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Burtis AEC, DeNicola DMC, Ferguson ME, Santos RG, Pinilla C, Kriss MS, Orlicky DJ, Tamburini BAJ, Gillen AE, Burchill MA. Ag-driven CD8+ T cell clonal expansion is a prominent feature of MASH in humans and mice. Hepatology 2024:01515467-990000000-00978. [PMID: 39047085 DOI: 10.1097/hep.0000000000000971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Chronic liver disease due to metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH) is a rapidly increasing global epidemic. MASH progression is a consequence of the complex interplay between inflammatory insults and dysregulated hepatic immune responses. T lymphocytes have been shown to accumulate in the liver during MASH, but the cause and consequence of T cell accumulation in the liver remain unclear. Our study aimed to define the phenotype and T cell receptor diversity of T cells from human cirrhotic livers and an animal model of MASH to begin resolving their function in disease. APPROACH AND RESULTS In these studies, we evaluated differences in T cell phenotype in the context of liver disease. Accordingly, we isolated liver resident T cell populations from humans with cirrhosis and from mice with diet-induced MASH. Using both 5' single-cell sequencing and flow cytometry, we defined the phenotype and T cell receptor repertoire of liver resident T cells during health and disease. CONCLUSIONS MASH-induced human cirrhosis and diet-induced MASH in mice resulted in the accumulation of activated and clonally expanded T cells in the liver. The clonally expanded T cells in the liver expressed markers of chronic antigenic stimulation, including PD1, TIGIT, and TOX. Overall, this study establishes for the first time that T cells undergo Ag-dependent clonal expansion and functional differentiation during the progression of MASH. These studies could lead to the identification of antigenic targets that drive T cell activation, clonal expansion, and recruitment to the liver during MASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abbigayl E C Burtis
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Molecular Biology Graduate Program, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Destiny M C DeNicola
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Molecular Biology Graduate Program, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Megan E Ferguson
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Radleigh G Santos
- Department of Mathematics, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, Florida, USA
| | - Clemencia Pinilla
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Michael S Kriss
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - David J Orlicky
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus. Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Beth A Jirón Tamburini
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Molecular Biology Graduate Program, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Austin E Gillen
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus. Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Matthew A Burchill
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Molecular Biology Graduate Program, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
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Burtis AEC, DeNicola DMC, Ferguson ME, Santos RG, Pinilla C, Kriss MS, Orlicky DJ, Tamburini BAJ, Gillen AE, Burchill MA. Antigen-driven CD8 + T cell clonal expansion is a prominent feature of MASH in humans and mice. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.03.20.583964. [PMID: 38562766 PMCID: PMC10983976 DOI: 10.1101/2024.03.20.583964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Background and Aims Chronic liver disease due to metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH) is a rapidly increasing global epidemic. MASH progression is a consequence of the complex interplay between inflammatory insults and dysregulated hepatic immune responses. T lymphocytes have been shown to accumulate in the liver during MASH, but the cause and consequence of T cell accumulation in the liver remain unclear. Our study aimed to define the phenotype and T cell receptor diversity of T cells from human cirrhotic livers and an animal model of MASH to begin resolving their function in disease. Approach and Results In these studies, we evaluated differences in T cell phenotype in the context of liver disease we isolated liver resident T cell populations from individuals with cirrhosis and a murine model of MASH. Using both 5' single cell sequencing and flow cytometry we defined the phenotype and T cell receptor repertoire of liver resident T cells during health and disease. Conclusions MASH-induced cirrhosis and diet-induced MASH in mice resulted in the accumulation of activated and clonally expanded T cells in the liver. The clonally expanded T cells in the liver expressed markers of chronic antigenic stimulation, including PD1 , TIGIT and TOX . Overall, this study establishes for the first time that T cells undergo antigen-dependent clonal expansion and functional differentiation during the progression of MASH. These studies could lead to the identification of potential antigenic targets that drive T cell activation, clonal expansion, and recruitment to the liver during MASH.
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Andel D, van den Bent L, Ernest Hendrik Lam MG, Johannes Smits ML, Molenaar IQ, de Bruijne J, Laclé MM, Kranenburg O, Max Borel Rinkes IH, Hagendoorn J. 90Y-/ 166Ho- 'Radiation lobectomy' for liver tumors induces abnormal morphology and impaired drainage of peritumor lymphatics. JHEP Rep 2024; 6:100981. [PMID: 38298739 PMCID: PMC10827593 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhepr.2023.100981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Background & Aims High-dose unilobar radioembolization, or 'radiation lobectomy' (RL), is an induction therapy that achieves contralateral future liver remnant hypertrophy while simultaneously irradiating the tumor. As such, it may prevent further growth, but it is unknown whether RL affects intrahepatic lymphatics, a major route via which liver tumors disseminate. Methods This was a case-control study conducted at University Medical Center Utrecht. The study compared lymph vessels in livers that had undergone RL (cases) with those in livers that had not undergone RL (controls). Histological samples were acquired from patients diagnosed with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) or colorectal liver metastases (CRLM) between 2017 and 2022. Lymph vessel morphology was analyzed by two researchers using podoplanin, a protein that is expressed in lymphatic endothelium. In vivo liver lymph drainage of radioembolized livers was assessed using intraoperative liver lymphangiography (ILL): during liver surgery, patent blue dye was injected into the liver parenchyma, followed by inspection for staining of perihepatic lymph structures. ILL results were compared to a previously published cohort. Results Immunohistochemical analysis on post-RL tumor tissues from ten patients with CRLM and nine patients with HCC revealed aberrant morphology of irradiated liver lymphatics when compared to controls (n = 3 per group). Irradiated lymphatics were tortuous (p <0.05), thickened (p <0.05) and discontinuous (p <0.05). Moreover, post-RL lymphatics had larger lumens (1.5-1.7x, p <0.0001), indicating lymph stasis. ILL revealed diminished lymphatic drainage to perihepatic lymph nodes and vessels in irradiated livers when compared to non-radioembolized controls (p = 1.0x10-4). Conclusions Radioembolization impairs peritumoral lymph vessel function. Further research is needed to evaluate if radioembolization impairs tumor dissemination via this route. Impact and implications Unilobar radioembolization can serve as an alternative to portal venous embolization for patients who are considered unresectable due to an insufficient future liver remnant. This research suggests that radioembolization impairs the function of peritumoral liver lymph vessels, potentially hindering dissemination via this route. These findings provide support for considering unilobar radioembolization over standard portal venous embolization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daan Andel
- Department of Surgical Oncology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Cancer Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Laboratory for Translational Oncology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Cancer Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Lotte van den Bent
- Department of Surgical Oncology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Cancer Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Laboratory for Translational Oncology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Cancer Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Maarten Leonard Johannes Smits
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Cancer Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Isaac Quintus Molenaar
- Department of Surgical Oncology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Cancer Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Joep de Bruijne
- Department Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Miangela Marie Laclé
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Onno Kranenburg
- Department of Surgical Oncology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Cancer Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Laboratory for Translational Oncology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Cancer Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Inne Hildbrand Max Borel Rinkes
- Department of Surgical Oncology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Cancer Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Laboratory for Translational Oncology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Cancer Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen Hagendoorn
- Department of Surgical Oncology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Cancer Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Laboratory for Translational Oncology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Cancer Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Hu Z, Zhao X, Wu Z, Qu B, Yuan M, Xing Y, Song Y, Wang Z. Lymphatic vessel: origin, heterogeneity, biological functions, and therapeutic targets. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2024; 9:9. [PMID: 38172098 PMCID: PMC10764842 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-023-01723-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Lymphatic vessels, comprising the secondary circulatory system in human body, play a multifaceted role in maintaining homeostasis among various tissues and organs. They are tasked with a serious of responsibilities, including the regulation of lymph absorption and transport, the orchestration of immune surveillance and responses. Lymphatic vessel development undergoes a series of sophisticated regulatory signaling pathways governing heterogeneous-origin cell populations stepwise to assemble into the highly specialized lymphatic vessel networks. Lymphangiogenesis, as defined by new lymphatic vessels sprouting from preexisting lymphatic vessels/embryonic veins, is the main developmental mechanism underlying the formation and expansion of lymphatic vessel networks in an embryo. However, abnormal lymphangiogenesis could be observed in many pathological conditions and has a close relationship with the development and progression of various diseases. Mechanistic studies have revealed a set of lymphangiogenic factors and cascades that may serve as the potential targets for regulating abnormal lymphangiogenesis, to further modulate the progression of diseases. Actually, an increasing number of clinical trials have demonstrated the promising interventions and showed the feasibility of currently available treatments for future clinical translation. Targeting lymphangiogenic promoters or inhibitors not only directly regulates abnormal lymphangiogenesis, but improves the efficacy of diverse treatments. In conclusion, we present a comprehensive overview of lymphatic vessel development and physiological functions, and describe the critical involvement of abnormal lymphangiogenesis in multiple diseases. Moreover, we summarize the targeting therapeutic values of abnormal lymphangiogenesis, providing novel perspectives for treatment strategy of multiple human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoliang Hu
- Department of Surgical Oncology and General Surgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University; Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment of Gastrointestinal Tumors (China Medical University), Ministry of Education, 155 North Nanjing Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110001, China
| | - Xushi Zhao
- Department of Surgical Oncology and General Surgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University; Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment of Gastrointestinal Tumors (China Medical University), Ministry of Education, 155 North Nanjing Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110001, China
| | - Zhonghua Wu
- Department of Surgical Oncology and General Surgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University; Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment of Gastrointestinal Tumors (China Medical University), Ministry of Education, 155 North Nanjing Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110001, China
| | - Bicheng Qu
- Department of Surgical Oncology and General Surgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University; Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment of Gastrointestinal Tumors (China Medical University), Ministry of Education, 155 North Nanjing Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110001, China
| | - Minxian Yuan
- Department of Surgical Oncology and General Surgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University; Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment of Gastrointestinal Tumors (China Medical University), Ministry of Education, 155 North Nanjing Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110001, China
| | - Yanan Xing
- Department of Surgical Oncology and General Surgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University; Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment of Gastrointestinal Tumors (China Medical University), Ministry of Education, 155 North Nanjing Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110001, China.
| | - Yongxi Song
- Department of Surgical Oncology and General Surgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University; Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment of Gastrointestinal Tumors (China Medical University), Ministry of Education, 155 North Nanjing Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110001, China.
| | - Zhenning Wang
- Department of Surgical Oncology and General Surgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University; Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment of Gastrointestinal Tumors (China Medical University), Ministry of Education, 155 North Nanjing Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110001, China.
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Ma R, Iwakiri Y. Lymphatic drainage dysfunction is related to clinically significant portal hypertension. Hepatol Int 2023; 17:1327-1330. [PMID: 37743398 DOI: 10.1007/s12072-023-10592-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ruixue Ma
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Digestive Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, TAC S223B, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Yasuko Iwakiri
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Digestive Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, TAC S223B, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA.
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Aithabathula RV, Pervaiz N, Kathuria I, Swanson M, Singh UP, Kumar S, Park F, Singla B. Hydrogen sulfide donor activates AKT-eNOS signaling and promotes lymphatic vessel formation. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0292663. [PMID: 37883422 PMCID: PMC10602273 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0292663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The lymphatic network is pivotal for various physiological functions in the human body. Accumulated evidence supports the role of therapeutic lymphangiogenesis in the treatment of several pathologies. Endogenous gasotransmitter, hydrogen sulfide (H2S) has been extensively studied for its potential as a pro-angiogenic factor and vascular function modulator. However, the role of H2S in governing lymphatic vessel formation, and underlying molecular mechanisms are understudied. The present study was designed to investigate the effects of H2S donor sodium hydrogen sulfide (NaHS) on lymphatic vascularization and pro-angiogenic signaling pathways using both in vitro and in vivo approaches. In vitro dose-response experiments showed increased proliferation and tube formation by NaHS-treated human lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs) compared with control cells. Immunoblotting performed with LEC lysates prepared after time-course NaHS treatment demonstrated increased activation of ERK1/2, AKT and eNOS after 20 min of NaHS stimulation. Further, NaHS treatment induced nitric oxide production, reduced reactive oxygen species generation, and promoted cell cycle in LECs. Additional cell cycle analysis showed that NaHS treatment abrogates oxidized LDL-induced cell cycle arrest in LECs. The results of in vivo Matrigel plug assay revealed increased lymphatic vessel density in Matrigel plugs containing NaHS compared with control plugs, however, no significant differences in angiogenesis and immune cell infiltration were observed. Collectively, these findings suggest that H2S donor NaHS promotes lymphatic vessel formation both in vitro and in vivo and may be utilized to promote reparative lymphangiogenesis to alleviate lymphatic dysfunction-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi Varma Aithabathula
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States of America
| | - Naveed Pervaiz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States of America
| | - Ishita Kathuria
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States of America
| | - Mallory Swanson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States of America
| | - Udai P. Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States of America
| | - Santosh Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States of America
| | - Frank Park
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States of America
| | - Bhupesh Singla
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States of America
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Pal S, Bhowmick S, Sharma A, Sierra-Fonseca JA, Mondal S, Afolabi F, Roy D. Lymphatic vasculature in ovarian cancer. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2023; 1878:188950. [PMID: 37419192 PMCID: PMC10754213 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2023.188950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023]
Abstract
Ovarian cancer (OVCA) is the second most common gynecological cancer and one of the leading causes of cancer related mortality among women. Recent studies suggest that among ovarian cancer patients at least 70% of the cases experience the involvement of lymph nodes and metastases through lymphatic vascular network. However, the impact of lymphatic system in the growth, spread and the evolution of ovarian cancer, its contribution towards the landscape of ovarian tissue resident immune cells and their metabolic responses is still a major knowledge gap. In this review first we present the epidemiological aspect of the OVCA, the lymphatic architecture of the ovary, we discuss the role of lymphatic circulation in regulation of ovarian tumor microenvironment, metabolic basis of the upregulation of lymphangiogenesis which is often observed during progression of ovarian metastasis and ascites development. Further we describe the implication of several mediators which influence both lymphatic vasculature as well as ovarian tumor microenvironment and conclude with several therapeutic strategies for targeting lymphatic vasculature in ovarian cancer progression in present day.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarit Pal
- Department of Medical Physiology, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University, Bryan, TX 77843, United States
| | - Sramana Bhowmick
- Department of Life Sciences, Presidency University, 86/1 College Street, Kolkata 700073, West Bengal, India
| | - Anurag Sharma
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | | | - Susmita Mondal
- Department of Life Sciences, Presidency University, 86/1 College Street, Kolkata 700073, West Bengal, India
| | - Favour Afolabi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Alcorn State University, Lorman, MS 39096, United States
| | - Debarshi Roy
- Department of Biological Sciences, Alcorn State University, Lorman, MS 39096, United States.
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Vitulo M, Gnodi E, Rosini G, Meneveri R, Giovannoni R, Barisani D. Current Therapeutical Approaches Targeting Lipid Metabolism in NAFLD. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12748. [PMID: 37628929 PMCID: PMC10454602 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241612748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD, including nonalcoholic fatty liver (NAFL) and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH)) is a high-prevalence disorder, affecting about 1 billion people, which can evolve to more severe conditions like cirrhosis or hepatocellular carcinoma. NAFLD is often concomitant with conditions of the metabolic syndrome, such as central obesity and insulin-resistance, but a specific drug able to revert NAFL and prevent its evolution towards NASH is still lacking. With the liver being a key organ in metabolic processes, the potential therapeutic strategies are many, and range from directly targeting the lipid metabolism to the prevention of tissue inflammation. However, side effects have been reported for the drugs tested up to now. In this review, different approaches to the treatment of NAFLD are presented, including newer therapies and ongoing clinical trials. Particular focus is placed on the reverse cholesterol transport system and on the agonists for nuclear factors like PPAR and FXR, but also drugs initially developed for other conditions such as incretins and thyromimetics along with validated natural compounds that have anti-inflammatory potential. This work provides an overview of the different therapeutic strategies currently being tested for NAFLD, other than, or along with, the recommendation of weight loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Vitulo
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20900 Monza, Italy; (M.V.); (E.G.); (R.M.)
| | - Elisa Gnodi
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20900 Monza, Italy; (M.V.); (E.G.); (R.M.)
| | - Giulia Rosini
- Department of Biology, University of Pisa, 56021 Pisa, Italy; (G.R.); (R.G.)
| | - Raffaella Meneveri
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20900 Monza, Italy; (M.V.); (E.G.); (R.M.)
| | - Roberto Giovannoni
- Department of Biology, University of Pisa, 56021 Pisa, Italy; (G.R.); (R.G.)
| | - Donatella Barisani
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20900 Monza, Italy; (M.V.); (E.G.); (R.M.)
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Varghese DS, Oommen D, John A, Ali BR. GRP78/BiP alleviates oxLDL-induced hepatotoxicity in familial hypercholesterolemia caused by missense variants of LDLR in a HepG2 cellular model. Lipids Health Dis 2023; 22:69. [PMID: 37248472 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-023-01835-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The accumulation of misfolded proteins, encoded by genetic variants of functional genes leads to Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) stress, which is a critical consequence in human disorders such as familial hypercholesterolemia, cardiovascular and hepatic diseases. In addition to the identification of ER stress as a contributing factor to pathogenicity, extensive studies on the role of oxidized Low-Density Lipoprotein (oxLDL) and its ill effects in expediting cardiovascular diseases and other metabolic comorbidities are well documented. However, the current understanding of its role in hepatic insults needs to be revised. This study elucidates the molecular mechanisms underlying the progression of oxLDL and ER stress-induced cytotoxicity in HepG2. METHODS HepG2 cells stably expressing wild-type Low-Density lipoprotein receptor (WT-LDLR) and missense variants of LDLR that are pathogenically associated with familial hypercholesterolemia were used as the in vitro models. The relative mRNA expression and protein profiles of ER stress sensors, inflammatory and apoptotic markers, together with cytotoxic assays and measurement of mitochondrial membrane potential, were carried out in HepG2 cells treated with 100 µg per ml oxLDL for 24 to 48 h. 1-way or 2-way ANOVA was used for statistical analyses of datasets. RESULTS ER stress responses are elicited along all three arms of the unfolded protein response (UPR), with adverse cytotoxic and inflammatory responses in oxLDL-treated conditions. Interestingly, oxLDL-treated ER-stressed HepG2 cells manifested intriguingly low expression of BiP- the master regulator of ER stress, as observed earlier by various researchers in liver biopsies of Non-Alcoholic Steatohepatitis (NASH) patients. This study shows that overexpression of BiP rescues hepatic cells from cytotoxic and inflammatory mechanisms instigated by ER stress in combination with oxLDL, along the ER and mitochondrial membrane and restores cellular homeostasis. CONCLUSION The data provide interesting leads that identify patients with familial hypercholesterolemia conditions and potentially other Endoplasmic Reticulum Associated Degradation (ERAD) diseases as highly susceptible to developing hepatic insults with molecular signatures like those manifested in Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) and NASH. LIMITATIONS AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVES Although the use of HepG2 cells as the model is a major caveat of the study, the findings of this research may be used as the pilot study to expand further investigations in primary hepatocytes or iPSC- derived cellular models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divya Saro Varghese
- Department of Genetics and Genomics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Deepu Oommen
- Present Address: Indian Institute of Science, C V Raman Road, 560012, Bangalore, India
| | - Anne John
- Department of Genetics and Genomics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Bassam R Ali
- Department of Genetics and Genomics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates.
- Zayed Centre for Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates.
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Juneja P, Sharma A, Shasthry SM, Kumar G, Tripathi DM, Rajan V, Rastogi A, Sarin SK, Kaur S. Podoplanin-positive dilated lymphatic vessels in duodenum associates with three-month mortality in patients with cirrhosis. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1045983. [PMID: 37304826 PMCID: PMC10248415 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1045983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Dilated and dysfunctional gut lymphatic vessels (LVs) have been reported in experimental cirrhosis. Here, we studied LVs in duodenal (D2)-biopsies of liver cirrhosis patients and investigated the prognostic role of a LV marker, podoplanin (PDPN), in predicting the mortality of patients with cirrhosis. A prospective, single-center cohort study was performed in liver cirrhosis patients (n = 31) and matched healthy controls (n = 9). D2-biopsies were obtained during endoscopy procedure, immunostained with PDPN, and scored based on 1) intensity and 2) density of positively-stained LVs per high power field. Gut and systemic inflammation were estimated by quantifying duodenal CD3+ intraepithelial lymphocytes (IELs), CD68+ macrophages, and serum TNF-α and IL-6 levels, respectively. Gut permeability and inflammation as assessed by quantifying gene expression of TJP1, OCLN, TNF-α, and IL-6 in D2-biopsies. Gene expression of LV markers, PDPN (8-fold), and LYVE1 (3-fold) was enhanced in D2-biopsies of cirrhosis patients compared to control (p < 0.0001). The mean PDPN score in decompensated cirrhosis patients (6.91 ± 1.26, p < 0.0001) was significantly increased as compared to those with compensated (3.25 ± 1.60). PDPN score positively and significantly correlated with the number of IELs (r = 0.33), serum TNF-α (r = 0.35), and IL-6 (r = 0.48) levels, while inversely correlated with TJP1 expression (r = -0.46, p < 0.05 each). In Cox regression, the PDPN score was a significant and independent 3-month-mortality predictor in patients (HR: 5.61; 1.08-29.109; p = 0.04). The area under the curve for the PDPN score was 84.2, and cutoff value for predicting mortality was ≥6.5 with 100% sensitivity and 75% specificity. Collectively, dilated LVs with high PDPN expression in D2-biopsies is a characteristic feature of patients with decompensated cirrhosis. PDPN score correlates with enhanced gut and systemic inflammation and also associates with 3-month mortality in cirrhosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pinky Juneja
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Aarti Sharma
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - S. M. Shasthry
- Department of Hepatology, Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Guresh Kumar
- Department of Hepatology, Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Dinesh M. Tripathi
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - V. Rajan
- Department of Hepatology, Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Archana Rastogi
- Department of Pathology, Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Shiv K. Sarin
- Department of Hepatology, Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Savneet Kaur
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, New Delhi, India
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11
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Abstract
Kidney disease is associated with adverse consequences in many organs beyond the kidney, including the heart, lungs, brain, and intestines. The kidney-intestinal cross talk involves intestinal epithelial damage, dysbiosis, and generation of uremic toxins. Recent studies reveal that kidney injury expands the intestinal lymphatics, increases lymphatic flow, and alters the composition of mesenteric lymph. The intestinal lymphatics, like blood vessels, are a route for transporting potentially harmful substances generated by the intestines. The lymphatic architecture and actions are uniquely suited to take up and transport large macromolecules, functions that differentiate them from blood vessels, allowing them to play a distinct role in a variety of physiological and pathological processes. Here, we focus on the mechanisms by which kidney diseases result in deleterious changes in intestinal lymphatics and consider a novel paradigm of a vicious cycle of detrimental organ cross talk. This concept involves kidney injury-induced modulation of intestinal lymphatics that promotes production and distribution of harmful factors, which in turn contributes to disease progression in distant organ systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianyong Zhong
- Department of Pediatrics (J.Z., H.-C.Y., A.B.F., E.L.S., V.K.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology (J.Z., H.-C.Y., A.B.F.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Annet Kirabo
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics (A.K.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN (A.K.)
| | - Hai-Chun Yang
- Department of Pediatrics (J.Z., H.-C.Y., A.B.F., E.L.S., V.K.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology (J.Z., H.-C.Y., A.B.F.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Agnes B Fogo
- Department of Pediatrics (J.Z., H.-C.Y., A.B.F., E.L.S., V.K.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology (J.Z., H.-C.Y., A.B.F.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
- Department of Medicine (A.B.F.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Elaine L Shelton
- Department of Pediatrics (J.Z., H.-C.Y., A.B.F., E.L.S., V.K.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
| | - Valentina Kon
- Department of Pediatrics (J.Z., H.-C.Y., A.B.F., E.L.S., V.K.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN
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12
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Ito Y, Hosono K, Amano H. Responses of hepatic sinusoidal cells to liver ischemia–reperfusion injury. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1171317. [PMID: 37082623 PMCID: PMC10112669 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1171317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The liver displays a remarkable regenerative capacity in response to acute liver injury. In addition to the proliferation of hepatocytes during liver regeneration, non-parenchymal cells, including liver macrophages, liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs), and hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) play critical roles in liver repair and regeneration. Liver ischemia–reperfusion injury (IRI) is a major cause of increased liver damage during liver resection, transplantation, and trauma. Impaired liver repair increases postoperative morbidity and mortality of patients who underwent liver surgery. Successful liver repair and regeneration after liver IRI requires coordinated interplay and synergic actions between hepatic resident cells and recruited cell components. However, the underlying mechanisms of liver repair after liver IRI are not well understood. Recent technological advances have revealed the heterogeneity of each liver cell component in the steady state and diseased livers. In this review, we describe the progress in the biology of liver non-parenchymal cells obtained from novel technological advances. We address the functional role of each cell component in response to liver IRI and the interactions between diverse immune repertoires and non-hematopoietic cell populations during the course of liver repair after liver IRI. We also discuss how these findings can help in the design of novel therapeutic approaches. Growing insights into the cellular interactions during liver IRI would enhance the pathology of liver IRI understanding comprehensively and further develop the strategies for improvement of liver repair.
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13
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Feng X, Du M, Li S, Zhang Y, Ding J, Wang J, Wang Y, Liu P. Hydroxysafflor yellow A regulates lymphangiogenesis and inflammation via the inhibition of PI3K on regulating AKT/mTOR and NF-κB pathway in macrophages to reduce atherosclerosis in ApoE-/- mice. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 112:154684. [PMID: 36738477 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2023.154684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Macrophage-mediated inflammatory infiltration and pathological lymphangiogenesis around atherosclerotic plaques are newly highlighted treatment targets of atherosclerosis. Although the effect of Hydroxysafflor yellow A(HSYA) on atherosclerosis was clear, few studies focus on the regulation of HSYA on such mechanisms. PURPOSE This study aimed to uncover the key site of HSYA on improving atherosclerosis by regulating macrophage-induced inflammation and lymphangiogenesis. STUDY DESIGN This study was designed to explore the new mechanism of HSYA on alleviating atherosclerosis in vitro and in vivo. METHODS We determined the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor C(VEGF-C) in Raw264.7 cells and high-fat diet fed ApoE knockout (ApoE-/-) mice. Raw264.7 cells were treated with HSYA under the stimulation of LPS and ox-LDL. HFD induced ApoE-/- mice were given different concentrations of HSYA-saline solution by tail vein injection and ATV-saline suspension by gavage. C57/B6j mice fed with chow diet were used for the control group. H&E, oil red O and immunofluorescence staining analysis were used for visualizing the pathological changes. The biological impact of HSYA was evaluated by body weight, lipid metabolism, inflammation levels, and corresponding function indexes of kidney and liver. RT-qPCR and western blot methods were conducted to determine the expression of the inflammation and lymphangiogenesis factors. Molecular docking and microscale thermophoresis analysis were used to verify the combination of HSYA and PI3K. RESULTS In vivo, HSYA reduced the plaque formation, hepatic steatosis and inflammation-related lymphangiogenesis (IAL). It also changed the serum levels of inflammation (VEGF-C, TNF-α, IL-6, VCAM1, MCP1), lipid indexes (LDL, CHOL, TRIG) and relevant lymphangiogenesis (VEGF-C and LYVE-1) and inflammation (VCAM-1 and IL-6) signals in the aorta. In vitro, HSYA regulated Akt/mTOR and NF-κB activation by the inhibition of PI3K in macrophages. CONCLUSION HSYA affects inflammation and inflammation-associated lymphangiogenesis via suppressing PI3K to affect AKT/mTOR and NF-B pathway activation in macrophages, showing a comprehensive protective effect on atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoteng Feng
- Department of Cardiology, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China; Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Min Du
- Department of Cardiology, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China; Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Sijin Li
- Department of Cardiology, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China; Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yifan Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China; Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Ding
- Department of Cardiology, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China; Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiarou Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China; Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yiru Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China; Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ping Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.
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14
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Peluzzo AM, Bkhache M, Do LNH, Autieri MV, Liu X. Differential regulation of lymphatic junctional morphology and the potential effects on cardiovascular diseases. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1198052. [PMID: 37187962 PMCID: PMC10175597 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1198052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The lymphatic vasculature provides an essential route to drain fluid, macromolecules, and immune cells from the interstitium as lymph, returning it to the bloodstream where the thoracic duct meets the subclavian vein. To ensure functional lymphatic drainage, the lymphatic system contains a complex network of vessels which has differential regulation of unique cell-cell junctions. The lymphatic endothelial cells lining initial lymphatic vessels form permeable "button-like" junctions which allow substances to enter the vessel. Collecting lymphatic vessels form less permeable "zipper-like" junctions which retain lymph within the vessel and prevent leakage. Therefore, sections of the lymphatic bed are differentially permeable, regulated in part by its junctional morphology. In this review, we will discuss our current understanding of regulating lymphatic junctional morphology, highlighting how it relates to lymphatic permeability during development and disease. We will also discuss the effect of alterations in lymphatic permeability on efficient lymphatic flux in health and how it may affect cardiovascular diseases, with a focus on atherosclerosis.
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15
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Huang S, Li B, Liu Z, Xu M, Lin D, Hu J, Cao D, Pan Q, Zhang J, Yuan J, Luo Q, Zhang Z. Three-dimensional mapping of hepatic lymphatic vessels and transcriptome profiling of lymphatic endothelial cells in healthy and diseased livers. Theranostics 2023; 13:639-658. [PMID: 36632228 PMCID: PMC9830445 DOI: 10.7150/thno.79953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Rationale: Hepatic lymphatics are essential for liver homeostasis and immune function. However, the 3D structure and spatial distribution of hepatic lymphatic vessels (LVs) need to be confirmed. Moreover, the molecular information of hepatic lymphatic endothelial cells (LyECs) needs to be further studied. The bottleneck is the lack of specific markers or labeling methods for hepatic lymphatic endothelial cells (LyECs) Methods: Here, we proposed a method for the spatiotemporal sequential injection of antibodies (STSI-Ab) to selectively label hepatic LyECs in vivo. In addition, we also developed an efficient hepatic LyEC sorting method and performed deep transcriptome sequencing on hepatic LyECs. Results: The STSI-Ab method achieved selective labeling of the mouse hepatic lymphatic network. Three-dimensional fluorescence imaging results of the STSI-Ab mouse liver lobe clearly showed that hepatic LVs entangled with the portal vein but were not present in the central vein. The imaging data inspired a novel hepatic lobule structure model with an added set of LVs in the portal area. Furthermore, deep transcriptome sequencing of isolated hepatic LyECs and Masson's trichrome staining results suggested that hepatic LyECs might be an important source of collagen fibers deposited in the portal area during the process of liver fibrosis and bile duct ligation (BDL). Conclusions: We proposed an STSI-Ab method for selectively labeling hepatic LVs, distinguishing the hepatic LVs from other vessels, and mapping their 3D structure. This study opens an avenue for understanding hepatic lymphatic structure and it will be very beneficial to the study of hepatic LyEC functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songlin Huang
- Britton Chance Center and MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics-Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
| | - Borui Li
- Britton Chance Center and MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics-Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
| | - Zheng Liu
- Britton Chance Center and MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics-Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
| | - Mengli Xu
- Britton Chance Center and MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics-Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
| | - Dong Lin
- Britton Chance Center and MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics-Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
| | - Jiahong Hu
- Britton Chance Center and MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics-Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
| | - Dongjian Cao
- Britton Chance Center and MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics-Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
| | - Qi Pan
- Britton Chance Center and MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics-Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Britton Chance Center and MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics-Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
| | - Jing Yuan
- Britton Chance Center and MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics-Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
| | - Qingming Luo
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan 570228, China,✉ Corresponding author: Zhihong Zhang, ; Qingming Luo, . Address: Room G304, Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics-Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China. Fax: +86-27-87792034; Tel: +86-27-87792033
| | - Zhihong Zhang
- Britton Chance Center and MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics-Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China,School of Biomedical Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan 570228, China,✉ Corresponding author: Zhihong Zhang, ; Qingming Luo, . Address: Room G304, Britton Chance Center for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics-Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China. Fax: +86-27-87792034; Tel: +86-27-87792033
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Goldberg AR, Ferguson M, Pal S, Cohen R, Orlicky DJ, McCullough RL, Rutkowski JM, Burchill MA, Tamburini BAJ. Oxidized low density lipoprotein in the liver causes decreased permeability of liver lymphatic- but not liver sinusoidal-endothelial cells via VEGFR-3 regulation of VE-Cadherin. Front Physiol 2022; 13:1021038. [PMID: 36338478 PMCID: PMC9626955 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.1021038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The lymphatic vasculature of the liver is vital for liver function as it maintains fluid and protein homeostasis and is important for immune cell transport to the lymph node. Chronic liver disease is associated with increased expression of inflammatory mediators including oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL). Intrahepatic levels of oxLDL are elevated in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), chronic hepatitis C infection (HCV), alcohol-associated liver disease (ALD), and cholestatic liver diseases. To determine if liver lymphatic function is impaired in chronic liver diseases, in which increased oxLDL has been documented, we measured liver lymphatic function in murine models of NAFLD, ALD and primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC). We found that Mdr2-/- (PSC), Lieber-DeCarli ethanol fed (ALD) and high fat and high cholesterol diet fed (NAFLD) mice all had a significant impairment in the ability to traffic FITC labeled dextran from the liver parenchyma to the liver draining lymph nodes. Utilizing an in vitro permeability assay, we found that oxLDL decreased the permeability of lymphatic endothelial cells (LEC)s, but not liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSEC)s. Here we demonstrate that LECs and LSECs differentially regulate SRC-family kinases, MAPK kinase and VE-Cadherin in response to oxLDL. Furthermore, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF)C or D (VEGFR-3 ligands) appear to regulate VE-Cadherin expression as well as decrease cellular permeability of LECs in vitro and in vivo after oxLDL treatment. These findings suggest that oxLDL acts to impede protein transport through the lymphatics through tightening of the cell-cell junctions. Importantly, engagement of VEGFR-3 by its ligands prevents VE-Cadherin upregulation and improves lymphatic permeability. These studies provide a potential therapeutic target to restore liver lymphatic function and improve liver function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa R. Goldberg
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition. Children’s Hospital Colorado, Digestive Health Institute- Pediatric Liver Center, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Megan Ferguson
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Sarit Pal
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Rachel Cohen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - David J. Orlicky
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Rebecca L. McCullough
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Joseph M. Rutkowski
- Division of Lymphatic Biology, Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A&M University School of Medicine, Bryan, TX, United States
| | - Matthew A. Burchill
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Beth A. Jirón Tamburini
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
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17
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Jeong J, Tanaka M, Iwakiri Y. Hepatic lymphatic vascular system in health and disease. J Hepatol 2022; 77:206-218. [PMID: 35157960 PMCID: PMC9870070 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2022.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, significant advances have been made in the study of lymphatic vessels with the identification of their specific markers and the development of research tools that have accelerated our understanding of their role in tissue homeostasis and disease pathogenesis in many organs. Compared to other organs, the lymphatic system in the liver is understudied despite its obvious importance for hepatic physiology and pathophysiology. In this review, we describe fundamental aspects of the hepatic lymphatic system and its role in a range of liver-related pathological conditions such as portal hypertension, ascites formation, malignant tumours, liver transplantation, congenital liver diseases, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, and hepatic encephalopathy. The article concludes with a discussion regarding the modulation of lymphangiogenesis as a potential therapeutic strategy for liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jain Jeong
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Digestive Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Masatake Tanaka
- Department of Medicine and Bioregulatory Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yasuko Iwakiri
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Digestive Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
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18
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Cadamuro M, Romanzi A, Guido M, Sarcognato S, Cillo U, Gringeri E, Zanus G, Strazzabosco M, Simioni P, Villa E, Fabris L. Translational Value of Tumor-Associated Lymphangiogenesis in Cholangiocarcinoma. J Pers Med 2022; 12:jpm12071086. [PMID: 35887583 PMCID: PMC9324584 DOI: 10.3390/jpm12071086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The prognosis of cholangiocarcinoma remains poor in spite of the advances in immunotherapy and molecular profiling, which has led to the identification of several targetable genetic alterations. Surgical procedures, including both liver resection and liver transplantation, still represent the treatment with the best curative potential, though the outcomes are significantly compromised by the early development of lymph node metastases. Progression of lymphatic metastasis from the primary tumor to tumor-draining lymph nodes is mediated by tumor-associated lymphangiogenesis, a topic largely overlooked until recently. Recent findings highlight tumor-associated lymphangiogenesis as paradigmatic of the role played by the tumor microenvironment in sustaining cholangiocarcinoma invasiveness and progression. This study reviews the current knowledge about the intercellular signaling and molecular mechanism of tumor-associated lymphangiogenesis in cholangiocarcinoma in the hope of identifying novel therapeutic targets to halt a process that often limits the success of the few available treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Adriana Romanzi
- Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Medical Specialties, University of Modena & Reggio Emilia and Modena University-Hospital, 41124 Modena, Italy;
- Clinical and Experimental Medicine PhD Program, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41124 Modena, Italy
| | - Maria Guido
- Department of Pathology, Azienda ULSS2 Marca Trevigiana, 31100 Treviso, Italy; (M.G.); (S.S.)
- Department of Medicine (DIMED), University of Padua, 35122 Padua, Italy;
| | - Samantha Sarcognato
- Department of Pathology, Azienda ULSS2 Marca Trevigiana, 31100 Treviso, Italy; (M.G.); (S.S.)
| | - Umberto Cillo
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology (DiSCOG), University of Padua, 35122 Padua, Italy; (U.C.); (E.G.); (G.Z.)
| | - Enrico Gringeri
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology (DiSCOG), University of Padua, 35122 Padua, Italy; (U.C.); (E.G.); (G.Z.)
| | - Giacomo Zanus
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology (DiSCOG), University of Padua, 35122 Padua, Italy; (U.C.); (E.G.); (G.Z.)
| | - Mario Strazzabosco
- Liver Center, Digestive Disease Section, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT 208056, USA;
| | - Paolo Simioni
- Department of Medicine (DIMED), University of Padua, 35122 Padua, Italy;
- General Internal Medicine Unit, Padua University-Hospital, 35122 Padua, Italy
| | - Erica Villa
- Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Medical Specialties, University of Modena & Reggio Emilia and Modena University-Hospital, 41124 Modena, Italy;
- Correspondence: (E.V.); (L.F.); Tel.: +39-059-422-5308 (E.V.); +39-049-821-3131 (L.F.); Fax: +39-059-422-4424 (E.V.); +39-049-827-2355 (L.F.)
| | - Luca Fabris
- Department of Molecular Medicine (DMM), University of Padua, 35122 Padua, Italy;
- Liver Center, Digestive Disease Section, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT 208056, USA;
- General Internal Medicine Unit, Padua University-Hospital, 35122 Padua, Italy
- Correspondence: (E.V.); (L.F.); Tel.: +39-059-422-5308 (E.V.); +39-049-821-3131 (L.F.); Fax: +39-059-422-4424 (E.V.); +39-049-827-2355 (L.F.)
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19
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Single-Cell RNA Transcriptomics Reveals the State of Hepatic Lymphatic Endothelial Cells in Hepatitis B Virus-Related Acute-on-Chronic Liver Failure. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11102910. [PMID: 35629036 PMCID: PMC9143330 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11102910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF) is an acutely decompensated cirrhosis syndrome with high short-term mortality. Very little is known about the relationship between the lymphatic system and ACLF. We explored the role of hepatic lymphatic vessels (LVs) and lymphatic endothelial cells (LyECs) in ACLF using human liver samples with the help of single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) technology. Here, ACLF exhibited more severe liver injury and inflammation than cirrhosis, as indicated by significant increases in plasma levels of alanine/aspartate aminotransferases and total bilirubin. Compared with cirrhosis cases, the number of intrahepatic LVs was decreased significantly in ACLF patients. ScRNA-seq revealed that many monocyte/macrophages infiltrated into the liver of ACLF cases. Meanwhile, scRNA-seq revealed a group of apoptotic and dysfunctional LyECs, which were the result of secreted phosphoprotein 1 (SPP1) released from infiltrating monocyte/macrophages. In vitro, SPP1 increased the proportion of dead LyECs significantly and impaired the ability of tube formation of LyECs in a dose- and time-dependent manner. In conclusion, ACLF is associated with less LV and LyEC dysfunction, at least in part mediated by SPP1 released from infiltrating monocyte/macrophages. Hepatic LVs and LyECs can be a novel therapeutic strategy for ACLF.
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20
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Gifre-Renom L, Daems M, Luttun A, Jones EAV. Organ-Specific Endothelial Cell Differentiation and Impact of Microenvironmental Cues on Endothelial Heterogeneity. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031477. [PMID: 35163400 PMCID: PMC8836165 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Endothelial cells throughout the body are heterogeneous, and this is tightly linked to the specific functions of organs and tissues. Heterogeneity is already determined from development onwards and ranges from arterial/venous specification to microvascular fate determination in organ-specific differentiation. Acknowledging the different phenotypes of endothelial cells and the implications of this diversity is key for the development of more specialized tissue engineering and vascular repair approaches. However, although novel technologies in transcriptomics and proteomics are facilitating the unraveling of vascular bed-specific endothelial cell signatures, still much research is based on the use of insufficiently specialized endothelial cells. Endothelial cells are not only heterogeneous, but their specialized phenotypes are also dynamic and adapt to changes in their microenvironment. During the last decades, strong collaborations between molecular biology, mechanobiology, and computational disciplines have led to a better understanding of how endothelial cells are modulated by their mechanical and biochemical contexts. Yet, because of the use of insufficiently specialized endothelial cells, there is still a huge lack of knowledge in how tissue-specific biomechanical factors determine organ-specific phenotypes. With this review, we want to put the focus on how organ-specific endothelial cell signatures are determined from development onwards and conditioned by their microenvironments during adulthood. We discuss the latest research performed on endothelial cells, pointing out the important implications of mimicking tissue-specific biomechanical cues in culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laia Gifre-Renom
- Centre for Molecular and Vascular Biology, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (KU Leuven), BE-3000 Leuven, Belgium; (L.G.-R.); (M.D.); (A.L.)
| | - Margo Daems
- Centre for Molecular and Vascular Biology, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (KU Leuven), BE-3000 Leuven, Belgium; (L.G.-R.); (M.D.); (A.L.)
| | - Aernout Luttun
- Centre for Molecular and Vascular Biology, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (KU Leuven), BE-3000 Leuven, Belgium; (L.G.-R.); (M.D.); (A.L.)
| | - Elizabeth A. V. Jones
- Centre for Molecular and Vascular Biology, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (KU Leuven), BE-3000 Leuven, Belgium; (L.G.-R.); (M.D.); (A.L.)
- Department of Cardiology, CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Correspondence:
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Radiofrequency Irradiation Mitigated UV-B-Induced Skin Pigmentation by Increasing Lymphangiogenesis. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27020454. [PMID: 35056769 PMCID: PMC8780734 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27020454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Dermal macrophages containing melanin increase skin pigmentation since dermal melanin removal is slower than epidermal melanin removal. Lymphatic vessels are also involved in melanin clearance. We evaluated whether radiofrequency (RF) irradiation induced an increase in HSP90, which promotes lymphangiogenesis by activating the BRAF/MEK/ERK pathway and decreasing tyrosinase activity, in the UV-B exposed animal model. The HSP90/BRAF/MEK/ERK pathway was upregulated by RF. Tyrosinase activity and the VEGF-C/VEGFR 3/PI3K/pAKT1/2/pERK1/2 pathway, which increase lymphangiogenesis, as well as the expression of the lymphatic endothelial marker LYVE-1, were increased by RF. Additionally, the number of melanin-containing dermal macrophages, the melanin content in the lymph nodes, and melanin deposition in the skin were decreased by RF. In conclusion, RF increased HSP90/BRAF/MEK/ERK expression, which decreased tyrosinase activity and increased lymphangiogenesis to eventually promote the clearance of dermal melanin-containing macrophages, thereby decreasing skin pigmentation.
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22
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Liu XY, Jin C, Zhou Y. High Prevalence of Abnormal Carcinoembryonic Antigen in Diabetic Inpatients with Poor Glycemic Control. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2022; 15:2345-2352. [PMID: 35958874 PMCID: PMC9359407 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s376024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Higher serum carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) was found in diabetic patients rather than controls. However, the prevalence of abnormal CEA among diabetic inpatients with a large proportion of poor glycemic control is unclear. METHODS A total of 385 diabetic inpatients were included in this study. We collected information from a large clinical database. Patients with malignant tumors were excluded by examination and follow-up. RESULTS We found a surprisingly high prevalence (14.3%) of diabetic inpatients with CEA above normal. The proportion of patients with abnormal CEA was significantly different in subgroups with different blood glucose levels, 20.4% in the HbA1c ≥ 9% group, and 8.5% in the HbA1c < 9%, p = 0.000. We found that the CEA levels were correlated with age, body mass index and HbA1c. The regression coefficient of HbA1c was the highest, B = 0.284, p = 0.000. We also found that the CEA levels were higher in diabetic inpatients with BMI < 24 kg/m2 than the overweight or obesity patients. There was a significant difference in the insulin level and C peptide level between the elevated CEA group and the non-elevated CEA group. CONCLUSION The elevation of CEA is common in diabetic inpatients, especially those with poor hyperglycemia controlled (HbA1c ≥ 9%). The underlying mechanism may be related to glucose toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi-Yu Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, Dongyang People’s Hospital, Dongyang, Zhejiang, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Xi-Yu Liu, Email
| | - Chai Jin
- Department of Endocrinology, Dongyang People’s Hospital, Dongyang, Zhejiang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yan Zhou
- Department of Endocrinology, Dongyang People’s Hospital, Dongyang, Zhejiang, People’s Republic of China
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Liu XY. The High Prevalence of Short-Term Elevation of Tumor Markers Due to Hyperglycemia in Diabetic Patients. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2022; 15:1113-1122. [PMID: 35431565 PMCID: PMC9012301 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s350599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The relationship between diabetes and cancer is uncertain. However, tumor markers in diabetic patients are significantly elevated. The prevalence of diabetic inpatients with elevation of tumor markers and its relationship to blood glucose is needed to be studied. METHODS A total of 102 diabetic inpatients were included in this study. We collected information from diabetic inpatients and tested tumor markers. Patients with elevation of tumor markers were rechecked. RESULTS We found that up to 73.3% of diabetic inpatients had one or more tumor markers elevated. The proportion of diabetic inpatients with higher than normal cytokeratin 19 fragment (CYFRA 21-1) was 54.5%. Most of them did not return to normal after controlling the blood glucose. A short-term elevation of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) was present in 15.8% of diabetic inpatients, and 19.8% of diabetic inpatients had a short-term elevation of carbohydrate antigen. CEA and carbohydrate antigen including CA19-9, CA72-4, CA125 and CA15-3 returned to normal or became significantly reduced within 2 weeks after good control of blood glucose. CONCLUSION Our study showed that the elevation of tumor markers was common in diabetic inpatients, especially those with poor blood glucose control. It indicated that re-checking the tumor markers after controlling blood glucose might be better than conducting large-scale test for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi-yu Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, Dongyang People’s Hospital, Dongyang, Zhejiang, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Xi-yu Liu, Email
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24
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Single-Cell RNA Sequencing Reveals Heterogeneity and Functional Diversity of Lymphatic Endothelial Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222111976. [PMID: 34769408 PMCID: PMC8584409 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs) line the lymphatic vasculature and play a central role in the immune response. LECs have abilities to regulate immune transport, to promote immune cell survival, and to cross present antigens to dendritic cells. Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA) technology has accelerated new discoveries in the field of lymphatic vascular biology. This review will summarize these new findings in regard to embryonic development, LEC heterogeneity with associated functional diversity, and interactions with other cells. Depending on the organ, location in the lymphatic vascular tree, and micro-environmental conditions, LECs feature unique properties and tasks. Furthermore, adjacent stromal cells need the support of LECs for fulfilling their tasks in the immune response, such as immune cell transport and antigen presentation. Although aberrant lymphatic vasculature has been observed in a number of chronic inflammatory diseases, the knowledge on LEC heterogeneity and functional diversity in these diseases is limited. Combining scRNA sequencing data with imaging and more in-depth functional experiments will advance our knowledge of LECs in health and disease. Building the case, the LEC could be put forward as a new therapeutic target in chronic inflammatory diseases, counterweighting the current immune-cell focused therapies.
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Byun KA, Oh S, Son M, Park CH, Son KH, Byun K. Dieckol Decreases Caloric Intake and Attenuates Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Hepatic Lymphatic Vessel Dysfunction in High-Fat-Diet-Fed Mice. Mar Drugs 2021; 19:495. [PMID: 34564157 PMCID: PMC8469311 DOI: 10.3390/md19090495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Increased inflammation is the main pathophysiology of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Inflammation affects lymphatic vessel function that contributes to the removal of immune cells or macromolecules. Dysfunctional lymphatic vessels with decreased permeability are present in NAFLD. High-fat diet (HFD) is known to increase body weight, food intake, and inflammation in the liver. Previously, it was reported that Ecklonia cava extracts (ECE) decreased food intake or weight gain, and low-calorie diet and weight loss is known as a treatment for NAFLD. In this study, the effects of ECE and dieckol (DK)-which is one component of ECE that decreases inflammation and increases lymphangiogenesis and lymphatic drainage by controlling lymphatic permeability in high-fat diet (HFD)-fed mice-on weight gain and food intake were investigated. ECE and DK decreased weight gain and food intake in the HFD-fed mice. NAFLD activities such as steatosis, lobular inflammation, and ballooning were increased by HFD and attenuated by ECE and DK. The expression of inflammatory cytokines such as IL-6 and TNF-α and infiltration of M1 macrophages were increased by HFD, and they were decreased by ECE or DK. The signaling pathways of lymphangiogenesis, VEGFR-3, PI3K/pAKT, and pERK were decreased by HFD, and they were restored by either ECE or DK. The expression of VE-cadherin (which represents lymphatic junctional function) was increased by HFD, although it was restored by either ECE or DK. In conclusion, ECE and DK attenuated NAFLD by decreasing weight gain and food intake, decreasing inflammation, and increasing lymphangiogenesis, as well as modulating lymphatic vessel permeability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung-A Byun
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, College of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon 21936, Korea; (K.-A.B.); (M.S.)
- Functional Cellular Networks Laboratory, Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, College of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon 21999, Korea;
| | - Seyeon Oh
- Functional Cellular Networks Laboratory, Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, College of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon 21999, Korea;
| | - Myeongjoo Son
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, College of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon 21936, Korea; (K.-A.B.); (M.S.)
- Functional Cellular Networks Laboratory, Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, College of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon 21999, Korea;
| | - Chul-Hyun Park
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Gil Medical Center, Gachon University, Incheon 21565, Korea;
| | - Kuk Hui Son
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Gil Medical Center, Gachon University, Incheon 21565, Korea;
| | - Kyunghee Byun
- Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, College of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon 21936, Korea; (K.-A.B.); (M.S.)
- Functional Cellular Networks Laboratory, Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, College of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon 21999, Korea;
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Varghese DS, Ali BR. Pathological Crosstalk Between Oxidized LDL and ER Stress in Human Diseases: A Comprehensive Review. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:674103. [PMID: 34124059 PMCID: PMC8187772 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.674103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The oxidative modification of the major cholesterol carrying lipoprotein, oxLDL, is a biomarker as well as a pathological factor in cardiovascular diseases (CVD), type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), obesity and other metabolic diseases. Perturbed cellular homeostasis due to physiological, pathological and pharmacological factors hinder the proper functioning of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), which is the major hub for protein folding and processing, lipid biosynthesis and calcium storage, thereby leading to ER stress. The cellular response to ER stress is marked by a defensive mechanism called unfolded protein response (UPR), wherein the cell adapts strategies that favor survival. Under conditions of excessive ER stress, when the survival mechanisms fail to restore balance, UPR switches to apoptosis and eliminates the defective cells. ER stress is a major hallmark in metabolic syndromes such as diabetes, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), neurological and cardiovascular diseases. Though the pathological link between oxLDL and ER stress in cardiovascular diseases is well-documented, its involvement in other diseases is still largely unexplored. This review provides a deep insight into the common mechanisms in the pathogenicity of diseases involving oxLDL and ER stress as key players. In addition, the potential therapeutic intervention of the targets implicated in the pathogenic processes are also explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divya Saro Varghese
- Department of Genetics and Genomics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Bassam R Ali
- Department of Genetics and Genomics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates.,Zayed Bin Sultan Center for Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
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Oxidatively Modified LDL Suppresses Lymphangiogenesis via CD36 Signaling. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10020331. [PMID: 33672291 PMCID: PMC7926875 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10020331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Revised: 02/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Arterial accumulation of plasma-derived LDL and its subsequent oxidation contributes to atherosclerosis. Lymphatic vessel (LV)-mediated removal of arterial cholesterol has been shown to reduce atherosclerotic lesion formation. However, the precise mechanisms that regulate LV density and function in atherosclerotic vessels remain to be identified. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of native LDL (nLDL) and oxidized LDL (oxLDL) in modulating lymphangiogenesis and underlying molecular mechanisms. Western blotting and immunostaining experiments demonstrated increased oxLDL expression in human atherosclerotic arteries. Furthermore, elevated oxLDL levels were detected in the adventitial layer, where LV are primarily present. Treatment of human lymphatic endothelial cells (LEC) with oxLDL inhibited in vitro tube formation, while nLDL stimulated it. Similar results were observed with Matrigel plug assay in vivo. CD36 deletion in mice and its siRNA-mediated knockdown in LEC prevented oxLDL-induced inhibition of lymphangiogenesis. In addition, oxLDL via CD36 receptor suppressed cell cycle, downregulated AKT and eNOS expression, and increased levels of p27 in LEC. Collectively, these results indicate that oxLDL inhibits lymphangiogenesis via CD36-mediated regulation of AKT/eNOS pathway and cell cycle. These findings suggest that therapeutic blockade of LEC CD36 may promote arterial lymphangiogenesis, leading to increased cholesterol removal from the arterial wall and reduced atherosclerosis.
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Jeong J, Iwakiri Y. Lymphatic Dysfunction as a Novel Therapeutic Target in Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2020; 11:663-664. [PMID: 33220266 PMCID: PMC7846486 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2020.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jain Jeong
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Digestive Diseases, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Yasuko Iwakiri
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Digestive Diseases, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut.
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