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Kaji I, Thiagarajah JR, Goldenring JR. Modeling the cell biology of monogenetic intestinal epithelial disorders. J Cell Biol 2024; 223:e202310118. [PMID: 38683247 PMCID: PMC11058565 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202310118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Monogenetic variants are responsible for a range of congenital human diseases. Variants in genes that are important for intestinal epithelial function cause a group of disorders characterized by severe diarrhea and loss of nutrient absorption called congenital diarrheas and enteropathies (CODEs). CODE-causing genes include nutrient transporters, enzymes, structural proteins, and vesicular trafficking proteins in intestinal epithelial cells. Several severe CODE disorders result from the loss-of-function in key regulators of polarized endocytic trafficking such as the motor protein, Myosin VB (MYO5B), as well as STX3, STXBP2, and UNC45A. Investigations of the cell biology and pathophysiology following loss-of-function in these genes have led to an increased understanding of both homeostatic and pathological vesicular trafficking in intestinal epithelial cells. Modeling different CODEs through investigation of changes in patient tissues, coupled with the development of animal models and patient-derived enteroids, has provided critical insights into the enterocyte differentiation and function. Linking basic knowledge of cell biology with the phenotype of specific patient variants is a key step in developing effective treatments for rare monogenetic diseases. This knowledge can also be applied more broadly to our understanding of common epithelial disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izumi Kaji
- Section of Surgical Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
- Epithelial Biology Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Jay R. Thiagarajah
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Congenital Enteropathy Program, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Digestive Disease Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - James R. Goldenring
- Section of Surgical Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
- Epithelial Biology Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
- Nashville VA Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
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Naser AN, Xing T, Tatum R, Lu Q, Boyer PJ, Chen YH. Colonic crypt stem cell functions are controlled by tight junction protein claudin-7 through Notch/Hippo signaling. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2024; 1535:92-108. [PMID: 38598500 PMCID: PMC11111361 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.15137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
The tight junction protein claudin-7 is essential for tight junction function and intestinal homeostasis. Cldn7 deletion in mice leads to an inflammatory bowel disease-like phenotype exhibiting severe intestinal epithelial damage, weight loss, inflammation, mucosal ulcerations, and epithelial hyperplasia. Claudin-7 has also been shown to be involved in cancer metastasis and invasion. Here, we test our hypothesis that claudin-7 plays an important role in regulating colonic intestinal stem cell function. Conditional knockout of Cldn7 in the colon led to impaired epithelial cell differentiation, hyperproliferative epithelium, a decrease in active stem cells, and dramatically altered gene expression profiles. In 3D colonoid culture, claudin-7-deficient crypts were unable to survive and form spheroids, emphasizing the importance of claudin-7 in stem cell survival. Inhibition of the Hippo pathway or activation of Notch signaling partially rescued the defective stem cell behavior. Concurrent Notch activation and Hippo inhibition resulted in restored colonoid survival, growth, and differentiation to the level comparable to those of wild-type derived crypts. In this study, we highlight the essential role of claudin-7 in regulating Notch and Hippo signaling-dependent colonic stem cell functions, including survival, self-renewal, and differentiation. These new findings may shed light on potential avenues to explore for drug development in colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amna N. Naser
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
| | - Tiaosi Xing
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
- Neural and Behavioral Science Department, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Rodney Tatum
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
| | - Qun Lu
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
| | - Philip J. Boyer
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
| | - Yan-Hua Chen
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
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Szabo R, Kawaguchi M, Kataoka H, Bugge TH. Early-onset tufting enteropathy in HAI-2-deficient mice is independent of matriptase-mediated cleavage of EpCAM. Development 2023; 150:dev201801. [PMID: 37539662 PMCID: PMC10482385 DOI: 10.1242/dev.201801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
Congenital tufting enteropathy (CTE) is a life-threatening intestinal disorder resulting from loss-of-function mutations in EPCAM and SPINT2. Mice deficient in Spint2, encoding the protease inhibitor HAI-2, develop CTE-like intestinal failure associated with a progressive loss of the EpCAM protein, which is caused by unchecked activity of the serine protease matriptase (ST14). Here, we show that loss of HAI-2 leads to increased proteolytic processing of EpCAM. Elimination of the reported matriptase cleavage site strongly suppressed proteolytic processing of EpCAM in vitro and in vivo. Unexpectedly, expression of cleavage-resistant EpCAM failed to prevent intestinal failure and postnatal lethality in Spint2-deficient mice. In addition, genetic inactivation of intestinal matriptase (St14) counteracted the effect of Spint2 deficiency in mice expressing cleavage-resistant EpCAM, indicating that matriptase does not drive intestinal dysfunction by excessive proteolysis of EpCAM. Interestingly, mice expressing cleavage-resistant EpCAM developed late-onset intestinal defects and exhibited a shortened lifespan even in the presence of HAI-2, suggesting that EpCAM cleavage is indispensable for EpCAM function. Our findings provide new insights into the role of EpCAM and the etiology of the enteropathies driven by Spint2 deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman Szabo
- Proteases and Tissue Remodeling Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Makiko Kawaguchi
- Section of Oncopathology and Regenerative Biology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 8891692, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Kataoka
- Section of Oncopathology and Regenerative Biology, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki 8891692, Japan
| | - Thomas H. Bugge
- Proteases and Tissue Remodeling Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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The genetics of monogenic intestinal epithelial disorders. Hum Genet 2022; 142:613-654. [PMID: 36422736 PMCID: PMC10182130 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-022-02501-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Monogenic intestinal epithelial disorders, also known as congenital diarrheas and enteropathies (CoDEs), are a group of rare diseases that result from mutations in genes that primarily affect intestinal epithelial cell function. Patients with CoDE disorders generally present with infantile-onset diarrhea and poor growth, and often require intensive fluid and nutritional management. CoDE disorders can be classified into several categories that relate to broad areas of epithelial function, structure, and development. The advent of accessible and low-cost genetic sequencing has accelerated discovery in the field with over 45 different genes now associated with CoDE disorders. Despite this increasing knowledge in the causal genetics of disease, the underlying cellular pathophysiology remains incompletely understood for many disorders. Consequently, clinical management options for CoDE disorders are currently limited and there is an urgent need for new and disorder-specific therapies. In this review, we provide a general overview of CoDE disorders, including a historical perspective of the field and relationship to other monogenic disorders of the intestine. We describe the genetics, clinical presentation, and known pathophysiology for specific disorders. Lastly, we describe the major challenges relating to CoDE disorders, briefly outline key areas that need further study, and provide a perspective on the future genetic and therapeutic landscape.
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Pandrea I, Brooks K, Desai RP, Tare M, Brenchley JM, Apetrei C. I've looked at gut from both sides now: Gastrointestinal tract involvement in the pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 and HIV/SIV infections. Front Immunol 2022; 13:899559. [PMID: 36032119 PMCID: PMC9411647 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.899559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The lumen of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract contains an incredibly diverse and extensive collection of microorganisms that can directly stimulate the immune system. There are significant data to demonstrate that the spatial localization of the microbiome can impact viral disease pathogenesis. Here we discuss recent studies that have investigated causes and consequences of GI tract pathologies in HIV, SIV, and SARS-CoV-2 infections with HIV and SIV initiating GI pathology from the basal side and SARS-CoV-2 from the luminal side. Both these infections result in alterations of the intestinal barrier, leading to microbial translocation, persistent inflammation, and T-cell immune activation. GI tract damage is one of the major contributors to multisystem inflammatory syndrome in SARS-CoV-2-infected individuals and to the incomplete immune restoration in HIV-infected subjects, even in those with robust viral control with antiretroviral therapy. While the causes of GI tract pathologies differ between these virus families, therapeutic interventions to reduce microbial translocation-induced inflammation and improve the integrity of the GI tract may improve the prognoses of infected individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivona Pandrea
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Kelsie Brooks
- Barrier Immunity Section, Laboratory of Viral Diseases, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Rahul P. Desai
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Minali Tare
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Jason M. Brenchley
- Barrier Immunity Section, Laboratory of Viral Diseases, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Cristian Apetrei
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
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Mulenga C, Sviben S, Chandwe K, Amadi B, Kayamba V, Fitzpatrick JAJ, Mudenda V, Kelly P. Epithelial Abnormalities in the Small Intestine of Zambian Children With Stunting. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:849677. [PMID: 35372420 PMCID: PMC8966729 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.849677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Environmental enteropathy (EE) contributes to impaired linear growth (stunting), in millions of children worldwide. We have previously reported that confocal laser endomicroscopy (CLE) shows fluorescein leaking from blood to gut lumen in vivo in adults and children with EE. We set out to identify epithelial lesions which might explain this phenomenon in Zambian children with stunting non-responsive to nutritional support. Methods We performed confocal laser endomicroscopy (CLE) in 75 children and collected intestinal biopsies for histology in 91 children. CLE videos were evaluated, employing the Watson score to determine severity of leakiness. Morphometry was carried out on well-orientated mucosa and 3 biopsies were examined by electron microscopy. Results Confocal laser endomicroscopy demonstrated substantial leakage from circulation to gut lumen in 73 (97%) children. Histology consistently showed characteristic changes of EE: villus blunting, lamina propria and epithelial inflammation, and depletion of secretory cells (Paneth cells and goblet cells). Epithelial abnormalities included marked variability in epithelial height, disorganised and shortened microvilli, dilated intercellular spaces, pseudostratification, formation of synechiae between epithelium on adjacent villi, crypt destruction, and abundant destructive lesions which may correspond to the microerosions identified on CLE. Conclusion Epithelial abnormalities were almost universal in Zambian children with non-responsive stunting, including epithelial microerosions, cell-cell adhesion anomalies, and defects in secretory cells which may all contribute to impairment of mucosal barrier function and microbial translocation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chola Mulenga
- Tropical Gastroenterology and Nutrition Group, University of Zambia School of Medicine, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Sanja Sviben
- Washington University Center for Cellular Imaging, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Kanta Chandwe
- Tropical Gastroenterology and Nutrition Group, University of Zambia School of Medicine, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Beatrice Amadi
- Tropical Gastroenterology and Nutrition Group, University of Zambia School of Medicine, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Violet Kayamba
- Tropical Gastroenterology and Nutrition Group, University of Zambia School of Medicine, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - James A. J. Fitzpatrick
- Washington University Center for Cellular Imaging, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
- Departments of Cell Biology & Physiology and Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Victor Mudenda
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Zambia School of Medicine, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Paul Kelly
- Tropical Gastroenterology and Nutrition Group, University of Zambia School of Medicine, Lusaka, Zambia
- Blizard Institute, Barts & The London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
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