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Bhatt AM, Mesa H, Chen S, Molden B, Hou T. FNA diagnosis of secondary malignancies in the parotid gland: over 20 years of experience from a single institute. J Am Soc Cytopathol 2024:S2213-2945(24)00208-4. [PMID: 39322514 DOI: 10.1016/j.jasc.2024.08.131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2024] [Revised: 08/26/2024] [Accepted: 08/29/2024] [Indexed: 09/27/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Metastatic solid tumors account for a significant portion of malignancies in the parotid gland. Fine-needle aspiration (FNA) is a primary tool to diagnose these tumors. MATERIALS AND METHODS We retrospectively reviewed 134 FNA cases of metastatic solid tumors affecting the parotid gland, spanning from 2000 to 2023 at our institute. We summarized the medical histories, cytology diagnoses, correlations with surgical resections, clinical treatments, and follow-up outcomes. RESULTS The patient cohort included 107 male and 27 female patients, with a median age of 71 years (range: 4-96 years). Eighty-five percent of metastases (113 of 134) originated from head and neck (H&N) malignancies, comprising 66% from cutaneous source and 19% from mucosal sites. The most frequent primary sites outside the H&N were lung (4%), kidney (2%), and non-H&N skin (2%). Sixty-eight percent of metastases (92 of 134) were squamous cell carcinoma (SqCC) including 61% conventional type and 7% human papillomavirus-related SqCC. Melanoma is the second most common metastatic malignancy (28 of 134, 21%). The median time from primary diagnosis to metastasis was 10 months (range: 0 to 132 months). During clinical follow-up, 59 (44%) patients died from the disease in a median follow-up of 10 months (range: 2 to 56 months). CONCLUSIONS This study represents one of the largest series of secondary malignancies in the parotid gland collected from a single institution. Most of these tumors are metastases from H&N malignancies, with cutaneous SqCC being the most prevalent primary site and histology. Accurate diagnosis relies heavily on clinical history, morphologic evaluation, and ancillary studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditya M Bhatt
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Bloomington, Indiana
| | - Hector Mesa
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Shaoxiong Chen
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Brent Molden
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Tieying Hou
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana.
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Gontarz M, Urbańska M, Bargiel J, Gąsiorowski K, Marecik T, Szczurowski P, Zapała J, Wyszyńska-Pawelec G. Metastatic malignancies in the parotid gland: A retrospective study. J Craniomaxillofac Surg 2024:S1010-5182(24)00236-1. [PMID: 39244389 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcms.2024.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 08/19/2024] [Indexed: 09/09/2024] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to compare treatment modalities, pathological and clinical characteristics, and outcomes in patients with metastasis in a parotid gland. The medical records of 34 patients who received treatment for metastasis in the parotid gland over a twenty-year period were evaluated. Patients with head and neck cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (HNcSCC) metastasis were retrospectively reclassified using the P/N and N1S3 staging system. Patients with neck metastasis showed a significantly poorer prognosis (P = 0.025). Univariate analysis also revealed that extent of parotidectomy and type of neck dissection did not influence recurrence free survival (RFS) and overall survival (OS). When comparing the usefulness of the P/N and S1N3 staging systems, a positive correlation was observed between the P stage and the N1S3 stage in both RFS and OS. The extent of parotidectomy and concomitant neck dissection is still under discussion. Total parotidectomy and modified radical neck dissection did not improve RFS and OS. N1S3 is a less complex classification and possesses a higher predictive value when compared to the P/N staging system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Gontarz
- Department of Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Cracow, Poland; University Hospital, Cracow, Poland.
| | | | - Jakub Bargiel
- Department of Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Cracow, Poland; University Hospital, Cracow, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Gąsiorowski
- Department of Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Cracow, Poland; University Hospital, Cracow, Poland
| | - Tomasz Marecik
- Department of Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Cracow, Poland; University Hospital, Cracow, Poland
| | - Paweł Szczurowski
- Department of Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Cracow, Poland; University Hospital, Cracow, Poland
| | - Jan Zapała
- Department of Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Cracow, Poland; University Hospital, Cracow, Poland
| | - Grażyna Wyszyńska-Pawelec
- Department of Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Cracow, Poland; University Hospital, Cracow, Poland
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Urano M, Nakaguro M. The differential diagnosis of lymphoepithelial lesion of the salivary gland. Semin Diagn Pathol 2024; 41:190-196. [PMID: 38734484 DOI: 10.1053/j.semdp.2024.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
The differential diagnosis of salivary gland lesions with epithelial components and lymphoid stroma is often challenging. Salivary gland carcinoma with tumor-associated lymphoid proliferation, tumors composed of both epithelial and lymphoid components, lymphoid neoplasms in the salivary gland, and inflammatory lesions are all included in this category. It encompasses inflammatory lesions and neoplastic lesions. With the exception of Warthin tumors, these lesions are rare, making them more difficult to diagnose. Carcinoma showing thymus-like elements has recently been reported in the salivary gland. Similar to thymic carcinoma, tumor cells are positive for CD5 and are accompanied by T lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Urano
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Bantane Hospital, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan.
| | - Masato Nakaguro
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
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Song Y, He Y, Li H, Zhao L, Liu Y, Liu S. Intraparotid node metastasis affects the long-term survival of patients with resectable recurrent parotid gland carcinoma. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2023; 280:5547-5555. [PMID: 37493846 DOI: 10.1007/s00405-023-08142-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The recurrence rate of parotid gland cancer is high, but research on the prognosis of recurrent parotid gland cancer (RPC) is relatively limited. We aim to determine the potential prognosis factors of RPC. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective cohort analysis. SETTING Tertiary cancer center. METHODS We conducted a retrospective review from 2012 to 2021 on RPC patients treated at the China National Cancer Center (CNCC). To analyze the impact of various variables on overall survival (OS) after recurrence, a univariate and multivariate Cox proportional hazard model was employed. RESULTS A total of 50/218 (23.0%) patients diagnosed with RPC and underwent surgery. The 5-year OS of all RPC patients in this cohort was 61.9%. 5 of 50 patients (10%) exhibited intraparotid node (IPN) metastasis. By univariate and multivariate analyses, we found that IPN metastasis was one of the prognostic factors of OS (p = 0.039) in RPC patients. The presence of IPN metastasis was also related to poor survival in individuals with negative cervical lymph nodes (CN0) (p = 0.011). In terms of the influence of surgical margins on prognosis, our findings revealed that RPC patients with negative margins exhibited a higher survival result than those with positive margins (p = 0.002). CONCLUSION According to this study, IPN metastasis indicate a high incidence of mortality in recurrent parotid cancer patients. Particularly, in CN0 patients, the presence of IPN metastasis was associated with poor survival in CN0 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixuan Song
- Department of Head and Neck Surgical Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuqin He
- Department of Head and Neck Surgical Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Han Li
- Department of Head and Neck Surgical Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Zhao
- Department of Head and Neck Surgical Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Head and Neck Surgical Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Shaoyan Liu
- Department of Head and Neck Surgical Oncology, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
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Varga R, Iro AK, Thimsen V, Sievert M, Agaimy A, Balk M, Rupp R, Grundtner P, Koch M, Iro H, Mantsopoulos K. Locoregional metastatic behavior in a complex mosaic of primary malignant tumors of the parotid gland. Am J Otolaryngol 2023; 44:103973. [PMID: 37429129 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjoto.2023.103973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of the study was to investigate primary locoregional metastatic behavior in a large sample of various malignant tumors of the parotid gland with varying grades following surgical treatment consisting of complete parotidectomy and neck dissection. METHODS The records of all patients treated for primary malignant tumors of the parotid gland by means of complete parotidectomy and neck dissection between 2007 and 2022 were studied retrospectively. RESULTS 196 patients formed our study sample (98 females, 98 males). The mean age was 65.7 years (22-101 years). 92 cases presented with low-grade subtypes, 19 with intermediate-grade, and 85 with high-grade carcinomas. The locoregional lymphatic network had been invaded in a total of 66/196 cases (33.6 %). The intraparotid lymph nodes were positive in 54/196 cases (27.5 %) and the cervical lymph nodes in 41/196 cases (20.9 %). In 12 out of the 66 cases with a pN+ status, the neck had been invaded without involvement of the intraparotideal lymph nodes (18.2 %). Male patients tended to suffer from more aggressive carcinomas, and high-grade subtypes presented significantly more frequently as locally advanced tumors. Higher grading was significantly associated with the involvement of the parotid (p < 0.001) and cervical (p < 0.001) lymph nodes. Intermediate and low-grade cases presented similar behavior concerning tumorous invasion of the lymphatic network of the parotid gland (p = 0.522) and the neck (p = 0.467). CONCLUSION The locoregional metastatic potential of parotid malignant tumors depends upon a variety of histopathologic factors, which have to be considered in the decision-making process concerning the management of locoregional lymph nodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regina Varga
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Ann-Kristin Iro
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Vivian Thimsen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Matti Sievert
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Abbas Agaimy
- Department of Pathology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Matthias Balk
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Robin Rupp
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Philipp Grundtner
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Michael Koch
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Heinrich Iro
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Konstantinos Mantsopoulos
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany.
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Mantsopoulos K, Thimsen V, Sievert M, Balk M, Grundtner P, Gostian AO, Koch M, Iro H. Limited parotid surgery as sole form of treatment for carefully selected malignant tumours of the parotid gland: Still sufficient on the long-term? Am J Otolaryngol 2023; 44:103735. [PMID: 36535225 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjoto.2022.103735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of the study was to investigate the oncological and functional outcome following extracapsular dissection as the sole form of treatment in locally limited low-grade malignant parotid tumours in the long term. METHODS The records of all patients treated for T1-T2 low-grade malignant tumours of the parotid gland solely by means of extracapsular dissection between 2005 and 2017 were studied retrospectively. RESULTS A total of 16 cases formed our study sample (7 men, 9 women). Their mean age was 50.2 years (21-84 years). Mean follow-up was 107 months (60-201 months). In 6 cases the tumour was an acinic cell carcinoma, in 9 cases a mucoepidermoid carcinoma and in one case a basal cell adenocarcinoma. Regarding the T category, the tumour was Tis in one case, T1 in 12 cases and T2 in three cases. The five-year disease-specific survival rate was 100 %, as was local disease control. Facial nerve function was House-Brackmann grade I without exception. CONCLUSIONS Our study showed very encouraging long-term results following primary extracapsular dissection as the sole surgical therapy for carefully selected low-stage, low-grade, inferiorly located lesions in patients with high compliance. LAY SUMMARY The "one-size-fits-all" strategy of complete parotidectomy with neck dissection might be tantamount to overtreatment by less aggressive cases of parotid cancer. Extracapsular dissection seems to be oncologically sufficient for carefully selected T1-T2 low-grade cases in the long-term in patients with ensured follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos Mantsopoulos
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Vivian Thimsen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Matti Sievert
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Matthias Balk
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Philipp Grundtner
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Antoniu-Oreste Gostian
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Michael Koch
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Heinrich Iro
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
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Kapsalas A, Thimsen V, Varga R, Agaimy A, Sievert M, Balk M, Rupp R, Koch M, Iro H, Mantsopoulos K. Investigation of locoregional metastatic behavior in low-grade malignant tumors of the parotid gland. Am J Otolaryngol 2023; 44:103824. [PMID: 36889143 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjoto.2023.103824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of the study was to investigate primary locoregional metastatic behavior in a large sample of low-grade malignant tumors of the parotid gland following surgical treatment consisting of complete parotidectomy and neck dissection. METHODS The records of all patients treated for low-grade malignant tumors of the parotid gland by complete parotidectomy and neck dissection between 2007 and 2022 were studied retrospectively. RESULTS 94 patients formed our study sample (50 females, 44 males, female to male ratio: 1.14). The mean age was 59 years (range 15-95 years). The mean number of lymph nodes in the specimen from complete parotidectomy was 3.33 (range: 0-12). The mean number of involved lymph nodes in the parotid gland was 0.05 (range: 0-1). The mean number of lymph nodes in the specimen from the ipsilateral neck dissection was 16.2 (range 4-42). The mean number of involved lymph nodes in the neck dissection specimen was 0.09 (range: 0-2). Comparison of T1-T2 vs. T3-T4 cases revealed no statistically significant difference concerning the tumorous involvement of the lymphatic network (x2 = 0.719, p = 0.396). CONCLUSION Low-grade primary malignant tumors of the parotid gland are characterized by an initially low metastatic potential, which justifies conservative forms of surgical treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Kapsalas
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Vivian Thimsen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Regina Varga
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Abbas Agaimy
- Department of Pathology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Matti Sievert
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Matthias Balk
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Robin Rupp
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Michael Koch
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Heinrich Iro
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Konstantinos Mantsopoulos
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany.
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Frequency and malignancy rate of incidental focal salivary gland lesions identified by 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2023; 280:357-364. [PMID: 35939059 DOI: 10.1007/s00405-022-07581-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE We aimed to evaluate the frequency and malignancy rate of incidental salivary gland lesions (ISGLs) in patients undergoing 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG)-positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT). METHODS Using a predefined algorithm, all descriptions of FDG-PET/CT scans performed in the North Denmark Region at the Department of Nuclear Medicine, Aalborg University Hospital from 1.12 2009 to 31.12 2019 were electronically searched for focal uptake in one or more salivary glands. RESULTS In total, 28,362 FDG-PET/CT scans were performed in the study period. ISGLs were found in 197 (0.7%). A total of 193 (98%) had parotid gland ISGL, and four (2%) had submandibular ISGL. No sublingual lesions were found. Ultimately, 117 patients (60%) were referred to the Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery for evaluation. Fine needle aspiration biopsy was performed in 97 patients, and the most frequent cytopathology was Warthin's tumour (n = 62). Two patients had verified malignancy: one with histopathologically proven acinic cell carcinoma and one with cytopathologically proven metastasis from an oral squamous cell carcinoma. CONCLUSIONS Incidental salivary gland findings on FDG-PET/CT are rare, and the risk of malignancy is low. Patients with ISGL may be evaluated secondary to the primary disease, but special attention should be given to patients with prior or known head-and-neck malignancies and patients with symptoms from the salivary glands, including swelling.
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Assessment of Parotid Gland Tumors by Means of Quantitative Multiparametric Ultrasound (mpUS). Diagnostics (Basel) 2022; 13:diagnostics13010012. [PMID: 36611304 PMCID: PMC9818404 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13010012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The preoperative diagnostical differentiation of parotid gland tumor (PGT) is not always simple due to several different entities. B-mode-ultrasound (US) remains the imaging modality of choice, while histopathology serves as the gold standard for finalizing the diagnosis. We aimed to evaluate the use of multiparametric US (mpUS) in the assessment of PGT. METHODS We included 97 PGTs from 96 patients. A standardized mpUS protocol using B-mode-US, shear-wave elastography (SWE), and standardized contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) was performed prior to surgical intervention. SWE was assessed by real-time measurement conducting a minimum of five measurements, while quantitative CEUS parameters were assessed with a post-processing perfusion software. RESULTS SWE allowed differentiation between benign PGT (Warthin's Tumor (WT) paired with lymph nodes (LN) and pleomorphic adenoma (PA)), and WT and LN were softer compared to PA. WT showed lower velocities than squamous cell carcinoma (SCC): the most common malignant PGT. CEUS parameters showed significant group differences between WT and PA, WT and malignant lesions, WT and SCC, WT paired with LN versus PA, and WT paired with LN versus SCC. CONCLUSION MpUS seems to be beneficial in the assessment of PGT characterization, with benign PGT appearing to be softer in SWE than tumors with malignant tendencies. The quantitative CEUS parameter shows higher perfusion in WT than in PA, and malignant PGTs are less vascularized than WTs.
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Role of Intra-Parotid Lymph Node Metastasis in Primary Parotid Carcinoma. LIFE (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:life12122053. [PMID: 36556418 PMCID: PMC9781477 DOI: 10.3390/life12122053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The parotid gland contains intra-glandular lymph nodes, the distribution of which is crucial for understanding the pathogenesis of intra-parotid lymph node metastases of parotid carcinoma and other head and neck carcinomas. Positive intra-parotid lymph node metastasis predicts the risk of positive cervical nodal metastasis. It is important to establish whether prophylactic neck dissection, including intra-parotid lymph nodes, contributes to treatment outcomes. The presence or absence of intra-parotid lymph nodes or metastasis-positive lymph nodes warrants further study. A preoperative diagnosis by imaging and fine-needle aspiration cytology of intra-parotid lymph nodes is difficult. Although intraoperative frozen section biopsy is performed during surgery, it is challenging to identify intra-parotid lymph nodes. The number of lymph nodes was the largest (47%) in the lower half of the superficial lobe, with 35% of nodes being concentrated in the inferior part of the cervicofacial branch, i.e., the lower pole of the parotid gland. Therefore, superficial parotidectomy and lower pole lobectomy need to be performed in cases in which a malignant tumor localizes to the superficial lobe or a lower pole. When intra-parotid lymph node metastases are detected during surgery, selective neck dissection (at least levels II and III) needs to be simultaneously performed.
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[Diagnostics and treatment of secondary malignancies of the parotid gland-An overview]. HNO 2022; 71:223-231. [PMID: 35579673 DOI: 10.1007/s00106-022-01178-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Secondary malignancies of the parotid gland frequently have a cutaneous origin and the incidence in central Europe is increasing. OBJECTIVE The aim of this review article was to present the epidemiology, (differential) diagnostics and treatment of secondary malignancies of the parotid gland. MATERIAL AND METHODS A literature search of the current guidelines and evidence was carried out in the web-based databank PubMed. RESULTS The incidence of secondary malignancies of the parotid gland seems to be increasing in Europe, mainly due to a rising incidence of metastases of cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas. Except for malignant lymphomas, parotidectomy is the treatment of choice in the curative situation. In the absence of clear evidence, in the case of an intact facial nerve lateral or total parotidectomy with ipsilateral neck dissection seems to be indicated, depending on the entity of the secondary malignancy. CONCLUSION The differential diagnostics of squamous cell carcinoma (in) of the parotid gland can be complicated. When a squamous cell carcinoma of the parotid gland is diagnosed for the first time, a dermatological full body examination and a detailed medical history should be taken with respect to skin tumors of the head and neck region. In addition to surgical treatment of the parotid gland and neck, adjuvant radiotherapy is usually indicated.
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Current Issues in Treatment of Parotid Gland Cancer and Advanced Surgical Technique of Robotic Parotidectomy. Curr Oncol Rep 2022; 24:203-208. [DOI: 10.1007/s11912-021-01167-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Bradley PJ. Parotid lymph nodes in primary malignant salivary neoplasms. Curr Opin Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2021; 30:99-106. [DOI: 10.1097/moo.0000000000000772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Fussey J, Tomasoni M, Tirelli G, Giordano L, Galli A, Colangeli R, Cazzador D, Tofanelli M, Da Mosto MC, Bianchini C, Pelucchi S, Ubayasiri K, Elsayed M, Long P, Saratziotis A, Hajiioannou J, Piazza C, Deganello A, Lombardi D, Nicolai P, Pracy P, Sharma N, Nankivell P, Borsetto D, Boscolo-Rizzo P. Prognostic indicators in clinically node-negative malignant primary salivary tumours of the parotid: A multicentre experience. Oral Oncol 2021; 123:105577. [PMID: 34742011 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2021.105577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Nodal metastasis is an important prognosticator in primary parotid cancers. The management of the clinically node-negative neck is an area lacking consensus. This study investigates the occult nodal metastasis rate, and prognostic indicators in primary parotid cancers. MATERIALS AND METHODS We performed a multicentre retrospective case note review of patients diagnosed and treated surgically with curative intent between 1997 and 2020. Demographic, clinic-pathological and follow-up data was recorded. RESULTS After exclusions, 334 patients were included for analysis, with a median follow-up of 48 months. The overall rate of occult lymph node metastasis amongst patients undergoing elective neck dissection was 22.4%, with older age, high-grade and more advanced primary tumours being associated with higher rates. On multivariable analysis, age ≥ 60 years (HR = 2.69, p = 0.004), high-grade tumours (HR = 2.70, p = 0.005) and advanced primary tumours (pT3-4, HR = 2.06, p = 0.038) were associated with worse overall survival. Occult nodal metastasis on final pathology was associated with a close-to-significant reduction in regional recurrence free survival (HR = 3.18, p = 0.076). CONCLUSION This large series confirms the significant occult lymph node metastasis rate in primary parotid cancer, and demonstrates the importance of primary histology, tumour grade and stage in predicting survival outcome. This data supports the use of elective neck dissection in patients with high-risk tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Fussey
- Department of ENT Head & Neck Surgery, University Hospitals Birmingham, UK
| | - Michele Tomasoni
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Brescia, Italy.
| | - Giancarlo Tirelli
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, Section of Otolaryngology, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Leone Giordano
- Otorhinolaryngology - Head & Neck Surgery Department, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milano, Lombardia, Italy
| | - Andrea Galli
- Otorhinolaryngology - Head & Neck Surgery Department, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, Milano, Lombardia, Italy
| | - Roberta Colangeli
- Department of Neurosciences, Section of Otolaryngology, University of Padova, Padova, Veneto, Italy
| | - Diego Cazzador
- Department of Neurosciences, Section of Otolaryngology, University of Padova, Padova, Veneto, Italy
| | - Margherita Tofanelli
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, Section of Otolaryngology, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Maria Cristina Da Mosto
- Department of Neurosciences, Section of Otolaryngology, University of Padova, Treviso, Italy
| | | | | | - Kishan Ubayasiri
- Department of ENT Head & Neck Surgery, University Hospitals Nottingham, UK
| | - Mahmoud Elsayed
- Department of ENT Head & Neck Surgery, University Hospitals Nottingham, UK
| | - Patrick Long
- Department of ENT Head & Neck Surgery, University Hospitals Nottingham, UK
| | - Athanasios Saratziotis
- ENT Department of Otolaryngology, General University Hospital of Larissa, Larissa, Thessaly, Greece
| | - Jiannis Hajiioannou
- ENT Department of Otolaryngology, General University Hospital of Larissa, Larissa, Thessaly, Greece
| | - Cesare Piazza
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Brescia, Italy
| | - Alberto Deganello
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Brescia, Italy
| | - Davide Lombardi
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Brescia, Italy
| | - Piero Nicolai
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Brescia, Italy
| | - Paul Pracy
- Department of ENT Head & Neck Surgery, University Hospitals Birmingham, UK
| | - Neil Sharma
- Department of ENT Head & Neck Surgery, University Hospitals Birmingham, UK
| | - Paul Nankivell
- Department of ENT Head & Neck Surgery, University Hospitals Birmingham, UK
| | | | - Paolo Boscolo-Rizzo
- Department of Neurosciences, Section of Otolaryngology, University of Padova, Treviso, Italy
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15
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Jia CH, Wang SY, Li Q, Qiu JM, Kuai XP. Conventional, diffusion, and dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI findings for differentiating metaplastic Warthin's tumor of the parotid gland. Sci Prog 2021; 104:368504211018583. [PMID: 34003684 PMCID: PMC10455002 DOI: 10.1177/00368504211018583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to explore conventional, diffusion, and dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI (DCE-MRI) characteristics for differentiating metaplastic Warthin's tumor (MWT) from other tumor types of the parotid gland, including non-metaplastic Warthin's tumor (non-MWT), pleomorphic adenoma (PA), and malignant tumor (MT). A total of 178 patients with histologically proven tumors of the parotid gland, including 21 MWTs, 49 non-MWTs, 66 PAs, and 42 MTs, were enrolled in the study. Conventional MRI was performed in all patients. One hundred and fifty patients had preoperative diffusion-weighted MR imaging (DWI), and 62 patients had preoperative DCE-MRI. The differences in the conventional, DCE-MRI, and DWI records between MWTs and the other three tumor types were statistically evaluated. Compared with non-MWTs and PAs, there was a statistically significant difference in circumscription (p < 0.01). The ill-defined circumscription was more common in MWTs than non-MWTs and PAs. Compared with PAs, there was a statistically significant difference in morphology (p < 0.05). The lobulated morphology was more common in PAs than MWTs. Compared with PAs and MTs, there was a statistically significant difference in the T2 signal of the solid component (p < 0.01). The T2 moderate intensity of solid components was more common in MWTs than PAs and MTs. The solid components of PAs mostly showed hyperintense on T2-weighted imaging. Cyst/necrosis was more common in MWTs than PAs and MTs. Hyperintense of cyst/necrosis was more common in MWTs and non-MWTs. With respect to contrast enhancement, 52.4% MWTs exhibited moderate or marked enhancement, and most non-MWTs (81.6%) exhibited mild enhancement. Most PAs (84.8%) exhibited marked enhancement. The mean ADC value of MWTs (0.94 × 10-3 ± 0.11 mm2/s) was significantly lower than that of the PAs (1.60 × 10-3 ± 0.17 mm2/s) (p < 0.001). On DCE-MRI, six of eight MWTs demonstrated TIC of type B. Although MWT is rare, conventional MRI characteristics, DWI and DCE-MRI can provide useful information for differentiating MWT from other parotid mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan-Hai Jia
- Department of Radiology, The Affiliated Changshu Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Changshu, Jiangsu, China
| | - Sheng-Yu Wang
- Department of Radiology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Jiading, Shanghai, China
| | - Qin Li
- Department of Radiology, The Affiliated Changshu Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Changshu, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jia-Ming Qiu
- Department of Pathology, The Affiliated Changshu Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Changshu, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xin-Ping Kuai
- Department of Radiology, The Affiliated Changshu Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Changshu, Jiangsu, China
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16
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Kim HJ, Yoon DY, Hong JH, Yun EJ, Baek S, Kim ES, Park MW, Kwon KH. Intra-parotid lymph node metastasis in patients with non-cutaneous head and neck cancers: clinical and imaging features for differentiation from simultaneous parotid primary tumor. Acta Radiol 2020; 61:1628-1635. [PMID: 32138522 DOI: 10.1177/0284185120908137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although uncommon, intra-parotid lymph node (IPLN) metastasis should be considered in the differential diagnosis of parotid masses in patients with head and neck cancers. PURPOSE To compare the clinical and imaging features of IPLN metastases from head and neck cancers and simultaneous parotid primary tumors. MATERIAL AND METHODS A retrospective review of 2199 patients with non-parotid head and neck cancers revealed 63 patients who also underwent parotidectomy during curative resection of head and neck cancer. After exclusion of direct extension to the parotid gland from adjacent primary tumors (n = 12) and IPLN metastases from skin cancer (n = 5), the final study group was composed of 46 patients, including 26 (1.2%) with 33 IPLN metastases and 20 (0.9%) with 24 simultaneous parotid primary tumors. We compared clinical features of patients (sex, age, site of primary tumor, histologic type, history of prior treatment for malignancy, TNM stages, side of parotid lesion, multiplicity, and metastasis in ipsilateral cervical LNs) and the CT (location in parotid gland, maximum dimension, margins, and central necrosis or cystic change) and 18F-FDG PET/CT (maximum standardized uptake value) findings. RESULTS Ipsilateral level II LN metastasis was more frequent in the IPLN metastasis group than in the simultaneous parotid primary tumor group (73.1% vs. 35.0%, P < 0.05). Imaging features such as location in parotid gland, maximum dimension, margins, central necrosis or cystic change, and maximum standardized uptake value showed no significant differences between the two groups. CONCLUSION CT and PET/CT findings of IPLN metastasis are indistinguishable from simultaneous parotid primary tumor in patients with head and neck cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Jeong Kim
- Department of Radiology, Kangnam Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae Young Yoon
- Department of Radiology, Kangdong Seong-Sim Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hyun Hong
- Department of Radiology, Kangdong Seong-Sim Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Joo Yun
- Department of Radiology, Kangdong Seong-Sim Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sora Baek
- Department of Radiology, Kangdong Seong-Sim Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Soo Kim
- Department of Radiology, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Anyang, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Woo Park
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Ilsong Memorial Institute of Head and Neck Cancer, Kangdong Seong-Sim Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kee Hwan Kwon
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Ilsong Memorial Institute of Head and Neck Cancer, Kangdong Seong-Sim Hospital, Hallym University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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17
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Guntinas-Lichius O, Thielker J, Robbins KT, Olsen KD, Shaha AR, Mäkitie AA, de Bree R, Vander Poorten V, Quer M, Rinaldo A, Kowalski LP, Rodrigo JP, Hamoir M, Ferlito A. Prognostic role of intraparotid lymph node metastasis in primary parotid cancer: Systematic review. Head Neck 2020; 43:997-1008. [PMID: 33169420 DOI: 10.1002/hed.26541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The prognostic importance of intraparotid lymph node metastasis (P+) in patients with primary parotid gland carcinoma is unclear. METHODS Nineteen retrospective and noncomparative cohort studies, published between 1992 and 2020, met the inclusion criteria and included 2202 patients for this systematic review. RESULTS The pooled prevalence of the P in adult patients in the unselected studies was 24.10% (95% confidence interval = 17.95-30.25). The number of P+ lymph nodes per patient was counted in only three studies and ranged from 1 to 11. The 5-year recurrence-free survival rate based on Kaplan-Meier analysis varied from 83% to 88% in P- patients compared to 36% to 54% in P+ patients. The average hazard ratio for tumor recurrence in patients with P+ compared to P- was 2.67 ± 0.58. CONCLUSIONS P+ is an independent negative prognostic factor in primary parotid gland cancer and should be included into the treatment planning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orlando Guntinas-Lichius
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany.,Facial Nerve Center, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany.,Multidisciplinary Salivary Gland Society, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Jovanna Thielker
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany.,Facial Nerve Center, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - K Thomas Robbins
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Southern Illinois University, Springfield, Illinois, USA
| | - Kerry D Olsen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Ashok R Shaha
- Head and Neck Service, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Antti A Mäkitie
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.,Research Program in Systems Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Division of Ear, Nose and Throat Diseases, Department of Clinical Sciences, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institute and Karolinska Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Remco de Bree
- Department of Head and Neck Surgical Oncology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Vincent Vander Poorten
- Multidisciplinary Salivary Gland Society, Geneva, Switzerland.,Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospitals Leuven and Department of Oncology, Section Head and Neck Oncology, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Miquel Quer
- Multidisciplinary Salivary Gland Society, Geneva, Switzerland.,Department of Otolaryngology, Hospital Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Luiz Paulo Kowalski
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery and Otorhinolaryngology, A.C. Camargo Cancer Center, and Division of Head and Neck Surgery, Sao Paulo State University Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Juan Pablo Rodrigo
- Servicio de Otorrinolaringología, Hospital Universitario Central de Asturias, Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Marc Hamoir
- Department of Head & Neck Surgery, St Luc University Hospital and King Albert II Cancer Institute, Brussels, Belgium; Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Alfio Ferlito
- Coordinator of the International Head and Neck Scientific Group, Padua, Italy
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18
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Abou-Foul AK. Surgical anatomy of the lymphatic drainage of the salivary glands: a systematic review. J Laryngol Otol 2020; 134:1-7. [PMID: 33023690 DOI: 10.1017/s0022215120002054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nodal metastasis in salivary gland malignancies has important clinical implications; a good understanding of their complex anatomy is paramount to the head and neck surgeon. METHODS A contemporary and comprehensive literature review was conducted of the lymphatic drainage of the salivary glands, with special emphasis on its surgical applications. RESULTS The parotid gland has extraglandular and intraglandular nodes acting as a single functional drainage unit. Intraglandular parotid notes are unique to the parotid gland, and consist of a larger superficial group and a smaller deep group. The presence of intraglandular submandibular nodes, as described by early anatomists, is much debated nowadays. The sublingual glands drain to the lingual lymph nodes, which are divided into median, intermediate and lateral groups. CONCLUSION This review highlights the complex arrangements of lymph nodes draining the salivary glands. It may provide a valid anatomical explanation for the nodal metastasis patterns commonly seen in salivary gland malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- A K Abou-Foul
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, St Mary's Hospital, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
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19
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Sönmez S, Orhan KS, Kara E, Büyük M, Aydemir L, Asliyüksek H. Determining the number and distribution of intraparotid lymph nodes according to parotidectomy classification of European Salivary Gland Society: Cadaveric study. Head Neck 2020; 42:3685-3692. [PMID: 32840937 DOI: 10.1002/hed.26434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Revised: 03/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To investigate the distribution of the parotid gland's intraglandular lymph nodes using the parotidectomy zones determined by the parotidectomy classification of the European Salivary Gland Society (ESGS). MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 128 parotid glands were dissected from 64 fresh cadavers, by bilateral parotidectomy without additional incision within the standard autopsy procedure, and categorized. RESULTS Eighty-six percent of the IGLNs were located in the superficial lobe and 14% in the deep lobe. An average of 7.09 ± 3.55 IGLNs were found for each of the gland; there were 6.11 ± 3.28 in the superficial lobe and 0.98 ± 1.46 in the deep lobe. While the most common lymph nodes were found in level 2 with 47.7%, only 5% of IGLNs were at level 4. According to the proposed modification, the most common lymph nodes (35.24%) were located at level 2B. CONCLUSION Level 2B was found to contain significantly more lymph nodes than other levels, which has not been evaluated before in literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Said Sönmez
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, University of Istanbul, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Kadir Serkan Orhan
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, University of Istanbul, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Erdoğan Kara
- Ministry of Justice Council of Forensic Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Melek Büyük
- Department of Pathology, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, University of Istanbul, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Levent Aydemir
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, University of Istanbul, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Hızır Asliyüksek
- Ministry of Justice Council of Forensic Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
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20
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Wu J, Fang Q, Liu F, Zhang X. Intraparotid node metastases in adults with parotid mucoepidermoid cancer: an indicator of prognosis? Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2020; 58:525-529. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bjoms.2019.10.323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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21
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Niu X, Fang Q, Liu F. Role of intraparotid node metastasis in mucoepidermoid carcinoma of the parotid gland. BMC Cancer 2019; 19:417. [PMID: 31053107 PMCID: PMC6500062 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-019-5637-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prognostic factors for parotid mucoepidermoid carcinoma (MEC) usually include disease grade, tumor stage, node stage, perineural invasion, and lymphovascular invasion. But the role of intraparotid nodes (IPNs) remains unclear, therefore, the study aimed to analyze the significance of IPNs in predicting recurrence in parotid MEC. METHODS One hundred and ninety patients were included for analysis finally. Data regarding demography, pathological characteristics, IPN metastasis, TNM stage, follow up was collected and evaluated. The recurrence-free survival (RFS) was the main study endpoint. RESULTS A total of 47 (24.7%) patients had IPN metastasis, and the IPN metastasis was significantly related to tumor stage, pathologic N stage, lymph-vascular invasion, perineural invasion, and disease grade. Recurrence occurred in 34 (17.9%) patients. For patients without IPN metastasis, the 10-year RFS rate was 88%, for patients with IPN metastasis, the 10-year RFS rate was 54%, the difference was significant (p < 0.001). Further Cox model analysis confirmed the independence of IPN metastasis in predicting the prognosis. CONCLUSION The IPN metastasis is relatively common in parotid MEC, it is significantly related to tumor stage and disease grade, IPN metastasis means worse recurrence-free survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingyu Niu
- Department of Oral Medicine, The First Affiliated hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qigen Fang
- Department of Head Neck and Thyroid, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Fei Liu
- Department of Oral Medicine, The First Affiliated hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, People’s Republic of China
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22
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Feng Y, Liu F, Cheng G, Fang Q, Niu X, He W. Significance of intraparotid node metastasis in predicting local control in primary parotid cancer. Laryngoscope 2018; 129:2309-2312. [PMID: 30549298 DOI: 10.1002/lary.27701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yanping Feng
- Department of Oral Medicinethe First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou People's Republic of China
| | - Fei Liu
- Department of Oral Medicinethe First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou People's Republic of China
| | - Guangyan Cheng
- Department of Oral Medicinethe First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou People's Republic of China
| | - Qigen Fang
- Department of Head and NeckAffiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Cancer Hospital Zhengzhou People's Republic of China
| | - Xinyu Niu
- Department of Oral Medicinethe First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou People's Republic of China
| | - Wei He
- Department of Oral Medicinethe First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou People's Republic of China
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23
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Onder L, Ludewig B. A Fresh View on Lymph Node Organogenesis. Trends Immunol 2018; 39:775-787. [DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2018.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Revised: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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24
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Wertz AP, Durham AB, Malloy KM, Johnson TM, Bradford CR, McLean SA. Total versus superficial parotidectomy for stage III melanoma. Head Neck 2017; 39:1665-1670. [DOI: 10.1002/hed.24810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Aileen P. Wertz
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery; University of Michigan Health System; Ann Arbor Michigan
| | - Alison B. Durham
- Department of Dermatology; University of Michigan Health System; Ann Arbor Michigan
| | - Kelly M. Malloy
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery; University of Michigan Health System; Ann Arbor Michigan
| | - Timothy M. Johnson
- Department of Dermatology; University of Michigan Health System; Ann Arbor Michigan
| | - Carol R. Bradford
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery; University of Michigan Health System; Ann Arbor Michigan
| | - Scott A. McLean
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery; University of Michigan Health System; Ann Arbor Michigan
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25
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Mantsopoulos K, Koch M, Iro H. Extracapsular dissection as sole therapy for small low-grade malignant tumors of the parotid gland. Laryngoscope 2017; 127:1804-1807. [DOI: 10.1002/lary.26482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Revised: 11/17/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos Mantsopoulos
- Department of Otolaryngology, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery; Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU); Erlangen Germany
| | - Michael Koch
- Department of Otolaryngology, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery; Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU); Erlangen Germany
| | - Heinrich Iro
- Department of Otolaryngology, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery; Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU); Erlangen Germany
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