“Non-filling” procedures for lip augmentation: A systematic review of contemporary techniques and their outcomes

The effects of VY closure on lip morphology after Le Fort I maxillary advancement: A systematic review

VY closure of the Le Fort 1 incision may commonly be indicated to mitigate the lip shortening effects of maxillary advancement. The objective of this systematic review was to investigate if VY closure prevents lip shortening when compared with conventional continuous closure (CS) methods, in patients who underwent le fort 1 maxillary advancement. PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Library databases were accessed. Hand searching was also performed. Observational studies, non-randomised and randomized controlled trials were included if Le Fort 1 maxillary advancement was performed to correct a dentofacial deformity. Comparisons were made between VY and CS, and morphological changes to the upper lip were evaluated. The demographic data, study methodology, magnitude of maxillary movements and outcomes related to the lip morphology (length, vermillion exposure, thickness and angulation) were extracted. The search yielded 487 articles. Six studies were included after the application of the selection criteria. A total of 100 and 94 patients received CS and VY respectively. VY was not found to reliably prevent lip shortening. VY was more likely to mitigate lip shortening when there is a large maxillary advancement. It was consistent for a protrusive or "rolled-out" lip morphology to occur after a VY closure. This was demonstrated by the increase in lip vermillion exposure, thickness, and angulation. VY closure was a useful adjunctive technique in patients undergoing large maxillary advancements to mitigate the lip shortening effect from the procedure. Surgeons who employ this technique must also be aware of the consequence of a more protrusive lip with increased vermillion exposure and assess if this would be aesthetically desirable for the individual patient.

Intralabial Lip Compartments and Their Potential Clinical Relevance

BACKGROUND

Aesthetic soft-tissue filler injections for lip enhancement are popular and performed throughout the world. When injecting lips with a cannula, as the cannula is advanced, resistance is perceived in consistent locations, potentially indicating boundaries between intralabial compartments.

OBJECTIVE

We aimed to investigate whether intralabial compartments exist and, if so, to describe their volumes, location, boundaries, and dimensions.

METHODS

This cadaveric study investigated a total of 20 human body donors (13 male, seven female) with a mean (SD) age at death of 61.9 years (23.9) and body mass index of 24.3 kg/m 2 (3.7). The investigated cohort included 11 White donors, eight Asian donors, and one Black donor. Dye injections simulating minimally invasive lip treatments were conducted.

RESULTS

Independent of sex or race, six anterior and six posterior compartments in the upper and lower lip were identified, for a total of 24 lip compartments. Compartment boundaries were formed by vertically oriented septations that were found in consistent locations. The anterior compartments had volumes ranging from 0.30 to 0.39 cc; the posterior compartment volume ranged from 0.44 to 0.52 cc. The compartment volumes were larger centrally and decreased gradually toward the oral commissure.

CONCLUSIONS

The volume and size of each of 24 compartments contribute to the overall appearance and shape of the lips. To achieve a natural lip shape preserving aesthetic outcome it may be preferable to administer the volumizing product using a compartment-respecting injection approach.

Different Techniques and Quantitative Measurements in Upper lip lift: A Systematic Review

BACKGROUND

The upper lip area is an important component of facial aesthetics, and aging produces an increase in the vertical height of the upper lip. Different upper lip lifting techniques are described in the literature.

OBJECTIVES

This systematic review aimed to assess both invasive and noninvasive upper lip lifting techniques with patient satisfaction, adverse effects, and quantitative measurements of lifting efficiency.

METHODS

This study was conducted per PRISMA guidelines. MEDLINE (via PubMed), EMBASE (OvidSP), and Cochrane Library database were searched from September 14, 2022, to October 12, 2022. Inclusion criteria were reporting on upper lip lift efficiency with quantitative measurements of the lifting degree.

RESULTS

Out of 495 studies through the search strategy, nine articles were included in the systematic review, eight for surgical procedures and one for nonsurgical. Surgical procedures seem to have better longevity than nonsurgical techniques. Reported patient satisfaction for both surgical and nonsurgical treatments was good with no severe complaints. The quantitative measures differ between researches and may be classified into two metrics: anatomy ratio computation using photographic analysis or direct height measurement with a caliper and precise parameters utilizing a three-dimensional method.

CONCLUSION

In general, surgical therapies seem to have a longer-lasting lifting effect on upper lip lifts with an inevitable scar, while nonsurgical techniques are minimally invasive but temporary. There was a lack of consistency in the measurements used to assess lifting efficiency. A consistent quantitative assessment can be beneficial for both clinical decision-making and high-level evidence research.

LEVEL OF EVIDENCE III

This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .

Lip Lift Techniques in Smile Design

The lips are the main aesthetic component of the facial lower third and simultaneously a substantial element for an ideally perceived smile. One of the most accepted and common procedures that is widely used to enhance the shape and contours of the upper lip is the lip lift. With a careful treatment plan and a professional surgery, a lip lift can reliably be used for the reduction of the philtrum height, enlargement of the upper vermilion, improvement of the dental show, restoration of facial aesthetic proportions, and creation of an enchanting smile.

An Overview of Maxillofacial Approaches to Smile Design

The oral and maxillofacial surgeon (OMS) has the knowledge and skills to make drastic skeletal changes in favor of a more cosmetic smile. OMS can alter intraoral and extraoral soft tissues to make subtle or significant changes in facial cosmesis. This article provides an overview of the scope of the OMS in smile design. The authors provide a cursory review of pertinent gross and surgical facial anatomy, discuss the role of orthognathic surgery and rhinoplasty in smile cosmesis, and describe the fundamentals of common cosmetic procedures ranging from gingivoplasty to lip lift and lip augmentation and the use of neurotoxins.

Lip Lift

The perioral area can be an important feature to convey femininity, particularly when speaking and smiling. A feminine lip has a shorter distance between the nasal sill and the vermillion border, fullness of the vermillion, and a few millimeters of tooth show with the mouth slightly open. The keys to a good outcome are incision design that respects the natural anatomy, placing the tension of the lift deep to the dermis to take tension off of the skin incision, determining the appropriate amount of lift for the patient's anatomy, and not violating the orbicularis oris.

The Ideal Lips: Lessons Learnt from the Literature

Defining the ideal dimensions and proportions of the human face has been attempted for centuries, popularised in the Renaissance period by artists including Leonardo Da Vinci. The lips are part of the lower third of the face and are central to lower face aesthetics and the overall symmetry of the face. They also place an important part in conveying facial emotions and expressions. Full lips with well-defined Cupid's bow have always been associated with youth and beauty. The approval of hyaluronic acid use for tissue augmentation and the prevalence of social media have caused an exponential increase in lip augmentation procedures (Linkov et al. in Arch Plast Surg 46(3):248-254, 2019), as such researchers and aestheticians have focused on characterising the ideal lips mathematically to help guide clinicians. This narrative review will summarise the available evidence in the literature pertaining to the ideal lips, taking into account age, ethnicity and gender differences. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE III: This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .

The Rhino-Lip-Lifting: A Novel Proposal for Midface Profileplasty Performed as a Single Surgical Procedure

As facial aging occurs, aesthetic changes of the nasal tip and the senile upper lip include tip ptosis, increase in skin length, loss of vermillion height and Cupid's bow, and vertical wrinkles.Regardless of the rejuvenation procedure, the lips are not to be considered as a single anatomical entity, instead they should be placed in a strong correlation with the nose. The aim of this study is therefore to demonstrate the effectiveness of the association of primary closed rhinoplasty together with indirect subnasal lip-lifting technique.A total of 45 patients were enrolled in this study and underwent primary closed rhinoplasty with indirect subnasal lip-lifting. The result showed an overall average nasolabial angle width reduction of 10.9% and lip length shortening of 23.5%, as assessed 1 year after the surgical procedure. When comparing before and after photographs and using the Subjective Global Aesthetic Improvement Scale (sGAIS), the overall satisfaction was rated 4.4 on 5, as "much improved."The authors show that lips should not be considered as a single anatomical entity but that they indeed must be placed in a strong correlation with the nose since a droopy nasal tip is likely to be considered unattractive and is often associated with the appearance of a long nose with covered philtrum and upper lip.Tip rotation to a normal nasolabial angle width could grant a beneficial impact on overall nose aesthetics; however, it may not fully balance the midface profile as it is the "lip position-to-incisal show" ratio that defines beauty, whereas the balance among forehead, nasal tip, upper lip, and chin is what defines the contour of harmonious profiles.This is the first patient series to show that the combination of closed rhinoplasty and indirect lip-lifting is a highly effective, safe, and reliable procedure to address profile rejuvenation.

Analysis of upper lip appearance after surgical lip augmentation procedure "VY in VY": Progress of results

INTRODUCTION

Many materials and techniques were used for lip augmentation, whereas in the last years all attention is paid for filling material, and long-lasting surgical techniques were ignored.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

This study includes 12 candidate patients for upper lip augmentation; all are females, their age range 21-24 years. Standardized anterior and lateral photographs of each subject were taken at: preoperative, 2, 4, and 12 months later, and were analysed using digital imaging software to quantify postoperative changes. We used t-test of correlated samples to detect any statistical significance and Interclass correlation coefficient test (ICC) for reliability that proved the reliability and reproducibility of our method.

RESULTS

there were statistically significant improvements in al parameters that characterize the fullness of the upper lip. These changes was observed from the 2^nd month (P<0.05) and continued improving until the 4^th month (P<0.05), after that they appeared to be stable (P>0.05). These changes were at the 12^th month postoperative in: upper white lip (-9%), upper red lip (53%), upper red lip area (63%), protrusion (41%) and nasolabial angle (-7%). There was no statistical significance in the change of Cupid's bow curvature (P-value = 0.104 > 0.05).

CONCLUSIONS

VY in VY for upper lip augmentation improves the parameters that define the youthful and fully appearance of the upper lip and the progress of results may be predictable. These improvements appear to be stable from the 4th month. Also, it doesn't change the Cupid's bow curvature.

Lip Augmentation Using Post-Auricular Fibroareolar Tissue as a New Autogenous Filler

BACKGROUND

Augmentation of facial components is an acceptable approach in facial aesthetics. The best filler material and the optimal technique for facial soft tissue augmentation still remain to be determined. This study has assessed the lip augmentation using post-auricular fibroareolar tissue as a new autogenous filler.

METHODS

This prospective study enrolled patients who were candidate for lip augmentation. Loose fibroareolar tissue was harvested from post-auricular region and was inserted in the prepared lip pocket. Standard digital photography was used for lip analysis in each patient before and 6 months after surgery (the height and projection of the upper lip and lower lip).

RESULTS

At a mean follow-up period of 6 months, average upper and lower lip height increased from 5.27 to 8.72 mm (p<0.001), and the average upper and lower lip projection increased from 3.97 to 7.75 mm (p<0.001).

CONCLUSION

Our technique was minimally invasive and a safe method, in which post-auricular loose fibroareolar tissue was applied for lip augmentation with minimum donor site morbidity and long-term results. On the follow-up, all patients were satisfied with the results and no patients required any revision operation. Moreover, the complication rate was negligible.

Surgical Method of a Corner Mouth Lift

Background:

The mouth and perioral area play a primary role in emotional expression, and these are among the most important areas projecting youth and attractiveness. A downturned corner of the mouth presents negative feelings such as sadness, depression, and tiredness. A corner mouth lift (CML) may restore more attractive and youthful appearance, which can favorably affect first impression, self-esteem, and the quality of life in patients.

Methods:

From December 2016 to September 2018, 498 patients underwent a CML. There were 434 women and 64 men. The mean age was 38.99 years (19–63 years) and 34.19 years (21–67 years) in female and male patients, respectively. A total of 432 cases (86.7%) were primary surgical cases, whereas 66 (13.3%) were secondary cases. There were 178 patients (35.7%) who only underwent CML, whereas the remaining patients (64.3%) underwent the CML contemporarily with other perioral surgery such as subnasal lift.

Results:

Most patients were satisfied with the results. However, some patients showed unsatisfactory outcomes such as hypertrophic scar, asymmetry, persistent swelling, or undercorrection. The most common complaints immediately after surgery were swelling and bruise, which were improved spontaneously within 1–2 weeks. Postoperative scar and undercorrection were the most common complications that required revision surgery.

Conclusions:

CML showed reliable and satisfactory outcomes in most patients. It could be a good option for patients who desire CML regardless of their age.

Proposed Guide to Lip Treatment in Caucasian Women Using Objective and Measurable Parameters

BACKGROUND

The lips are a focal point of the face; however, their aesthetic proportions and effect on perceived facial beauty remain poorly defined. Perioral aging is highly individual, with several distinct and often simultaneous processes contributing to changes in lip contour and surface. These processes can affect lip volume and length, shape, and the degree of vermilion inversion.

OBJECTIVES

We aimed to develop a treatment guide for Caucasian women that combined a complete analysis of the lips (including the effects of aging) with consideration of the rheological characteristics of the products used to assist practitioners in tailoring rejuvenation treatment to individual patients.

METHODS

We reviewed existing literature to analyze the parameters that make the lips of Caucasian women "attractive" and investigated the rheological characteristics of different hyaluronic fillers to provide guidance on the optimal treatment for each woman.

RESULTS

Our numerical definition of the lips is based on 4 specific parameters: philtrum height, upper vermillion height, ratio between philtrum and upper vermillion height, and golden ratio between upper and lower vermillion height. In our opinion, conserving the length of hyaluronic acid chains results in dynamic fillers that may provide better results with lower risk of asymmetry compared with conventional products.

CONCLUSIONS

This new classification and associated treatment guideline aims to allow accurate assessment and enable practitioners to customize treatment for individual patients.

Perception of upper lip augmentation utilizing simulated photography

BACKGROUND

No head to head comparison is available between surgical lip lifting and upper lip filler injections to decide which technique yields the best results in patients. Despite the growing popularity of upper lip augmentation, its effect on societal perceptions of attractiveness, successfulness and overall health in woman is unknown.

METHODS

Blinded casual observers viewed three versions of independent images of 15 unique patient lower faces for a total of 45 images. Observers rated the attractiveness, perceived success, and perceived overall health for each patient image. Facial perception questions were answered on a visual analog scale from 0 to 100, where higher scores corresponded to more positive responses.

RESULTS

Two hundred and seventeen random observers with an average age of 47 years (standard deviation, 15.9) rated the images. The majority of observers were females (n=183, 84%) of white race (n=174, 80%) and had at least some college education (n=202, 93%). The marginal mean score for perceived attractiveness from the natural condition was 1.5 points (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.9-2.18) higher than perceived attractiveness from the simulated upper lip filler injection condition, and 2.6 points higher (95% CI, 1.95-3.24) than the simulated upper lip lift condition. There was a moderate to strong correlation between the scores of the same observer.

CONCLUSIONS

Simulated upper lip augmentation is amenable to social perception analysis. Scores of the same observer for attractiveness, successfulness, and overall health are strongly correlated. Overall, the natural condition had the highest scores in all categories, followed by simulated upper lip filler, and lastly simulated upper lip lift.

Technical and Clinical Considerations for Facial Feminization Surgery With Rhinoplasty and Related Procedures

Importance

Together with the forehead reconstruction, feminization of the nose is one of the most common procedures in facial feminization surgery. Rhinoplasty surgical techniques, which provide correct support and stability in the midterm to long term, are essential for obtaining a predictable result.

Objective

To report on the technical and clinical considerations of rhinoplasty and related procedures to feminize the nose, harmonize the nose in relation to the other modified structures (mainly the forehead and maxillomandibular complex), and achieve an aesthetic result beyond gender differences.

Design, Setting, and Participants

Case series study of feminization rhinoplasties, in combination with lip-lift techniques, forehead reconstruction, and other procedures, were performed at a private practice between January 11, 2010, and May 29, 2015, in 200 consecutive male-to-female transgender patients. The mean (SD) medical follow-up for patients was 32 (18.84) months (range, 12-77 months). Frontonasal angles were objectively measured. Postoperative and long-term patient satisfaction were assessed.

Main Outcomes and Measures

Clinical analysis and evaluation using the 5-point Nose Feminization Scale, with 1 indicating very masculine or nose is worse and 5 indicating very feminine or exceptional result.

Results

In these 200 patients, the mean (SD) age was 40.2 (12.2) years (range, 18-70 years). The mean (SE) frontonasal angle changed from 133.64° (0.63°) to 149.08° (0.57°) (difference in means, -15.44; 95% CI, -17.12 to -13.76; P < .001). Most patients considered their nose to appear more feminine after the surgery, and the degree of satisfaction after the rhinoplasty was 4 (much better) of 5 points on the Nose Feminization Scale. During the evaluation of feminization rhinoplasties, special attention was given to how the nose relates to other features essential to the identification of facial gender: the forehead and maxillomandibular complex. Emphasis was placed on the midterm to long-term stability of the results by reinforcing the internal structure.

Conclusions and Relevance

In this case series of feminization rhinoplasties in combination with lip-lift techniques and forehead reconstruction, frontonasal angles were changed, and patient satisfaction with outcomes was high. The main goal of rhinoplasty in facial feminization surgery is to obtain feminine nasal features and the harmonization of the nose with the rest of the face. Lip-lifts and frontonasal recontouring can complement rhinoplasties associated with facial feminization surgery.

Level of Evidence

4.

Permanent implants for lip augmentation: Results from a retrospective study and presentation of tips and tricks

BACKGROUND

Requests for lip augmentation are increasing because of expanding media exposure and consumer needs. Temporary effects can be obtained by several techniques, but a recent procedure consisting of lip prosthesis implantation, offering a permanent result, is emerging. Accordingly, the implantation of solid lip prosthesis represents an innovation in the field of esthetic medicine and surgery.

METHODS

A total of 100 women with atrophic or hypoplastic lips were treated with lip implants. The treatment was performed in a single session, and controls were scheduled at fixed time intervals. A standard digital photo was used for measurement and analysis. Data concerning patient satisfaction and complications of the technique were collected and analyzed. Variations to the original technique were also discussed.

RESULTS

Patient evaluation revealed that a permanent and natural result without discomfort for the patient and/or the partner was reached with the implantation of silicone prosthesis in the upper and/or lower lip. Swelling, bruising, and malpositions were the most frequent adverse events. A case of severe edema was reported. Practical tricks acquired through experience were discussed to prevent complications.

CONCLUSIONS

One of the most widespreading methods for lip remodeling is hyaluronic acid injections. Nevertheless, hyaluronic acid has a variable duration, and it is not always the first choice. This context allowed for the development of other techniques such as the implantation of silicone prosthesis. The advantages of this prosthesis are as follows: safety, definitive result, and reversibility considering the possibility to remove the implanted prosthesis in the case of a request.

Comparison of aesthetic facial criteria between Caucasian and East Asian female populations: An esthetic surgeon's perspective

Objective aesthetic criteria are important for patient evaluation and analysis during aesthetic surgeries, while successful aesthetic surgeries must take into account the underlying ethnic differences. The aim of this study is to help surgeons and scientists better plan facial aesthetic surgeries and understand the aesthetic needs according to different patients by reviewing and comparing the current aesthetic principles and preferences in Caucasian and East Asian populations. PubMed and The Cochrane Library were searched using keywords regarding anthropometric measurements. Only original clinical studies and reviews written in English and Chinese and those that focused on the objective assessment of facial aesthetics in Caucasian and East Asian female populations were retained for review. Reference lists of the selected articles were also reviewed for eligible studies. Sixty-five articles that described objective aesthetic criteria in Caucasian and East Asian female populations were found through PubMed, among which 47 included Caucasian populations and 18 included East Asian populations. Compared with White women, East Asian women prefer a small, delicate, and less robust face, lower position of double eyelid, more obtuse nasofrontal angle, rounder nose tip, smaller tip projection, and slightly more retruded mandibular profile. Various differences exist between objective facial aesthetic criteria in Caucasian and East Asian populations. Further studies that focus on the objective aesthetic criteria of facial attractiveness in different ethnicities need to be conducted, especially in Asian countries. Level V: Opinions of respected authorities, based on clinical experience, descriptive studies, or reports of expert committees.

Rejuvenation of the ageing upper lip and nose with suspension lifting

There are growing number of patients attending aesthetic consultations and requesting the rejuvenation of ageing upper lips. Often these patients also have nasal tip ptosis. There are a number of direct and indirect upper lip lifting procedures. We describe a novel technique, which combines upper lip and nasal tip rejuvenation through hidden incisions and the use of suspension micro-screws.