DT, LR2 models remained the highest performing models and XGB is the most robust and effective in predictions. Feature importances reveal the role of input parameters in prediction made by developed ML models. Dosage, humidity, UV light intensity remain important experimental factors. This study will impact positively in providing efficient models to estimate photocatalytic degradation rate of air contaminants using TiO2.

Study of some graph theoretical parameters for the structures of anticancer drugs

Eigenvalues have great importance in the field of mathematics, and their relevance extends beyond this area to include several other disciplines such as economics, chemistry, and numerous fields. According to our study, eigenvalues are utilized in chemistry to express a chemical compound's numerous physical properties as well as its energy form. It is important to get a comprehensive understanding of the interrelationship underlying mathematics and chemistry. The anti-bonding phase is correlated with positive eigenvalues, whereas the bonding level is connected with negative eigenvalues. Additionally, the non-bonded level corresponds to eigenvalues of zero. This study focuses on the analysis of various structures of anticancer drugs, specifically examining their characteristic polynomials, eigenvalues of the adjacency matrix, matching number and nullity. Consequently, the selected structures of the aforementioned anticancer drugs exhibit stability since they are composed of closed-shell molecules, characterized by a nullity value of zero.

Exploring the Potential of Halotolerant Actinomycetes from Rann of Kutch, India: A Study on the Synthesis, Characterization, and Biomedical Applications of Silver Nanoparticles

A tremendous increase in the green synthesis of metallic nanoparticles has been noticed in the last decades, which is due to their unique properties at the nano dimension. The present research work deals with synthesis mediated by the actinomycete Streptomyces tendae of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), isolated from Little and Greater Rann of Kutch, India. The confirmation of the formation of AgNPs by the actinomycetes was carried out by using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer where an absorbance peak was obtained at 420 nm. The X-ray diffraction pattern demonstrated five characteristic diffraction peaks indexed at the lattice plane (111), (200), (231), (222), and (220). Fourier transform infrared showed typical bands at 531 to 1635, 2111, and 3328 cm-1. Scanning electron microscopy shows that the spherical-shaped AgNPs particles have diameters in the range of 40 to 90 nm. The particle size analysis displayed the mean particle size of AgNPs in aqueous medium, which was about 55 nm (±27 nm), bearing a negative charge on their surfaces. The potential of the S. tendae-mediated synthesized AgNPs was evaluated for their antimicrobial, anti-methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), anti-biofilm, and anti-oxidant activity. The maximum inhibitory effect was observed against Pseudomonas aeruginosa at (8 µg/mL), followed by Escherichia coli and Aspergillus niger at (32 µg/mL), and against Candida albicans (64 µg/mL), whereas Bacillus subtilis (128 µg/mL) and Staphylococcus aureus (256 µg/mL) were much less sensitive to AgNPs. The biosynthesized AgNPs displayed activity against MRSA, and the free radical scavenging activity was observed with an increase in the dosage of AgNPs from 25 to 200 µg/mL. AgNPs in combination with ampicillin displayed inhibition of the development of biofilm in Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Streptococcus pneumoniae at 98% and 83%, respectively. AgNPs were also successfully coated on the surface of cotton to prepare antimicrobial surgical cotton, which demonstrated inhibitory action against Bacillus subtilis (15 mm) and Escherichia coli (12 mm). The present research integrates microbiology, nanotechnology, and biomedical science to formulate environmentally friendly antimicrobial materials using halotolerant actinomycetes, evolving green nanotechnology in the biomedical field. Moreover, this study broadens the understanding of halotolerant actinomycetes and their potential and opens possibilities for formulating new antimicrobial products and therapies.

Fabrication of a novel polyvinylpyrrolidone/chitosan-Schiff base/Fe2O3 nanocomposite for efficient adsorption of Pb(II) and Hg(II) ions from aqueous solution

A novel magnetic polyvinylpyrrolidone/chitosan-Schiff base/Fe2O3 (PVP/CS-SB/Fe2O3) adsorbent was prepared by one-pot facile co-precipitation route for adsorption of Pb(II) and Hg(II) ions from aqueous solution. Fourier transform infrared-spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) were used to characterize the synthesized PVP/CS-SB/Fe2O3. The results predicted that the successfully synthesis of magnetic CSSB-PVP@Fe2O3. The effects of important factors such as pH solution, contact time, concentration of metal ions, adsorbent dose and co-existing ions on Pb(II) and Hg(II) adsorption were investigated. The maximum adsorption capacities of Pb(II) and Hg(II) ions at optimal conditions were 120 mg/g and 102.5 mg/g, respectively. The kinetic studies predicted that the adsorption followed the pseudo-second-order (PSO) model as chemisorption using the coordination of active sites of PVP/CS-SB/Fe2O3 with the metal ions and also n-π interactions. Reproducibility results predicted that the excellent regeneration ability after 6 adsorption cycles. According to the results of this work, the PVP/CS-SB/Fe2O3 nanocomposite is promising for Pb(II) and Hg(II) ions adsorption and can be potential as a simple, low-cost, high-efficient adsorbent for decontamination of other heavy metal ions from aqueous solution.

Green and efficient synthesis of cellulose nanocrystals from Hamelia patens leftover via hydrolysis of microwave assisted-ionic liquid (MWAIL) pretreated microcrystalline cellulose

The efficient bioconversion of the lignocellulosic agro-waste has immense importance in biorefinery processing in extracting the cellulose and saccharide fractions. To achieve this, a series of chemical pretreatments is employed, thus concerning environmental threats limit its use. Therefore, an ionic liquid is employed for pretreatment before sustainable extractions owing to its safe manipulation, recycling, and reusability. Specifically, microwave-assisted ionic liquid (MWAIL) pretreatment has significant importance in extracting high cellulose yield at less thermal power consumption. In this study, the leftover stalks of Hamelia patens were subjected to MWAIL pretreatment at 60, 70, 80, and 90 °C to extract microcrystalline cellulose (MCC). Subsequently, the MCC was fabricated into cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) through hydrolytic treatment using acidic and ionic liquids and denoted as CNC-AH and CNC-ILH. Thus obtained CNC was characterized by FTIR, FESEM, XRD, and TGA to investigate the influence of solvent on its morphology, crystallinity, and thermal stability of CNC. The results support that the CNC-ILH has comparatively more thermal and dispersal stability with a reduced crystallinity index than CNC-AH. The surprising results of CNC-ILH signify its utilization in diverse applications in the food and industrial sectors.

Metal-organic frameworks as candidates for tumor sonodynamic therapy: Designable structures for targeted multifunctional transformation

Sonodynamic therapy (SDT), utilizing ultrasound (US) as the trigger, has gained popularity recently as a therapeutic approach with significant potential for treating various diseases. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), characterized by structural flexibility, are prominently emerging in the SDT realm as an innovative type of sonosensitizer, offering functional tunability and biocompatibility. However, due to the inherent limitations of MOFs, such as low reactivity to reactive oxygen species and challenges posed by the complex tumor microenvironment, MOF-based sonosensitizers with singular functions are unable to demonstrate the desired therapeutic efficacy and may pose risks of toxicity, limiting their biological applications to superficial tissues. MOFs generally possess distinctive crystalline structures and properties, and their controlled coordination environments provide a flexible platform for exploring structure-effect relationships and guiding the design and development of MOF-based nanomaterials to unlock their broader potential in biological fields. The primary focus of this paper is to summarize cases involving the modification of different MOF materials and the innovative strategies developed for various complex conditions. The paper outlines the diverse application areas of functionalized MOF-based sonosensitizers in tumor synergistic therapies, highlighting the extensive prospects of SDT. Additionally, challenges confronting SDT are briefly summarized to stimulate increased scientific interest in the practical application of MOFs and the successful clinical translation of SDT. Through these discussions, we strive to foster advancements that lead to early-stage clinical benefits for patients. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: 1. An overview for the progresses in SDT explored from a novel and fundamental perspective. 2. Different modification strategies to improve the MOFs-mediated SDT efficacy are provided. 3. Guidelines for the design of multifunctional MOFs-based sonosensitizers are offered. 4. Powerful tumor ablation potential is reflected in SDT-led synergistic therapies. 5. Future challenges in the field of MOFs-based SDT in clinical translation are suggested.

Pioneering nanomedicine in orthopedic treatment care: a review of current research and practices

A developing use of nanotechnology in medicine involves using nanoparticles to administer drugs, genes, biologicals, or other materials to targeted cell types, such as cancer cells. In healthcare, nanotechnology has brought about revolutionary changes in the treatment of various medical and surgical conditions, including in orthopedic. Its clinical applications in surgery range from developing surgical instruments and suture materials to enhancing imaging techniques, targeted drug delivery, visualization methods, and wound healing procedures. Notably, nanotechnology plays a significant role in preventing, diagnosing, and treating orthopedic disorders, which is crucial for patients' functional rehabilitation. The integration of nanotechnology improves standards of patient care, fuels research endeavors, facilitates clinical trials, and eventually improves the patient's quality of life. Looking ahead, nanotechnology holds promise for achieving sustained success in numerous surgical disciplines, including orthopedic surgery, in the years to come. This review aims to focus on the application of nanotechnology in orthopedic surgery, highlighting the recent development and future perspective to bridge the bridge for clinical translation.

Evaluation of photocatalysis inactivation in indoor air purification of pathogenic microbes by using the different nanomaterials based on TiO2 nanomaterials

The photocatalytic technology for indoor air disinfection has been broadly studied in the last decade. Selecting proper photocatalysts with high disinfection efficiency remains to be a challenge. By doping with the incorporation of metals, the bandgap can be narrowed while avoiding the recombination of photogenerated charge. Three photocatalysts (Ag-TiO2, MnO2-TiO2, and MnS2-TiO2) were tested in photocatalytic sterilization process. The results revealed that Ag-TiO2 had the best antibacterial performance. Within 20 min, the concentration of Serratia marcescens (the tested bacteria) decreased log number of ln 4.04 under 640 w/m2 light intensity with 1000 µg/mL of Ag-TiO2. During the process of inactivating bacteria, the cell membranes of bacterial was destructed and thus decreasing the activity of enzymes and releasing the cell contents, due to the generation of reactive oxygen species (O2•- and •OH) and thermal effect. Spectral regulation has the greatest impact on the sterilization efficiency of MnO2-TiO2, which reduces the probability of photocatalytic materials being excited.

Exploring the Potential of Nitrogen-Doped Graphene in ZnSe-TiO2 Composite Materials for Supercapacitor Electrode

The current study explores the prospective of a nitrogen-doped graphene (NG) incorporated into ZnSe-TiO2 composites via hydrothermal method for supercapacitor electrodes. Structural, morphological, and electronic characterizations are conducted using XRD, SEM, Raman, and UV analyses. The electrochemical study is performed and galvanostatic charge-discharge (GCD) and cyclic voltammetry (CV) are evaluated for the supercapacitor electrode material. Results demonstrate improved performance in the ZnSe-NG-TiO2 composite, indicating its potential for advanced supercapacitors with enhanced efficiency, stability, and power density. Specific capacity calculations and galvanic charge-discharge experiments confirmed the promising electrochemical activity of ZnSe-NG-TiO2, which has a specific capacity of 222 C/g. The negative link among specific capacity and current density demonstrated the composite's potential for high energy density and high-power density electrochemical devices. Overall, the study shows that composite materials derived from multiple families can synergistically improve electrode characteristics for advanced energy storage applications.

Thermoresponsive injectable self-healing hydrogel containing polydopamine-coated Fe/Mo-doped TiO2 nanoparticles for efficient synergistic sonodynamic-chemodynamic-photothermal-chemo therapy

A smart hydrogel loading multifunctional nanoparticles and anticancer drugs was designed to achieve synergistic therapy against tumors with high efficiency and specificity. The thermoresponsive injectable self-healing hydrogel was prepared through the Schiff base between aldehyde-functionalized poly(2-(2-methoxyethoxy) ethyl methacrylate)-co-oligo(ethylene glycol) methacrylate-co-2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (P(MEO2MA-co-OEGMA-co-HEMA), APMOH) and hydroxypropyl chitosan (HPCS). The polydopamine-coated Fe/Mo-doped titanium dioxide nanoparticles (PDA@dTiO2 NPs) were prepared and dispersed into the hydrogel with anticancer drug doxorubicin (DOX). PDA@dTiO2 NPs as sonosensitizers can convert oxygen into singlet oxygen (1O2) under ultrasound (US) irradiation, achieving sonodynamic therapy (SDT). They were also considered nanoenzymes, generating oxygen to supply an oxygen source for SDT, producing hydroxyl radical (·OH) to achieve chemodynamic therapy (CDT), and eliminating glutathione (GSH) to enhance the level of oxidative stress. After near-infrared (NIR) irradiation, the temperature of the hydrogel increased due to the photothermal ability of the polydopamine (PDA) layer. When the temperature reached the hydrogel's lower critical solution temperature (LCST), the hydrophilic-hydrophobic transformation occurred, and the hydrogel volume contracted. Consequently, the release rate of PDA@dTiO2 NPs and DOX increased, improving the therapeutic effects. The nanocomposite hydrogel system can achieve synergistic sonodynamic-chemodynamic-photothermal-chemo therapy (SDT-CDT-PTT-CT) for tumors, providing a novel platform for synergistic tumor treatment.

Recent advances in nanoscale metal-organic frameworks for cancer chemodynamic therapy

Chemodynamic therapy (CDT), a novel therapeutic approach based on Fenton (Fenton-like) reaction, has been widely employed for tumor therapy. This approach utilizes Fe, Cu, or other metal ions (Mn, Zn, Co, or Mo) to react with the excess hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) in tumor microenvironments (TME), and form highly cytotoxic hydroxyl radical (˙OH) to kill cancer cells. Recently, nanoscale metal-organic frameworks (nMOFs) have attracted considerable attention as promising CDT agents with the rapid development of cancer CDT. This review focuses on summarizing the latest advances (2020-2022) on the design of nMOFs as nanomedicine for CDT or combination therapy of CDT and other therapies. The future development and challenges of CDT are also proposed based on recent progress. Our group hopes that this review will enlighten the research and development of nMOFs for CDT.

Research Progress of Nanomedicine-Based Mild Photothermal Therapy in Tumor

With the booming development of nanomedicine, mild photothermal therapy (mPTT, 42-45°C) has exhibited promising potential in tumor therapy. Compared with traditional PTT (>50°C), mPTT has less side effects and better biological effects conducive to tumor treatment, such as loosening the dense structure in tumor tissues, enhancing blood perfusion, and improving the immunosuppressive microenvironment. However, such a relatively low temperature cannot allow mPTT to completely eradicate tumors, and therefore, substantial efforts have been conducted to optimize the application of mPTT in tumor therapy. This review extensively summarizes the latest advances of mPTT, including two sections: (1) taking mPTT as a leading role to maximize its effect by blocking the cell defense mechanisms, and (2) regarding mPTT as a supporting role to assist other therapies to achieve synergistic antitumor curative effect. Meanwhile, the special characteristics and imaging capabilities of nanoplatforms applied in various therapies are discussed. At last, this paper puts forward the bottlenecks and challenges in the current research path of mPTT, and possible solutions and research directions in future are proposed correspondingly.

Application of photo-responsive metal-organic framework in cancer therapy and bioimaging

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are a class of hybrid porous crystalline materials that are assembled with metal ions/clusters and organic linkers. The fungibility of organic ligands and metal centers endow MOFs that are easy to design and synthesize. Based on their unique structure, multifarious MOFs with diverse functionalities have recently been widely applied in various research areas. Particularly striking is the application of photo-responsive MOFs in biological sensing and imaging. Notably, the photoelectronic properties make photo-responsive MOFs an ideal platform for cancer phototherapy. Moreover, ultrahigh porosities and tunable pore sizes allow MOFs to load anticancer drugs, further enhancing the antitumor efficiency. In this review, the categories and developing strategies of MOFs are briefly introduced. The application fields of MOFs in bioimaging, such as up-conversion fluorescence imaging, single/two-photon fluorescence bioimaging, magnetic resonance imaging, etc., are summarized. The working mechanism of MOFs in photo-responsive, photothermal therapy (PTT), and photodynamic therapy (PDT) are expounded. Examples of using MOFs for cancer treatment, including PTT, PDT, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy, are also demonstrated. Lastly, current limitations, challenges, and future perspectives for bioimaging and cancer treatment of MOFs are discussed. We believe that the versatile MOF will bring the dawn to the next generation of cancer treatment.