Rational design of heterostructured bimetallic sulfides (CoS2/NC@VS4) with VS4 nanodots decorated on CoS2 dodecahedron for high-performance sodium and potassium ion batteries

An ultrasensitive electrochemical/colorimetric dual-mode self-powered biosensing platform for lung cancer marker detection by multiple-signal amplification strategy

BACKGROUND

In recent years, miRNAs have emerged as potentially valuable tumor markers, and their sensitive and accurate detection is crucial for early screening and diagnosis of tumors. However, the analysis of miRNAs faces significant challenges due to their short sequence, susceptibility to degradation, high similarity, low expression level in cells, and stringent requirements for in vitro research environments. Therefore, the development of sensitive and efficient new methods for the detection of tumor markers is crucial for the early intervention of related tumors.

RESULTS

An ultrasensitive electrochemical/colorimetric dual-mode self-powered biosensor platform is established to detect microRNA-21 (miR-21) via a multi-signal amplification strategy. Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) and VS4 nanosheets self-assembled 3D nanorods (VS4-Ns-Nrs) are prepared for constructing a superior performance enzyme biofuel cell (EBFC). The double-signal amplification strategy of Y-shaped DNA nanostructure and catalytic hairpin assembly (CHA) is adopted to further improve enhance the strength and specificity of the output signal. In addition, a capacitor is matched with EBFC to generate an instantaneous current that is amplified several times, and the output detection signal is improved once more. At the same time, electrochemical and colorimetric methods are used for dual-mode strategy to achieve the accuracy of detection. The linear range of detection is from 0.001 pg/mL to 1000 pg/mL, with a relatively low limit of detection (LOD) of 0.16 fg/mL (S/N = 3).

SIGNIFICANCE

The established method enables accurate and sensitive detection of markers in patients with lung cancer, providing technical support and data reference for precise identification. It is anticipated to offer a sensitive and practical new technology and approach for early diagnosis, clinical treatment, and drug screening of cancer and other related major diseases.

Recent advances in rational design for high-performance potassium-ion batteries

The growing global energy demand necessitates the development of renewable energy solutions to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions and air pollution. To efficiently utilize renewable yet intermittent energy sources such as solar and wind power, there is a critical need for large-scale energy storage systems (EES) with high electrochemical performance. While lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have been successfully used for EES, the surging demand and price, coupled with limited supply of crucial metals like lithium and cobalt, raised concerns about future sustainability. In this context, potassium-ion batteries (PIBs) have emerged as promising alternatives to commercial LIBs. Leveraging the low cost of potassium resources, abundant natural reserves, and the similar chemical properties of lithium and potassium, PIBs exhibit excellent potassium ion transport kinetics in electrolytes. This review starts from the fundamental principles and structural regulation of PIBs, offering a comprehensive overview of their current research status. It covers cathode materials, anode materials, electrolytes, binders, and separators, combining insights from full battery performance, degradation mechanisms, in situ/ex situ characterization, and theoretical calculations. We anticipate that this review will inspire greater interest in the development of high-efficiency PIBs and pave the way for their future commercial applications.

Cobalt-Mediated Defect Engineering Endows High Reversible Amorphous VS4 Anode for Advanced Sodium-Ion Storage

Metal sulfides are promising anode materials for sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) due to their structural diversity and high theoretical capacity, but the severe capacity decay and inferior rate capability caused by poor structural stability and sluggish kinetics impede their practical applications. Herein, a cobalt-doped amorphous VS4 wrapped by reduced graphene oxide (i.e., Co0.5-VS4/rGO) is developed through a Co-induced defect engineering strategy to boost the kinetics performances. The as-prepared Co0.5-VS4/rGO demonstrates excellent rate capacities over 10 A g-1 and superior cycling stability at 5 A g-1 over 1600 cycles, which is attributed to the defects formed by Co doping, the formed amorphous structure and the robust rGO substrate. The great features of Co0.5-VS4/rGO anode are further confirmed in sodium-ion capacitors when the active carbon cathode is used. Additionally, the relationships between metal doping, the derived defects, the amorphous structure, and the sodium storage of VS4 are uncovered. This work provides deep insights into preparing amorphous functional materials and also probes the potential applications of metal sulfide-based electrode materials for advanced batteries.

Facile synthesis of NiCoSe2@carbon anode for high-performance sodium-ion batteries

Sodium-ion batteries offer significant advantages in terms of low-temperature performance and safety. In this study, we present a straightforward synthetic approach to produce bimetallic selenide NiCoSe2 nanoparticles grown on a three-dimensional porous carbon framework for application as anode materials in sodium-ion batteries. This unique architecture enhances reaction kinetics and structural stability. The three-dimensional interconnected porous carbon network establishes a continuous pathway of electronic conductive, while increasing specific surface area and mitigating volume expansion. Consequently, these features expedite ion transfer and enhance electrolyte interaction. Notably, compared to CoSe, NiCoSe2 exhibits reduced ion transport distances and lower sodium diffusion barriers. Leveraging these attributes, NiCoSe2/N, Se co-doped carbon composite materials (NiCoSe2/NSC) demonstrate a high specific capacity of 320.8 mAh/g, even after 1000 cycles at 5.0 A/g, with a capacity retention rate of 85.1%. The study further delves into the revelation of the reaction mechanism and ion transport pathway through in-situ X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis and theoretical calculations. The development of these anode materials is poised to pave the way for advancements in sodium-ion battery technology.

Achieving High-Rate and Stable Sodium-Ion Storage by Constructing Okra-Like NiS2/FeS2@Multichannel Carbon Nanofibers

Transition metal sulfides (TMSs) are considered as promising anode materials for sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) due to their high theoretical capacities. However, the relatively low electrical conductivity, large volume variation, and easy aggregation/pulverization of active materials seriously hinder their practical application. Herein, okra-like NiS2/FeS2 particles encapsulated in multichannel N-doped carbon nanofibers (NiS2/FeS2@MCNFs) are fabricated by a coprecipitation, electrospinning, and carbonization/sulfurization strategy. The combined advantages arising from the hollow multichannel structure in carbon skeleton and heterogeneous NiS2/FeS2 particles with rich interfaces can provide facile ion/electron transfer paths, ensure boosted reaction kinetics, and help maintain the structural integrity, thereby resulting in a high reversible capacity (457 mA h g-1 at 1 A g-1), excellent rate performance (350 mA h g-1 at 5 A g-1), and outstanding long-term cycling stability (93.5% retention after 1100 cycles). This work provides a facile and efficient synthetic strategy to develop TMS-based heterostructured anode materials with high-rate and stable sodium storage properties.

Organic polymer coating induced multiple heteroatom-doped carbon framework confined Co1-xS@NPSC core-shell hexapod for advanced sodium/potassium ion batteries

Synthesis of advanced structure and multiple heteroatom-doped carbon based heterostructure materials are the key to the preparation of high-performance energy storage electrode materials. Herein, the hexapod-shaped Co1-xS@NPSC has been triumphantly prepared using hexapod ZIF-67 as the sacrificial template to prepare Co1-xS inner core and N, P, and S tri-doped carbon (NPSC) as the shell through the carbonization of the organic polymer precursor. When applied as anode for Na+ batteries (SIBs) and K+ batteries (PIBs), Co1-xS@NPSC presents the high reversible specific capability of 747.4 mAh/g at 1.0 A/g after 235 cycles and 387.8 mAh/g at 5.0 A/g after 760 cycles for SIBs, as well as 326.7 mAh/g at 1.0 A/g after 180 cycles for PIBs. The excellent storage capacity and rate capability of Co1-xS@NPSC is ascribed to hexapod structure of ZIF-67 unlike the common dodecahedron, which is constructed with interior porous and exterior framework repository, donating supplemental active sites, and doping of multiple heteroatoms forming organic polymer coating inhibiting the volume expansion and restrains the agglomeration of Co1-xS nanoparticles. This approach has paved a bright avenue to exploit promising anode materials with novel structure and hetero-atom doping for high-performance energy storage devices.

Metal-Organic Framework-Based Materials for Advanced Sodium Storage: Development and Anticipation

As a pioneering battery technology, even though sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) are safe, non-flammable, and capable of exhibiting better temperature endurance performance than lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), because of lower energy density and larger ionic size, they are not amicable for large-scale applications. Generally, the electrochemical storage performance of a secondary battery can be improved by monitoring the composition and morphology of electrode materials. Because more is the intricacy of a nanostructured composite electrode material, more electrochemical storage applications would be expected. Despite the conventional methods suitable for practical production, the synthesis of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) would offer enormous opportunities for next-generation battery applications by delicately systematizing the structure and composition at the molecular level to store sodium ions with larger sizes compared with lithium ions. Here, the review comprehensively discusses the progress of nanostructured MOFs and their derivatives applied as negative and positive electrode materials for effective sodium storage in SIBs. The commercialization goal has prompted the development of MOFs and their derivatives as electrode materials, before which the synthesis and mechanism for MOF-based SIB electrodes with improved sodium storage performance are systematically discussed. Finally, the existing challenges, possible perspectives, and future opportunities will be anticipated.

Amorphous MoS3-modified porous Co4S3-embedded N,S co-doped carbon polyhedron as new high-capacity and high-rate anode materials for sodium-ion half/full cells

In this study, amorphous MoS3-modified porous Co4S3-embedded N,S co-doped carbon polyhedron (Co4S3@NSC/MoS3) was rationally prepared via a multi-step method. One-dimensional linear-like MoS3 with a high specific capacity of 894 mAh g-1 and abundant active sites compensated for the low capacity of Co4S3, thus enhancing the sodium ion storage capacity of the entire electrode. Moreover, three-dimensional N,S co-doped carbon networks (NSC) significantly inhibited large volumetric fluctuations in Co4S3 and MoS3, thereby sustaining the structural stability and enhancing the electron transfer efficiency. As a new anode material for sodium-ion half batteries, the constructed Co4S3@NSC/MoS3 with rapid Na+ diffusion and charge transfer kinetics demonstrated better sodium storage properties than Co4S3@NSC. At a rate of 0.5 A g-1 over 100 cycles, the reversible specific capacity of Co4S3@NSC/MoS3 reached 594 mAh g-1. Even when cycled at a rate of 2 A g-1 for 600 cycles, the charge capacity was stable at 435 mAh g-1. The rate performance of Co4S3@NSC/MoS3 was also found to be remarkable; when the rate increased to 10 A g-1, the average capacity was retained at 382 mAh g-1. Apart from half cells, reduced graphene oxide (rGO)-modified Na3V2(PO4)3 composite (Na3V2(PO4)3@rGO) was used as the cathode material to match with Co4S3@NSC/MoS3. The assembled full batteries were analyzed and their electrochemical properties were discussed. They also exhibited outstanding rate capability and high-rate long-life cyclic property. Even at 1 A g-1 over 500 cycles, the discharge capacity was stably maintained at 246 mAh g-1. The outstanding sodium storage properties of Co4S3@NSC/MoS3 mainly depended on the cooperative effects of MoS3 and Co4S3@NSC, indicating the potential application of Co4S3@NSC/MoS3 in energy storage fields.

Structural engineering of SnS quantum dots embedded in N, S Co-Doped carbon fiber network for ultrafast and ultrastable sodium/potassium-ion storage

Tin sulfides have received significant attention as potential candidates for sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) and potassium-ion batteries (PIBs) due to their abundance, high theoretical capacity, and favorable working potential. However, the inherent drawbacks such as slow kinetics, low intrinsic electronic conductivity, and significant volume change during cycling, have not been adequately addressed. In this study, we propose a rational and effective approach to simultaneously overcome these challenges by embedding stannous sulfide (SnS) quantum dots (QDs) within a crosslinked nitrogen (N) and sulfur (S) co-doped carbon fiber network (SnS-CFN). The well-dispersed and densely packed SnS QDs, measuring approximately 2 nm, not only minimize the diffusion distance of Na+/K+ ions but also buffer the volume expansion effectively. The N, S co-doped carbon fiber network in SnS-CFN serves as a highly conductive and stable support structure that inhibits SnS QDs aggregation, creates ion/electron transport channels, and alleviates volume variations. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations further confirm that the combination of SnS QDs and the N, S co-doped carbon effectively reduces the adsorbed energies in the interlayer of SnS-CFN. These advantages synergistically contribute to the exceptional sodium/potassium storage performance of the SnS-CFN composite. Consequently, SnS-CFN demonstrates exceptional cyclability, retaining a capacity of 251.5 mAh/g over 10,000 cycles, and exhibits excellent rate capability (299.5 mAh/g at 20 A/g) when employed in SIBs. When used in PIBs, a high capacity of 112.3 mAh/g at 2 A/g after 1000 cycles, a remarkable capacity of 51.4 mAh/g at 5 A/g after 10,000 cycles, and a remarkable rate capability with a specific capacity of 55.5 mAh/g at a high current density of 20 A/g have been achieved.

Interface ion-exchange strategy of MXene@FeIn2S4 hetero-structure for super sodium ion half/full batteries

Herein, a well-designed hierarchical architecture of bimetallic transition sulfide FeIn2S4 nanoparticles anchoring on the Ti3C2 MXene flakes has been prepared by cation exchange and subsequent high-temperature sulfidation processes. The introduction of MXene substrate with excellent conductivity not only accelerates the migration rate of Na+ to achieve fast reaction dynamics but provides abundant deposition sites for the FeIn2S4 nanoparticles. In addition, this hierarchical structure of MXene@FeIn2S4 can effectively restrain the accumulation of MXene to guarantee the maximized exposure of redox active sites into the electrolyte, and simultaneously relieve the volume expansion in the repeated discharging/charging processes. The MXene@FeIn2S4 displays outstanding rate capability (448.2 mAh g-1 at 5 A g-1) and stable long cycling performance (428.1 mAh g-1 at 2 A g-1 after 200 cycles). Moreover, the Nay-In6S7 phase detected by ex-situ XRD and XPS characterization may be regarded as a "buffer" to maintain the stability of the Fe-based components and enhance the reversibility of the electrochemical reaction. This work confirms the practicability of constructing the hierarchical structure bimetallic sulfides with the promising electrochemical performance.

Hetero-structural and hetero-interfacial engineering of MXene@Bi2S3/Mo7S8 hybrid for advanced sodium/potassium-ion batteries

Herein, heterogeneous bimetallic sulfides Bi2S3/Mo7S8 nanoparticles anchored on MXene (Ti3C2Tx) nanosheets (MXene@Bi2S3/Mo7S8) were prepared through a solvothermal process and subsequent chemical vapor deposition process. Benefiting from the heterogeneous structure between Bi2S3 and Mo7S8 and the high conductivity of the Ti3C2Tx nanosheets, the Na+ diffusion barrier and charge transfer resistance of this electrode are effectively decreased. Simultaneously, the hierarchical architectures of Bi2S3/Mo7S8 and Ti3C2Tx not only effectively inhibit the re-stacking of MXene and the agglomeration of bimetallic sulfides nanoparticles, but also dramatically relieve the volume expansion during the periodic charge/discharge processes. As a result, the MXene@Bi2S3/Mo7S8 heterostructure demonstrated remarkable rate capability (474.9 mAh/g at 5.0 A/g) and outstanding cycling stability (427.3 mAh/g after 1400 cycles at 1.0 A/g) for sodium ion battery. The Na+ storage mechanism and the multiple-step phase transition in the heterostructures are further clarified by the ex-situ XRD and XPS characterizations. This study paves a new way to design and exploit conversion/alloying type anodes of sodium ion batteries with hierarchical heterogeneous architecture and high-performance electrochemical properties.

Synergistic catalytic conversion and chemisorption of polysulfides from Fe/Fe3C/FeN0.0324 nanocubes modified separator for advanced Li-S batteries

Lithium sulfur batteries (LSBs) have been considered as one of the most promising options for next generation high-performance batteries. However, the heavy shuttle effect and inferior redox conversion during the charge/discharge processes of the batteries have greatly hindered their further applications. In this study, to address these disadvantages of LSBs, Fe/Fe3C/FeN0.0324 heterostructured nanocubes were designed and prepared through high temperature carbonization process using Prussian blue precursor. Then the Fe/Fe3C/FeN0.0324 nanocubes were used to modify the commercial polypropylene (PP) separator, which can greatly catalyze the redox transformation of polysulfides and provide sufficient active sites for chemisorption. As result, the modified separator endowed LSBs with excellent rate capacity and cycle stability, delivering a high-capacity of 1025 mAh/g at 0.5 C with nearly 100% coulombic efficiency. It also displayed a superb cycling performance with a per-cycle capacity attenuation rate of 0.09% after 300 cycles. When the current density increased to 1 C with the S loading of 1.73 mg cm-2, Fe/Fe3C/FeN0.0324-PP separator presented a satisfactory capacity decay rate of 0.05% per cycle after 1000 cycles. Besides, it also presented outstanding electrochemical performance even at high sulfur loading of 4.5 mg cm-2. This work has provided a new avenue for the design of nanomaterials with synergistic effect of catalytic conversion and chemisorption of polysulfides for the promotion of high-performance Li-S batteries.

Topochemical and phase transformation induced Co9S8/NC nanosheets for high-performance sodium-ion batteries

In this paper, a cobalt-based sulfide nanosheet structure (Co9S8/NC) was successfully synthesized by topochemical and phase transformation processes from a dodecahedral cobalt-based imidazole skeleton (ZIF-67) as a self-template. The 2D sheet structure facilitates full contact of electrode materials with the electrolyte and shortens the diffusion distance for electrons and ions. In addition, the nitrogen-doped carbon framework derived from ZIF-67 promotes electron transfer and provides a reliable skeleton to buffer volume expansion during discharging and charging. Finally, Co9S8/NC exhibits excellent rate capability and stable cycling performance for the anode of a sodium ion battery, delivering a specific capacity remaining at 530 mA h g-1 after 130 cycles at a current density of 1 A g-1.

ZnSe@NPSC core-shell nanorods for super sodium ion storage induced from an organic polymer derived N, P, S tri-doped carbon framework

In this work, core-shell structured ZnSe@NPSC nanorods were prepared with a N, P, S hetero-doped carbon shell. The design of the core-shell structure is conducive to facilitating the transport of electrons and buffering the volume expansion during charge/discharge processes, which is favourable for improving the sodium ion storage properties of ZnSe@NPSC. Therefore, it can deliver capacities of 376.67 mA h g-1 after 150 cycles at 0.5 A g-1 and 359.1 mA h g-1 after cycling for 350 cycles at 1.0 A g-1, respectively.

Boron-Doping Induced Electron Delocalization in Fluorophosphate Cathode: Enhanced Na-Ion Diffusivity and Sodium-Ion Full Cell Performance

Na3 V2 (PO4 )2 O2 F (NVPOF) is widely accepted as advanced cathode material for sodium-ion batteries with high application prospects ascribing to its considerable specific capacity and high working voltage. However, challenges in the full realization of its theoretical potential lie in the novel structural design to accelerate its Na+ diffusivity. Herein, considering the important role of polyanion groups in constituting Na+ diffusion tunnels, boron (B) is doped at the P-site to obtain Na3 V2 (P2- x Bx O8 )O2 F (NVP2- x Bx OF). As evidenced by density functional theory modeling, B-doping induces a dramatic decrease in the bandgap. Delocalization of electrons on the O anions in BO4 tetrahedra is observed in NVP2- x Bx OF, which dramatically lowers the electrostatic resistance experienced by Na+ . As a result, the Na+ diffusivity in the NVP2- x Bx OF cathode has accelerated up to 11 times higher, which secures a high rate property (67.2 mAh g-1 at 60 C) and long cycle stability (95.9% capacity retention at 108.6 mAh g-1 at 10 C after 1000 cycles). The assembled NVP1.90 B0.10 OF//Se-C full cell demonstrates exceptional power/energy density (213.3 W kg-1 @ 426.4 Wh kg-1 and 17970 W kg-1 @ 119.8 Wh kg-1 ) and outstanding capability to withstand long cycles (90.1% capacity retention after 1000 cycles at 105.3 mAh g-1 at 10 C).

A NiS2/C composite as an innovative anode material for sodium-ion batteries: ex situ XANES and EXAFS studies to investigate the sodium storage mechanism

The successful deployment of sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) requires high-performance sustainable and cost-effective anode materials having a high current density. In this regard, sodium disulphide (NiS2) has been prepared as a composite with activated carbon (C) using a facile hydrothermal synthesis route in the past. The X-ray diffraction pattern of the as-prepared NiS2/C composite material shows well-defined diffraction peaks of NiS2. Most carbonaceous materials are amorphous, and the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) study shows that the surface area is close to 148 m2 g-1. At a current density of 50 mA g-1, the NiS2/C composite exhibits a high capacity of 480 mA h g-1 during the initial cycle, which subsequently decreases to 333 mA h g-1 after the completion of the 100th cycle. The NiS2/C composite electrode provides an exceptional rate capability by delivering a capacity of 270 mA h g-1 at a high current density of 2000 mA g-1, suggesting the suitability of the NiS2/C composite for SIBs. Ex situ X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) and extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) analyses at the Ni K-edge have been used to examine the type of chemical bonding present in the anode and also how it changes during electrochemical redox cycling. The understanding of the sodium storage mechanism is improved by the favorable results, which also offer insights for developing high-performance electrode materials for rechargeable SIBs.

MoS2/SnS/CoS Heterostructures on Graphene: Lattice-Confinement Synthesis and Boosted Sodium Storage

The development of high-efficiency multi-component composite anode nanomaterials for sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) is critical for advancing the further practical application. Numerous multi-component nanomaterials are constructed typically via confinement strategies of surface templating or three-dimensional encapsulation. Herein, a composite of heterostructural multiple sulfides (MoS2/SnS/CoS) well-dispersed on graphene is prepared as an anode nanomaterial for SIBs, via a distinctive lattice confinement effect of a ternary CoMoSn-layered double-hydroxide (CoMoSn-LDH) precursor. Electrochemical testing demonstrates that the composite delivers a high-reversible capacity (627.6 mA h g-1 after 100 cycles at 0.1 A g-1) and high rate capacity of 304.9 mA h g-1 after 1000 cycles at 5.0 A g-1, outperforming those of the counterparts of single-, bi- and mixed sulfides. Furthermore, the enhancement is elucidated experimentally by the dominant capacitive contribution and low charge-transfer resistance. The precursor-based lattice confinement strategy could be effective for constructing uniform composites as anode nanomaterials for electrochemical energy storage.

Synergistically enhanced sodium ion storage from encapsulating highly dispersed cobalt nanodots into N, P, S tri-doped hexapod carbon framework

Development of multitudinous heteroatoms co-doped carbon nanomaterials with pleasurable electrochemical behavior for sodium ion batteries is still an enormous challenge. Herein, high dispersion cobalt nanodots encapsulating into N, P, S tri-doped hexapod carbon (H-Co@NPSC) have been victoriously synthesized via H-ZIF67@polymer template strategy with using poly (hexachlorocyclophos-phazene and 4,4'-sulfonyldiphenol) as both carbon source and N, P, S multiple heteroatom doping sources. The uniform distribution of cobalt nanodots and the Co-N bonds are conducive to form a high conductive network, which synergistically increase a lot adsorption sites and lessens the diffusion energy barrier, thereby improving the fast Na⁺ ions diffusion kinetics. Consequently, H-Co@NPSC delivers the reversible capacity of 311.1 mAh g^-1 at 1 A g^-1 after 450 cycles with 70% capacity storage rate, while obtains the capacity of 237.1 mAh g^{- 1} after 200 cycles at the elevated current densities of 5 A g^-1 as an excellent anode material for SIBs. These interesting results pave a generous avenue for the exploitation of promising carbon anode materials for Na⁺ storage.

Multilayer structure covalent organic frameworks (COFs) linking by double functional groups for advanced K+ batteries

Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) are regarded as the potential and promising anode materials for potassium ion batteries (PIBs) on account of their robust and porous crystalline structure. In this work, multilayer structural COF connected by double functional groups, including imine and amidogent through a simple solvothermalprocess, have been successfully synthesized. The multilayer structure of COF can provide fast charge transfer and combine the merits of imine (the restraint of irreversible dissolution) and amidogent (the supply of more active sites). It presents superior potassium storage performance, including the high reversible capacity of 229.5 mAh g^-1 at 0.2 A g^-1 and outstanding cycling stability of 106.1 mAh g^-1 at the high current density of 5.0 A g^-1 after 2000 cycles, which is superior to the individual COF. The structural advantages of the covalent organic framework linking by double functional groups (d-COF) can develop a new road for that COF anode material for PIBs in further research.

Recent Advances in Porous Carbon Materials as Electrodes for Supercapacitors

Porous carbon materials have demonstrated exceptional performance in various energy and environment-related applications. Recently, research on supercapacitors has been steadily increasing, and porous carbon materials have emerged as the most significant electrode material for supercapacitors. Nonetheless, the high cost and potential for environmental pollution associated with the preparation process of porous carbon materials remain significant issues. This paper presents an overview of common methods for preparing porous carbon materials, including the carbon-activation method, hard-templating method, soft-templating method, sacrificial-templating method, and self-templating method. Additionally, we also review several emerging methods for the preparation of porous carbon materials, such as copolymer pyrolysis, carbohydrate self-activation, and laser scribing. We then categorise porous carbons based on their pore sizes and the presence or absence of heteroatom doping. Finally, we provide an overview of recent applications of porous carbon materials as electrodes for supercapacitors.

Metal-Organic Assembly Strategy for the Synthesis of Layered Metal Chalcogenide Anodes for Na+ /K+ -Ion Batteries

Layered transition metal chalcogenides (MX, M=Mo, W, Sn, V; X=S, Se, Te) have large ion transport channels and high specific capacity, making them promising for large-sized Na⁺ /K⁺ energy-storage technologies. Nevertheless, slow reaction kinetics and huge volume expansion will induce an undesirable electrochemical performance. Numerous efforts have been devoted to designing MX anodes and enhancing their electrochemical performance. Based on the metal-organic assembly strategy, nanostructural engineering, combination with carbon materials, and component regulation can be easily realized, which effectively boost the performance of MX anodes. In this Review, we present a comprehensive overview on the synthesis of MX nanostructure using the metal-organic assembly strategy, which can realize the design of MX nanostructures, based on self-sacrificial templates, host@guest tailored templates, post-modified layer and derivative templates. The preparation routes and structure evolution are mainly discussed. Then, Mo-, W-, Sn-, V-based chalcogenides used for Na⁺ /K⁺ energy storage are reviewed, and the relationship between the structure and the electrochemical performance, as well as the energy storage mechanism are emphasized. In addition, existing challenges and future perspectives are also presented.

Heterostructure and doping dual strategies engineering of MoS1.5Se0.5@VS2 nanosheets aggregated nano-roses for super sodium-ion batteries

Herein, selenium (Se)-doped MoS_1.5Se_0.5@VS₂ nanosheets aggregated nano-roses were successfully prepared from a simple hydrothermal process and the subsequent selenium doping process. The hetero-interfaces between MoS_1.5Se_0.5 and VS₂ phase can effectively promote the charge transfer. Meanwhile, the different redox potentials of MoS_1.5Se_0.5 and VS₂ alleviate volume expansion during the repeated sodiation/desodiation processes, which improves the electrochemical reaction kinetics and structural stability of electrode material. Besides, Se doping can induce charge reconstruction and improve the conductivity of electrode materials, resulting in improved diffusion reaction kinetics by expanding interlayer spacing and exposing more active sites. When used as anode material for sodium ion batteries (SIBs), the MoS_1.5Se_0.5@VS₂ heterostructure exhibits excellent rate capability and long-term cycling stability with the capacity of 533.9 mAh g^-1 at 0.5 A g^-1 and a reversible capacity of 424.5 mAh g^-1 after 1000 cycles at 5 A g^-1, demonstrating potential application as anode material for SIBs.

In-situ catalytic mechanism coupling quantum dot effect for achieving high-performance sulfide anode in potassium-ion batteries

Though numerous framework structures have been constructed to strengthen the reaction kinetics and durability, the inevitable generation of polysulfide dissolution during conversion-process can cause irreparable destruction to ion-channel and crystal structure integrality, which has become a huge obstacle to the application of metal-sulfide in potassium-ion batteries. Herein, the quantum dot structure with catalytic conversion capability is synchronously introduced into the design of FeS₂ anode materials to heighten its K⁺-storage performance. The constructed quantum dot structure anchored by the graphene with space-confinement effect can shorten the ion diffusion path and enlarge the active area, thus accelerating the K⁺-ions transmission kinetics and absorption action, respectively. The intermediate phase of formed Fe-nanoclusters possesses high-active catalysis ability, which can effectively suppress the polysulfide shuttle combined with the enhanced absorption effect, fully guaranteeing the structure stability and cycling reversibility. Predictably, the fabricated quantum dot FeS₂ can express a prominent advantage in rapid potassiation/depotassiation processes (518.1 mAh g^-1, 10 A g^-1) and a superior cycling lifespan with gratifying reversible capacity at superhigh rate (177.7 mAh g^-1, 9000 cycles, 5 A g^-1). Therefore, engineering quantum dot structure with self-induced catalysis action for detrimental polysulfide is an achievable strategy to implement high-performance sulfide anode materials for K-ions accommodation.

Selenide-doped bismuth sulfides (Bi2S3-xSex) and their hierarchical heterostructure with ReS2for sodium/potassium-ion batteries

In this work, selenide-doped bismuth sulfides (Bi₂S_3-xSe_x) was successfully prepared through Se doping Bi₂S₃ Se to improve the electronic conductivity and increase the interlayer spacing. Then the anisotropic ReS₂ nanosheet arrays were grown on the surface of Bi₂S_3-xSe_x to form a hierarchical heterostructure (Bi₂S_3-xSe_x@ReS₂). The doping and construction of heterostructure processes can greatly improve the electrochemical conductivity of electrode materials and relieve the volume expansion during the continuous charge/discharge processes. While applied as SIBs anode, the specific capacity of 330 mAh g^-1 was maintained after 450 cycles at the current density of 1.0 A g^-1. It can also keep 200 mAh g^-1 specific capacity after 900 cycles at 1.0 A g^-1 for the anode of PIBs. This heterogeneous engineering and doping dual strategies could provide a good idea for the synthesis of new bimetallic sulfides with outstanding battery performance for SIBs and PIBs.

Induced Bimetallic Sulfide Growth with Reduced Graphene Oxide for High-Performance Sodium Storage

Metal sulfide has been considered an ideal sodium-ion battery (SIB) anode material based on its high theoretical capacity. Nevertheless, the inevitable volume expansion during charge-discharge processes can lead to unsatisfying electrochemical properties, which limits its further large-scale application. In this contribution, laminated reduced graphene oxide (rGO) successfully induced the growth of SnCoS₄ particles and self-assembled into a nanosheet-structured SnCoS₄@rGO composite through a facile solvothermal procedure. The optimized material can provide abundant active sites and facilitate Na⁺ ion diffusion due to the synergistic interaction between bimetallic sulfides and rGO. As the anode of SIBs, this material maintains a high capacity of 696.05 mAh g^-1 at 100 mA g^-1 after 100 cycles and a high-rate capability of 427.98 mAh g^-1 even at a high current density of 10 A g^-1. Our rational design offers valuable inspiration for high-performance SIB anode materials.

MOF derived cobalt-nickel bimetallic phosphide (CoNiP) modified separator to enhance the polysulfide adsorption-catalysis for superior lithium-sulfur batteries

Lithium-sulfur batteries (LSBs) have aroused great research interest due to their high theoretical capacity and high energy density. To further develop lithium-sulfur batteries, it has become more and more important to put more efforts in promoting the adsorption and rapid catalytic conversion of lithium polysulfides (LiPSs). Herein, Ni/Co bimetallic phosphides were encapsulated into nitrogen-doped dual carbon conductive network (NiCoP@NC) by annealing and phosphorizing Ni-ZIF-67 precursor at high temperature. Due to their numerous co-adsorption/catalytic sites and high conductivity of carbon skeleton, the encapsulated Ni/Co phosphides particles could significantly enhance the anchoring and catalytic conversion of LiPSs and provide ultrafast channels for Li⁺ transport. When used as a modified separator for LSBs, the cells displayed superior performance with an initial capacity of 1083.4 m Ah g^-1 at 0.5 C and outstanding cycle stability with a capacity decay rate of only 0.09% per cycle for 300 cycles. Besides, even at high sulfur loading (3.2 mg cm^-2), they still present satisfactory performance. Therefore, this study presents a novel strategy on how to use MOF derived bimetallic phosphides with chemical adsorption and catalytic conversion of polysulfides for high-power advanced lithium-sulfur batteries.

Cobalt-nickel bimetallic sulfide (NiS2/CoS2) based dual-carbon framework for super sodium ion storage

Design hybrid metal sulfides-based anode materials is one of the most effective approaches to improve the performance of sodium-ion batteries (SIBs). However, owing to the huge volume expansion, the capacity of sulfide-based anode will decay significantly after repeated charge/discharge processes. Herein, we reported the successful demonstration of anode material based on concaved NiS₂@CoS₂ nanocube (NCSC) via a chemical etching strategy, which was derived from etching and sulfidation of Ni-Co coordination polymers (NiCoCP) precursor. The obtained NCSC anode materials deliver a high specific sodium storage capacity of 848 mAh g^-1 at 0.1 A g^-1 and a stable cyclability of 572 mAh g^-1 at 5 A g^-1 after 830 cycles. This special etching strategy exploit a novel way for the design and preparation of high-performance anode materials for SIBs.

Defect engineering of molybdenum disulfide nanosheets boosting super Zn2+ storage from polyaniline intercalation

In this work, peony-like structured MoS₂ with intercalation of polyaniline and crystal defects was prepared by a simple hydrothermal method. The defect-rich structure and broad interlayer distance can effectively provide vast ion transport paths to enhance the ion diffusion rate. PA-MoS₂ can maintain 157.7 mA h g^-1 at 0.1 A g^-1 after 80 cycles and 77.8 mA h g^-1 at 1 A g^-1 after 750 cycles.

Zeolite Imidazolate Frameworks (ZIFs) Derived Nanomaterials and their Hybrids for Advanced Secondary Batteries and Electrocatalysis

Zeolite imidazolate frameworks (ZIFs), as a typical class of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), have attracted a great deal of attention in the field of energy storage and conversation due to their chemical structure stability, facile synthesis and environmental friendliness. Among of ZIFs family, the zinc-based imidazolate framework (ZIF-8) and cobalt-based imidazolate framework (ZIF-67) have considered as promising ZIFs materials, which attributed to their tunable porosity, stable structure, and desirable electrical conductivity. To date, various ZIF-8 and ZIF67 derived materials, including carbon materials, metal oxides, sulfides, selenides, carbides and phosphides, have been successfully synthesized using ZIFs as templates and evaluated as promising electrode materials for secondary batteries and electrocatalysis. This review provides an effective guide for the comprehension of the performance optimization and application prospects of ZIFs derivatives, specifically focusing on the optimization of structure and their application in secondary batteries and electrocatalysis. In detail, we present recent advances in the improvement of electrochemical performance of ZIF-8, ZIF-67 and ZIF-8@ZIF-67 derived nanomaterials and their hybrids, including carbon materials, metal oxides, carbides, oxides, sulfides, selenides, and phosphides for high-performance secondary batteries and electrocatalysis.