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Abedalthagafi M, Bi WL, Aizer AA, Merrill PH, Brewster R, Agarwalla PK, Listewnik ML, Dias-Santagata D, Thorner AR, Van Hummelen P, Brastianos PK, Reardon DA, Wen PY, Al-Mefty O, Ramkissoon SH, Folkerth RD, Ligon KL, Ligon AH, Alexander BM, Dunn IF, Beroukhim R, Santagata S. Oncogenic PI3K mutations are as common as AKT1 and SMO mutations in meningioma. Neuro Oncol 2016; 18:649-55. [PMID: 26826201 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/nov316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Meningiomas are the most common primary intracranial tumor in adults. Identification of SMO and AKT1 mutations in meningiomas has raised the possibility of targeted therapies for some patients. The frequency of such mutations in clinical cohorts and the presence of other actionable mutations in meningiomas are important to define. METHODS We used high-resolution array-comparative genomic hybridization to prospectively characterize copy-number changes in 150 meningiomas and then characterized these samples for mutations in AKT1, KLF4, NF2, PIK3CA, SMO, and TRAF7. RESULTS Similar to prior reports, we identified AKT1 and SMO mutations in a subset of non-NF2-mutant meningiomas (ie, ∼9% and ∼6%, respectively). Notably, we detected oncogenic mutations in PIK3CA in ∼7% of non-NF2-mutant meningiomas. AKT1, SMO, and PIK3CA mutations were mutually exclusive. AKT1, KLF4, and PIK3CA mutations often co-occurred with mutations in TRAF7. PIK3CA-mutant meningiomas showed limited chromosomal instability and were enriched in the skull base. CONCLUSION This work identifies PI3K signaling as an important target for precision medicine trials in meningioma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malak Abedalthagafi
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (M.A., P.H.M., R.B., M.L.L., S.H.R., R.D.F., K.L.L., A.H.L., S.S.); Department of Pathology, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (M.A.); King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (M.A.); Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (M.A., A.A.A., D.D.-S., P.K.B., D.A.R., P.Y.W., O.A.-M., S.H.R., R.D.F., K.L.L., A.H.L., B.M.A., I.F.D., R.B., S.S.); Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (W.L.B., O.A.-M., I.F.D.); Department of Radiation Oncology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (A.A.A., B.M.A.); Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (P.K.A.); Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (D.D.-S.); Center for Cancer Genomic Discovery, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts (A.R.T., P.V.H.); Department of Neuro-Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (P.K.B.); Center of Neuro-Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts (D.A.R., P.Y.W, R.B.); Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts (K.L.L., R.B.); Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA (S.S.)
| | - Wenya Linda Bi
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (M.A., P.H.M., R.B., M.L.L., S.H.R., R.D.F., K.L.L., A.H.L., S.S.); Department of Pathology, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (M.A.); King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (M.A.); Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (M.A., A.A.A., D.D.-S., P.K.B., D.A.R., P.Y.W., O.A.-M., S.H.R., R.D.F., K.L.L., A.H.L., B.M.A., I.F.D., R.B., S.S.); Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (W.L.B., O.A.-M., I.F.D.); Department of Radiation Oncology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (A.A.A., B.M.A.); Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (P.K.A.); Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (D.D.-S.); Center for Cancer Genomic Discovery, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts (A.R.T., P.V.H.); Department of Neuro-Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (P.K.B.); Center of Neuro-Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts (D.A.R., P.Y.W, R.B.); Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts (K.L.L., R.B.); Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA (S.S.)
| | - Ayal A Aizer
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (M.A., P.H.M., R.B., M.L.L., S.H.R., R.D.F., K.L.L., A.H.L., S.S.); Department of Pathology, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (M.A.); King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (M.A.); Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (M.A., A.A.A., D.D.-S., P.K.B., D.A.R., P.Y.W., O.A.-M., S.H.R., R.D.F., K.L.L., A.H.L., B.M.A., I.F.D., R.B., S.S.); Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (W.L.B., O.A.-M., I.F.D.); Department of Radiation Oncology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (A.A.A., B.M.A.); Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (P.K.A.); Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (D.D.-S.); Center for Cancer Genomic Discovery, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts (A.R.T., P.V.H.); Department of Neuro-Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (P.K.B.); Center of Neuro-Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts (D.A.R., P.Y.W, R.B.); Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts (K.L.L., R.B.); Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA (S.S.)
| | - Parker H Merrill
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (M.A., P.H.M., R.B., M.L.L., S.H.R., R.D.F., K.L.L., A.H.L., S.S.); Department of Pathology, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (M.A.); King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (M.A.); Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (M.A., A.A.A., D.D.-S., P.K.B., D.A.R., P.Y.W., O.A.-M., S.H.R., R.D.F., K.L.L., A.H.L., B.M.A., I.F.D., R.B., S.S.); Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (W.L.B., O.A.-M., I.F.D.); Department of Radiation Oncology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (A.A.A., B.M.A.); Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (P.K.A.); Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (D.D.-S.); Center for Cancer Genomic Discovery, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts (A.R.T., P.V.H.); Department of Neuro-Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (P.K.B.); Center of Neuro-Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts (D.A.R., P.Y.W, R.B.); Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts (K.L.L., R.B.); Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA (S.S.)
| | - Ryan Brewster
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (M.A., P.H.M., R.B., M.L.L., S.H.R., R.D.F., K.L.L., A.H.L., S.S.); Department of Pathology, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (M.A.); King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (M.A.); Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (M.A., A.A.A., D.D.-S., P.K.B., D.A.R., P.Y.W., O.A.-M., S.H.R., R.D.F., K.L.L., A.H.L., B.M.A., I.F.D., R.B., S.S.); Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (W.L.B., O.A.-M., I.F.D.); Department of Radiation Oncology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (A.A.A., B.M.A.); Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (P.K.A.); Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (D.D.-S.); Center for Cancer Genomic Discovery, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts (A.R.T., P.V.H.); Department of Neuro-Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (P.K.B.); Center of Neuro-Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts (D.A.R., P.Y.W, R.B.); Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts (K.L.L., R.B.); Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA (S.S.)
| | - Pankaj K Agarwalla
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (M.A., P.H.M., R.B., M.L.L., S.H.R., R.D.F., K.L.L., A.H.L., S.S.); Department of Pathology, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (M.A.); King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (M.A.); Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (M.A., A.A.A., D.D.-S., P.K.B., D.A.R., P.Y.W., O.A.-M., S.H.R., R.D.F., K.L.L., A.H.L., B.M.A., I.F.D., R.B., S.S.); Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (W.L.B., O.A.-M., I.F.D.); Department of Radiation Oncology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (A.A.A., B.M.A.); Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (P.K.A.); Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (D.D.-S.); Center for Cancer Genomic Discovery, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts (A.R.T., P.V.H.); Department of Neuro-Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (P.K.B.); Center of Neuro-Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts (D.A.R., P.Y.W, R.B.); Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts (K.L.L., R.B.); Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA (S.S.)
| | - Marc L Listewnik
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (M.A., P.H.M., R.B., M.L.L., S.H.R., R.D.F., K.L.L., A.H.L., S.S.); Department of Pathology, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (M.A.); King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (M.A.); Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (M.A., A.A.A., D.D.-S., P.K.B., D.A.R., P.Y.W., O.A.-M., S.H.R., R.D.F., K.L.L., A.H.L., B.M.A., I.F.D., R.B., S.S.); Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (W.L.B., O.A.-M., I.F.D.); Department of Radiation Oncology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (A.A.A., B.M.A.); Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (P.K.A.); Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (D.D.-S.); Center for Cancer Genomic Discovery, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts (A.R.T., P.V.H.); Department of Neuro-Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (P.K.B.); Center of Neuro-Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts (D.A.R., P.Y.W, R.B.); Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts (K.L.L., R.B.); Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA (S.S.)
| | - Dora Dias-Santagata
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (M.A., P.H.M., R.B., M.L.L., S.H.R., R.D.F., K.L.L., A.H.L., S.S.); Department of Pathology, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (M.A.); King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (M.A.); Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (M.A., A.A.A., D.D.-S., P.K.B., D.A.R., P.Y.W., O.A.-M., S.H.R., R.D.F., K.L.L., A.H.L., B.M.A., I.F.D., R.B., S.S.); Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (W.L.B., O.A.-M., I.F.D.); Department of Radiation Oncology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (A.A.A., B.M.A.); Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (P.K.A.); Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (D.D.-S.); Center for Cancer Genomic Discovery, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts (A.R.T., P.V.H.); Department of Neuro-Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (P.K.B.); Center of Neuro-Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts (D.A.R., P.Y.W, R.B.); Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts (K.L.L., R.B.); Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA (S.S.)
| | - Aaron R Thorner
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (M.A., P.H.M., R.B., M.L.L., S.H.R., R.D.F., K.L.L., A.H.L., S.S.); Department of Pathology, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (M.A.); King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (M.A.); Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (M.A., A.A.A., D.D.-S., P.K.B., D.A.R., P.Y.W., O.A.-M., S.H.R., R.D.F., K.L.L., A.H.L., B.M.A., I.F.D., R.B., S.S.); Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (W.L.B., O.A.-M., I.F.D.); Department of Radiation Oncology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (A.A.A., B.M.A.); Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (P.K.A.); Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (D.D.-S.); Center for Cancer Genomic Discovery, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts (A.R.T., P.V.H.); Department of Neuro-Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (P.K.B.); Center of Neuro-Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts (D.A.R., P.Y.W, R.B.); Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts (K.L.L., R.B.); Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA (S.S.)
| | - Paul Van Hummelen
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (M.A., P.H.M., R.B., M.L.L., S.H.R., R.D.F., K.L.L., A.H.L., S.S.); Department of Pathology, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (M.A.); King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (M.A.); Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (M.A., A.A.A., D.D.-S., P.K.B., D.A.R., P.Y.W., O.A.-M., S.H.R., R.D.F., K.L.L., A.H.L., B.M.A., I.F.D., R.B., S.S.); Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (W.L.B., O.A.-M., I.F.D.); Department of Radiation Oncology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (A.A.A., B.M.A.); Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (P.K.A.); Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (D.D.-S.); Center for Cancer Genomic Discovery, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts (A.R.T., P.V.H.); Department of Neuro-Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (P.K.B.); Center of Neuro-Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts (D.A.R., P.Y.W, R.B.); Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts (K.L.L., R.B.); Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA (S.S.)
| | - Priscilla K Brastianos
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (M.A., P.H.M., R.B., M.L.L., S.H.R., R.D.F., K.L.L., A.H.L., S.S.); Department of Pathology, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (M.A.); King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (M.A.); Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (M.A., A.A.A., D.D.-S., P.K.B., D.A.R., P.Y.W., O.A.-M., S.H.R., R.D.F., K.L.L., A.H.L., B.M.A., I.F.D., R.B., S.S.); Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (W.L.B., O.A.-M., I.F.D.); Department of Radiation Oncology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (A.A.A., B.M.A.); Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (P.K.A.); Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (D.D.-S.); Center for Cancer Genomic Discovery, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts (A.R.T., P.V.H.); Department of Neuro-Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (P.K.B.); Center of Neuro-Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts (D.A.R., P.Y.W, R.B.); Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts (K.L.L., R.B.); Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA (S.S.)
| | - David A Reardon
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (M.A., P.H.M., R.B., M.L.L., S.H.R., R.D.F., K.L.L., A.H.L., S.S.); Department of Pathology, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (M.A.); King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (M.A.); Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (M.A., A.A.A., D.D.-S., P.K.B., D.A.R., P.Y.W., O.A.-M., S.H.R., R.D.F., K.L.L., A.H.L., B.M.A., I.F.D., R.B., S.S.); Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (W.L.B., O.A.-M., I.F.D.); Department of Radiation Oncology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (A.A.A., B.M.A.); Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (P.K.A.); Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (D.D.-S.); Center for Cancer Genomic Discovery, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts (A.R.T., P.V.H.); Department of Neuro-Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (P.K.B.); Center of Neuro-Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts (D.A.R., P.Y.W, R.B.); Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts (K.L.L., R.B.); Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA (S.S.)
| | - Patrick Y Wen
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (M.A., P.H.M., R.B., M.L.L., S.H.R., R.D.F., K.L.L., A.H.L., S.S.); Department of Pathology, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (M.A.); King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (M.A.); Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (M.A., A.A.A., D.D.-S., P.K.B., D.A.R., P.Y.W., O.A.-M., S.H.R., R.D.F., K.L.L., A.H.L., B.M.A., I.F.D., R.B., S.S.); Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (W.L.B., O.A.-M., I.F.D.); Department of Radiation Oncology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (A.A.A., B.M.A.); Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (P.K.A.); Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (D.D.-S.); Center for Cancer Genomic Discovery, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts (A.R.T., P.V.H.); Department of Neuro-Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (P.K.B.); Center of Neuro-Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts (D.A.R., P.Y.W, R.B.); Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts (K.L.L., R.B.); Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA (S.S.)
| | - Ossama Al-Mefty
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (M.A., P.H.M., R.B., M.L.L., S.H.R., R.D.F., K.L.L., A.H.L., S.S.); Department of Pathology, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (M.A.); King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (M.A.); Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (M.A., A.A.A., D.D.-S., P.K.B., D.A.R., P.Y.W., O.A.-M., S.H.R., R.D.F., K.L.L., A.H.L., B.M.A., I.F.D., R.B., S.S.); Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (W.L.B., O.A.-M., I.F.D.); Department of Radiation Oncology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (A.A.A., B.M.A.); Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (P.K.A.); Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (D.D.-S.); Center for Cancer Genomic Discovery, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts (A.R.T., P.V.H.); Department of Neuro-Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (P.K.B.); Center of Neuro-Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts (D.A.R., P.Y.W, R.B.); Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts (K.L.L., R.B.); Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA (S.S.)
| | - Shakti H Ramkissoon
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (M.A., P.H.M., R.B., M.L.L., S.H.R., R.D.F., K.L.L., A.H.L., S.S.); Department of Pathology, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (M.A.); King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (M.A.); Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (M.A., A.A.A., D.D.-S., P.K.B., D.A.R., P.Y.W., O.A.-M., S.H.R., R.D.F., K.L.L., A.H.L., B.M.A., I.F.D., R.B., S.S.); Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (W.L.B., O.A.-M., I.F.D.); Department of Radiation Oncology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (A.A.A., B.M.A.); Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (P.K.A.); Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (D.D.-S.); Center for Cancer Genomic Discovery, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts (A.R.T., P.V.H.); Department of Neuro-Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (P.K.B.); Center of Neuro-Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts (D.A.R., P.Y.W, R.B.); Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts (K.L.L., R.B.); Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA (S.S.)
| | - Rebecca D Folkerth
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (M.A., P.H.M., R.B., M.L.L., S.H.R., R.D.F., K.L.L., A.H.L., S.S.); Department of Pathology, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (M.A.); King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (M.A.); Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (M.A., A.A.A., D.D.-S., P.K.B., D.A.R., P.Y.W., O.A.-M., S.H.R., R.D.F., K.L.L., A.H.L., B.M.A., I.F.D., R.B., S.S.); Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (W.L.B., O.A.-M., I.F.D.); Department of Radiation Oncology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (A.A.A., B.M.A.); Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (P.K.A.); Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (D.D.-S.); Center for Cancer Genomic Discovery, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts (A.R.T., P.V.H.); Department of Neuro-Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (P.K.B.); Center of Neuro-Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts (D.A.R., P.Y.W, R.B.); Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts (K.L.L., R.B.); Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA (S.S.)
| | - Keith L Ligon
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (M.A., P.H.M., R.B., M.L.L., S.H.R., R.D.F., K.L.L., A.H.L., S.S.); Department of Pathology, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (M.A.); King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (M.A.); Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (M.A., A.A.A., D.D.-S., P.K.B., D.A.R., P.Y.W., O.A.-M., S.H.R., R.D.F., K.L.L., A.H.L., B.M.A., I.F.D., R.B., S.S.); Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (W.L.B., O.A.-M., I.F.D.); Department of Radiation Oncology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (A.A.A., B.M.A.); Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (P.K.A.); Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (D.D.-S.); Center for Cancer Genomic Discovery, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts (A.R.T., P.V.H.); Department of Neuro-Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (P.K.B.); Center of Neuro-Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts (D.A.R., P.Y.W, R.B.); Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts (K.L.L., R.B.); Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA (S.S.)
| | - Azra H Ligon
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (M.A., P.H.M., R.B., M.L.L., S.H.R., R.D.F., K.L.L., A.H.L., S.S.); Department of Pathology, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (M.A.); King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (M.A.); Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (M.A., A.A.A., D.D.-S., P.K.B., D.A.R., P.Y.W., O.A.-M., S.H.R., R.D.F., K.L.L., A.H.L., B.M.A., I.F.D., R.B., S.S.); Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (W.L.B., O.A.-M., I.F.D.); Department of Radiation Oncology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (A.A.A., B.M.A.); Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (P.K.A.); Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (D.D.-S.); Center for Cancer Genomic Discovery, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts (A.R.T., P.V.H.); Department of Neuro-Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (P.K.B.); Center of Neuro-Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts (D.A.R., P.Y.W, R.B.); Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts (K.L.L., R.B.); Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA (S.S.)
| | - Brian M Alexander
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (M.A., P.H.M., R.B., M.L.L., S.H.R., R.D.F., K.L.L., A.H.L., S.S.); Department of Pathology, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (M.A.); King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (M.A.); Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (M.A., A.A.A., D.D.-S., P.K.B., D.A.R., P.Y.W., O.A.-M., S.H.R., R.D.F., K.L.L., A.H.L., B.M.A., I.F.D., R.B., S.S.); Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (W.L.B., O.A.-M., I.F.D.); Department of Radiation Oncology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (A.A.A., B.M.A.); Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (P.K.A.); Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (D.D.-S.); Center for Cancer Genomic Discovery, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts (A.R.T., P.V.H.); Department of Neuro-Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (P.K.B.); Center of Neuro-Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts (D.A.R., P.Y.W, R.B.); Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts (K.L.L., R.B.); Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA (S.S.)
| | - Ian F Dunn
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (M.A., P.H.M., R.B., M.L.L., S.H.R., R.D.F., K.L.L., A.H.L., S.S.); Department of Pathology, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (M.A.); King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (M.A.); Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (M.A., A.A.A., D.D.-S., P.K.B., D.A.R., P.Y.W., O.A.-M., S.H.R., R.D.F., K.L.L., A.H.L., B.M.A., I.F.D., R.B., S.S.); Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (W.L.B., O.A.-M., I.F.D.); Department of Radiation Oncology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (A.A.A., B.M.A.); Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (P.K.A.); Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (D.D.-S.); Center for Cancer Genomic Discovery, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts (A.R.T., P.V.H.); Department of Neuro-Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (P.K.B.); Center of Neuro-Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts (D.A.R., P.Y.W, R.B.); Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts (K.L.L., R.B.); Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA (S.S.)
| | - Rameen Beroukhim
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (M.A., P.H.M., R.B., M.L.L., S.H.R., R.D.F., K.L.L., A.H.L., S.S.); Department of Pathology, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (M.A.); King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (M.A.); Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (M.A., A.A.A., D.D.-S., P.K.B., D.A.R., P.Y.W., O.A.-M., S.H.R., R.D.F., K.L.L., A.H.L., B.M.A., I.F.D., R.B., S.S.); Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (W.L.B., O.A.-M., I.F.D.); Department of Radiation Oncology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (A.A.A., B.M.A.); Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (P.K.A.); Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (D.D.-S.); Center for Cancer Genomic Discovery, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts (A.R.T., P.V.H.); Department of Neuro-Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (P.K.B.); Center of Neuro-Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts (D.A.R., P.Y.W, R.B.); Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts (K.L.L., R.B.); Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA (S.S.)
| | - Sandro Santagata
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (M.A., P.H.M., R.B., M.L.L., S.H.R., R.D.F., K.L.L., A.H.L., S.S.); Department of Pathology, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (M.A.); King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (M.A.); Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (M.A., A.A.A., D.D.-S., P.K.B., D.A.R., P.Y.W., O.A.-M., S.H.R., R.D.F., K.L.L., A.H.L., B.M.A., I.F.D., R.B., S.S.); Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (W.L.B., O.A.-M., I.F.D.); Department of Radiation Oncology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (A.A.A., B.M.A.); Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (P.K.A.); Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (D.D.-S.); Center for Cancer Genomic Discovery, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts (A.R.T., P.V.H.); Department of Neuro-Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts (P.K.B.); Center of Neuro-Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts (D.A.R., P.Y.W, R.B.); Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts (K.L.L., R.B.); Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA (S.S.)
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