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Miao R, Zhang J, Zhou J, Qiu X, Liu G, Tan X, Tao J, Yang B, Liu L, Tang W, Long J, Jing W. Maxillofacial Fractures: A Four-Year Retrospective Study of 1828 Cases in West China. Cureus 2023; 15:e40482. [PMID: 37461770 PMCID: PMC10349689 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.40482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To analyze the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of maxillofacial fracture cases in a stomatological center in southwest China. METHODS This study includes 1828 cases of maxillofacial fractures treated in our hospital from January 2018 to December 2021. We analyzed the gender, age, causes of injury, fracture sites, concomitant injuries, treatment, and postoperative infection of these cases. Our data are also compared with those from similar domestic studies. RESULTS Among the 1828 cases, the male-to-female ratio was 2.48:1 with an average age of 34.55 ± 16.36 years. The highest incidence of fracture was 21-50 years old, and the most common cause of injury was falls (38.95%). There was a statistically significant difference in the composition of injury causes among different age groups(P<0.05). Mandible (37.56%) was the most easily fractured site, and limb injury (17.89%) was the most common concomitant body injury. In all cases, 85.23% of patients were treated with open reduction and internal fixation. Conclusions: Maxillofacial fractures often occur in the mandible of young and middle-aged men. Falls and traffic accidents are the main causes of injury, often accompanied by limb and brain injuries. Open reduction and internal fixation is still the most commonly used treatment. There are some differences in the results reported by different domestic hospitals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Miao
- Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, CHN
| | - Jiankang Zhang
- Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, CHN
| | - Jing Zhou
- Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, CHN
| | - Xiaoning Qiu
- Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, CHN
| | - Gang Liu
- Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, CHN
| | - Xinzhi Tan
- Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, CHN
| | - Junming Tao
- Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, CHN
| | - Baohua Yang
- Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, CHN
| | - Lei Liu
- Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, CHN
| | - Wei Tang
- Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, CHN
| | - Jie Long
- Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, CHN
| | - Wei Jing
- Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, CHN
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Pepper T, Spiers H, Weller A, Schilling C. Intraoperative Positioning in Maxillofacial Trauma Patients With Cervical Spine Injury - Is It Safe? Radiological Simulation in a Healthy Volunteer. Craniomaxillofac Trauma Reconstr 2022; 15:312-317. [PMID: 36387322 PMCID: PMC9647385 DOI: 10.1177/19433875211053091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Study Design Observational. Objective To investigate the effects on the cervical spine of positioning patients for maxillofacial procedures by simulating intraoperative positions for common maxillofacial procedures. Methods Magnetic resonance imaging was used to assess the effects of head position in common intraoperative configurations - neutral (anterior mandible position), extended (tracheostomy position) and laterally rotated (mandibular condyle position) on the C-spine of a healthy volunteer. Results In the tracheostomy position, maximal movement occurred in the sagittal plane between the cervico-occipital junction and C4-C5, as well as at the cervico-thoracic junction. Minimal movement occurred at C2 (on C3), C5 (on C6) and C6 (on C7). In the mandibular condyle position, C-spine movements occurred in both rotational and sagittal planes. Maximal movement occurred above the level of C4, concentrated at atlanto-occipital and atlanto-axial (C1-2) joints. Conclusions Neck extension is likely to be relatively safe in injuries that are stable in flexion and extension, such as odontoid peg fracture and fractures between C5 and C7. Head rotation is likely to be relatively safe in fractures below C4, as well as vertebral body fractures, and laminar fractures without disc disruption. Early dialogue with the neurosurgical team remains a central tenet of safe management of patients with combined maxillofacial and C-spine injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Pepper
- Institute of Naval Medicine, Defence Medical
Services, UK
| | - Harry Spiers
- Department of Surgery, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Alex Weller
- Department of Head and Neck Radiology, Northwick Park Hospital, Watford
Road, London, UK
| | - Clare Schilling
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery,
University College Hospital, Academic Head and Neck Unit, University College London, London, UK
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Jarab F, Bataineh A. Pattern of Facial Fractures and Its Association with a Cervical Spine Injury in a Tertiary Hospital in Jordan. Int J Clin Pract 2022; 2022:4107382. [PMID: 35989870 PMCID: PMC9356895 DOI: 10.1155/2022/4107382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 06/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Facial fractures can be accompanied by serious and life-threatening injuries such as cervical spine injury (CSI), which can lead to serious consequences if misdiagnosed. OBJECTIVE To assess the patterns of maxillofacial fractures and to explore the association between these fractures and cervical spine injuries (CSIs) in patients with a traumatic facial injury. METHODS A retrospective analysis was conducted on the data of the subjects who were admitted to the King Abdullah University Hospital (KAUH) and had a maxillofacial fracture in the period from January 2017 through December 2020. Stepwise binary logistic regression analysis was conducted to find the variables which are significantly and independently associated with CSIs. RESULTS A total of 394 maxillofacial fractures were reported for a total of 221 subjects. The mandible was the most common site of the reported fractures (41.88%). The majority of the subjects had associated injuries (70.6%), of which 82.7% were CSIs. The most common type of the CSIs was the vertebral fracture (52%). Increased age (OR = 1.543, P < 0.05), having a mandibular fracture (OR = 4.382, P < 0.01), and having a maxillary fracture (OR = 3.269, P < 0.05) were significantly associated with the presence of CSI. CONCLUSION The current study revealed that the most common type of facial fracture occurred in the mandible area, and CSI was the most common fracture-associated injury (82.7%). Increased age and having mandibular or maxillary fracture were associated with an increased risk of developing CSI. Therefore, it is necessary to rule out the presence of concomitant CSI during the emergency management of maxillofacial fractures, particularly for elderly patients and those with mandibular or maxillary fractures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fadi Jarab
- Department of Oral Medicine and Oral Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, Jordan University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 3030, Irbid 22110, Jordan
| | - Anwar Bataineh
- Department of Oral Medicine and Oral Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, Jordan University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 3030, Irbid 22110, Jordan
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AlMofreh, DDS F, AlOtaibi S, Jaber M, Bishawi, DDS K, AlShanably, DDS A, AlMutairi F. Cervical Spine Injuries and Maxillofacial Trauma: A Systematic Review. Saudi Dent J 2021; 33:805-812. [PMID: 34938019 PMCID: PMC8665169 DOI: 10.1016/j.sdentj.2021.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2020] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Identify specific maxillofacial trauma patterns associated with cervical spine injuries. METHODS The protocol was developed according to (PRISMA-P) and was admitted to PROSPERO under accreditation code #CRD42020177816. Furthermore, the reporting of the present SR was conducted based on the PRISMA checklist. RESULTS Of the 1,407,750 patients recorded, a total of 115,997 patients (12.13%) had MFF with an associated CSI with a gender proportion (M:F) of 3.63:1 respectively. Motor vehicle accident was the most common cause of the combined Maxillofacial Trauma (MFT) and CSI. The most common CSI location was at the C2, followed by the C5 cervical spines. The most common location of a maxillofacial fracture resulting in a CSI was the mandible. CONCLUSION The incidence of the association of CSIs with MFT has been low (12.13%). Nevertheless, in cases of an isolated mandibular trauma due to a severe blow presenting with a low Glasgow Coma Scale, maxillofacial surgeons should be at a high alert of an associated CSI.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sami AlOtaibi
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, King Saud University, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed Jaber
- Department Head, Surgical Sciences, Ajman University, United Arab Emirates
| | | | | | - Faris AlMutairi
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Dentistry, Qassim University, Saudi Arabia
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Fracture heat map of the facial skull demonstrates a danger zone of concomitant cervical spine injuries. Sci Rep 2021; 11:11989. [PMID: 34099849 PMCID: PMC8184887 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-91543-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Concomitant maxillofacial and cervical spine injuries occur in 0.8-12% of the cases. We examined the relation of injury localization and the probability of cervical spine fracture. A retrospective study was conducted on patients that have been treated at Dortmund General Hospital for injuries both to the maxillofacial region and to the cervical spine between January 1st, 2007 and December 31th, 2017. Descriptive statistical methods were used to describe the correlation of cervical spine injuries with gender, age as well as maxillofacial injury localization. 7708 patients were hospitalized with maxillofacial injury, among them 173 were identified with cervical spine injury. The average ages for both genders lie remarkably above the average of all maxillofacial trauma patients (36.2 y.o. in male and 50.9 y.o. in female). In the group of men, most injuries were found between the ages of 50 and 65. Whereas most injuries among women occurred after the age of 80. The relative ratio of cervical spine injuries (CSI) varies between 1.1 and 5.26% of the maxillofacial injuries (MFI), being highest in the soft tissue injury group, patients with forehead fractures (3.12%) and patients with panfacial fractures (2.52%). Further, nasal, Le Fort I and II, zygomatic complex and mandibular condyle fractures are often associated with CSI. Fractures next to the Frankfurt horizontal plane represent 87.7% of all MFI with concomitant CSI. Patients in critical age groups with a high-energy injury are more likely to suffer both, MFI and CSI injuries. Our findings help to avoid missing the diagnosis of cervical spine injury in maxillofacial trauma patients.
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Khalifa GA, Abd-Elmoniem MF, Mohamed FI. The trigeminocardiac reflex: Does the activation pathway of its efferent arc affect the intensity of the hemodynamic drop during the management of maxillofacial fractures? J Craniomaxillofac Surg 2021; 49:394-402. [PMID: 33632536 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcms.2021.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The study aimed to correlate between the stimulated nerve, intensity of trigeminovagal reflex (TVR), and neuropathophysiological pathway by which the efferent arc is activated. Material and methods: A retrospective study included patients who developed TVR during the surgical management of mandibular, midface, and orbital fractures. The reflex was divided into type I, II, III, and IV-TVR according to the following nerves: ophthalmic, maxillary, mandibular, and non-trigeminal nerves, respectively. The magnitude of hemodynamic drops was identified at the intraoperative baseline, during reflex, and postoperatively. The needed time to elicit the reflex, frequency and duration, need for medical intervention, and sequence of the drop were also recorded. P - values < 0.05 was considered significant. Out of 260 patients' files were reviewed, the TVR was observed in only 30 (11.55 %) patients. The ophthalmic nerve activation significantly caused the greatest intensity and magnitude of hemodynamic drop, followed by maxillary nerve, then mandibular division, and the lowest one was non-trigeminal nerves. The highest mean of drops in the mean arterial blood pressure (MABP) was 62.92 ± 2.39 with the type ITVR, whereas those of the type II, III, and IV were 75.5 ±3.98, 81.02±1.31, and 82.22±1.85, respectively. Also, the type I-TVR led to the greatest decrease in the heart rate (HR) with the mean equaled to 52.31± 3.91. The drop percentage in the MABP was -30.5, -17.5, -12, -10.08 for type I, II, III, and IV, whereas those of the HR were - 33.9, -27.13, -26.6, and -25 with type I, II, III, and IV, respectively. All results showed highly significant differences with p-values less than 0.001 when comparing between the baseline and intraoperative values of each TVR type. There is a positive correlation between the activated pathway of the TVR and the intensity of its efferent arc response due to the neural pathway of each division in the brainstem circuitry. Understanding of the pathophysiology and mechanism of the TVR, together with the rapid recognition and treatment could prevent serious negative outcomes, especially when the ophthalmic nerve is stimulated. 1Introduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghada Amin Khalifa
- Maxillofacial Surgery and Diagnostic Science, College of Dentistry, Qassim University, Saudi Arabia; Dental Medicine for Girls, Al Azhar University, 11727, Nasr City, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Manal Foad Abd-Elmoniem
- Anaesthesia, Intensive Care, and Pain, Faculty of Medicine for Girls, Al Azhar University, 11727, Nasr City, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Fatma Ibrahim Mohamed
- Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, Deraya University, Minya, Egypt; Dental Medicine for Girls, Al Azhar University, 11727, Nasr City, Cairo, Egypt.
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Puolakkainen T, Thorén H, Vähäsilta L, Narjus-Sterba M, Wilson ML, Brinck T, Snäll J. Cervical spine injuries in facial fracture patients - injury mechanism and fracture type matter. J Craniomaxillofac Surg 2021; 49:387-393. [PMID: 33589331 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcms.2021.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Evidence supports the notion that craniofacial fractures are significant predictors of cervical spine injuries (CSIs), but some debate remains on the injury mechanism of co-existing CSIs in craniofacial fractures and the relationship between CSI and specific facial fractures. In this retrospective study, we aim to assess the incidence rates of specific facial fracture types as well as other important variables and their relationship with CSIs. The primary outcome variable, CSI, and several predictor variables, including facial fracture type, were evaluated with logistic regression analyses. Of 2919 patients, the total CSI incidence rate was 3.0%. Rates of CSI in patients with isolated mandibular fractures (OR 0.26 CI 0.10, 0.63; p = 0.006) were lower than those previously reported, whereas isolated nasal fractures were strongly associated with CSI (OR 2.67 CI 1.36, 5.22; p = 0.004). Patients with concomitant cranial injuries were twice as likely to have CSI (OR 2.00, CI 1.22, 3.27; p = 0.006). Even though there is a strong occurrence rate of CSIs in patients with cranial injuries, clinicians should be aware that patients presenting with isolated facial fractures are at significant risk for sustaining CSIs also.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tero Puolakkainen
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, PO BOX 100, FI-00029, HUS, Finland.
| | - Hanna Thorén
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku, Turku, FI-20014, Finland; Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, Turku University Hospital, FI-20521, Turku, Finland
| | - Linda Vähäsilta
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku, Turku, FI-20014, Finland; Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, Turku University Hospital, FI-20521, Turku, Finland
| | - Matilda Narjus-Sterba
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, PO BOX 100, FI-00029, HUS, Finland
| | - Michael Lowery Wilson
- Injury Epidemiology and Prevention (IEP), Turku Brain Injury Centre, Division of Clinical Neurosciences, Turku University Hospital and University of Turku, PO BOX 52, FI-20014, Finland; Heidelberg Institute of Global Health (HIGH), Medical Faculty and University Hospital, Heidelberg University, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Tuomas Brinck
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, PO BOX 100, FI-00029, HU, Finland
| | - Johanna Snäll
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, PO BOX 100, FI-00029, HUS, Finland
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