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Srinivasan M, Berisha F, Bronzino I, Kamnoedboon P, Leles CR. Reliability of a face scanner in measuring the vertical dimension of occlusion. J Dent 2024; 146:105016. [PMID: 38679136 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2024.105016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study evaluated the reliability of a face scanner in measuring the vertical dimension of occlusion (VDO). METHODS Fully dentate volunteers (n = 20; mean-age = 30.0 ± 10.7 years) were recruited. Clinical facial measurements were obtained using a digital caliper and a face scanner (Obiscanner, Fifthingenium, Italy). The scans were imported into a mesh-processing software, and the distances were measured digitally. Measurements were obtained for each participant with the jaws positioned in maximal intercuspation (MI) and with increased vertical distances of 2, 4, and 6 mm. Vertical and horizontal measures were obtained using facial anatomical landmarks: Glabella (GL), Pronasale (PrN), Subnasale (SbN), inferior border of the right and left Alare, Labiale superius (Ls), right and left Cheilion (Ch), Soft Pogonion (SPg), right and left Tragus of the ear (Tr), for all selected vertical positions. Data analysis included intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC), pairwise comparison tests, Bland-Altman plots, and Passing-Bablok regression. RESULTS 120 VDO measurements (clinical=60, digital=60) were recorded by two independent evaluators. Mean differences between digital and clinical measurements ranged from 0.054 ± 0.14 mm to 0.203 ± 0.13 mm. All parameters were strongly correlated (r > 0.93; p < 0.001). ICC estimates revealed excellent reliability, and the measuring procedure yielded the same results on repeated trials irrespective of the raters and measurement methods. Bland-Altman plots revealed a difference, between digital and clinical measurements, of 1.7 % for the vertical measurements. Regression analysis revealed no significant proportional difference between the two methods, so both can be used interchangeably. CONCLUSIONS The findings of this study demonstrate that VDO can be measured accurately from face scans using 3D mesh-processing software and that even small changes in the VDO could be detected using the digital methods. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Findings provide evidence about the reliability of a digital method for jaw relation registrations and may be applied towards incorporating this method into clinical workflows for computer-aided-design/ computer-assisted-manufacturing (CAD-CAM) dentures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murali Srinivasan
- Clinic of General-, Special Care- and Geriatric Dentistry, Center for Dental Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Florentin Berisha
- Clinic of General-, Special Care- and Geriatric Dentistry, Center for Dental Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Innocenzo Bronzino
- Clinic of General-, Special Care- and Geriatric Dentistry, Center for Dental Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Porawit Kamnoedboon
- Clinic of General-, Special Care- and Geriatric Dentistry, Center for Dental Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Claudio Rodrigues Leles
- Clinic of General-, Special Care- and Geriatric Dentistry, Center for Dental Medicine, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; School of Dentistry, Federal University of Goias, Goiania, Brazil; Department of Reconstructive Dentistry, Division of Gerodontology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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Kurniawan MS, Tio PA, Abdel Alim T, Roshchupkin G, Dirven CM, Pleumeekers MM, Mathijssen IM, van Veelen MLC. 3D Analysis of the Cranial and Facial Shape in Craniosynostosis Patients: A Systematic Review. J Craniofac Surg 2024; 35:00001665-990000000-01410. [PMID: 38498012 PMCID: PMC11045556 DOI: 10.1097/scs.0000000000010071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024] Open
Abstract
With increasing interest in 3D photogrammetry, diverse methods have been developed for craniofacial shape analysis in craniosynostosis patients. This review provides an overview of these methods and offers recommendations for future studies. A systematic literature search was used to identify publications on 3D photogrammetry analyses in craniosynostosis patients until August 2023. Inclusion criteria were original research reporting on 3D photogrammetry analyses in patients with craniosynostosis and written in English. Sixty-three publications that had reproducible methods for measuring cranial, forehead, or facial shape were included in the systematic review. Cranial shape changes were commonly assessed using heat maps and curvature analyses. Publications assessing the forehead utilized volumetric measurements, angles, ratios, and mirroring techniques. Mirroring techniques were frequently used to determine facial asymmetry. Although 3D photogrammetry shows promise, methods vary widely between standardized and less conventional measurements. A standardized protocol for the selection and documentation of landmarks, planes, and measurements across the cranium, forehead, and face is essential for consistent clinical and research applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Tareq Abdel Alim
- Department of Neurosurgery
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center
| | - Gennady Roshchupkin
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center
| | | | | | | | - Marie-Lise C. van Veelen
- Department of Neurosurgery
- Child Brain Center, Erasmus MC Sophia Children’s Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Singh P, Bornstein MM, Hsung RTC, Ajmera DH, Leung YY, Gu M. Frontiers in Three-Dimensional Surface Imaging Systems for 3D Face Acquisition in Craniofacial Research and Practice: An Updated Literature Review. Diagnostics (Basel) 2024; 14:423. [PMID: 38396462 PMCID: PMC10888365 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics14040423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Digitalizing all aspects of dental care is a contemporary approach to ensuring the best possible clinical outcomes. Ongoing advancements in 3D face acquisition have been driven by continuous research on craniofacial structures and treatment effects. An array of 3D surface-imaging systems are currently available for generating photorealistic 3D facial images. However, choosing a purpose-specific system is challenging for clinicians due to variations in accuracy, reliability, resolution, and portability. Therefore, this review aims to provide clinicians and researchers with an overview of currently used or potential 3D surface imaging technologies and systems for 3D face acquisition in craniofacial research and daily practice. Through a comprehensive literature search, 71 articles meeting the inclusion criteria were included in the qualitative analysis, investigating the hardware, software, and operational aspects of these systems. The review offers updated information on 3D surface imaging technologies and systems to guide clinicians in selecting an optimal 3D face acquisition system. While some of these systems have already been implemented in clinical settings, others hold promise. Furthermore, driven by technological advances, novel devices will become cost-effective and portable, and will also enable accurate quantitative assessments, rapid treatment simulations, and improved outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradeep Singh
- Discipline of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; (P.S.); (D.H.A.)
| | - Michael M. Bornstein
- Department of Oral Health & Medicine, University Center for Dental Medicine Basel UZB, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 40, 4058 Basel, Switzerland;
| | - Richard Tai-Chiu Hsung
- Department of Computer Science, Hong Kong Chu Hai College, Hong Kong SAR, China;
- Discipline of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China;
| | - Deepal Haresh Ajmera
- Discipline of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; (P.S.); (D.H.A.)
| | - Yiu Yan Leung
- Discipline of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China;
| | - Min Gu
- Discipline of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; (P.S.); (D.H.A.)
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Gkantidis N, Opacic J, Kanavakis G, Katsaros C, Halazonetis D. Facial asymmetry and midsagittal plane definition in 3D: A bias-free, automated method. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0294528. [PMID: 38011159 PMCID: PMC10681257 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0294528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Symmetry is a fundamental biological concept in all living organisms. It is related to a variety of physical and social traits ranging from genetic background integrity and developmental stability to the perception of physical appearance. Within this context, the study of human facial asymmetry carries a unique significance. Here, we validated an efficient method to assess 3D facial surface symmetry by best-fit approximating the original surface to its mirrored one. Following this step, the midsagittal plane of the face was automatically defined at the midpoints of the contralateral corresponding vertices of the superimposed models and colour coded distance maps were constructed. The method was tested by two operators using facial models of different surface size. The results show that the midsagittal plane definition was highly reproducible (maximum error < 0.1 mm or°) and remained robust for different extents of the facial surface model. The symmetry assessments were valid (differences between corresponding bilateral measurement areas < 0.1 mm), highly reproducible (error < 0.01 mm), and were modified by the extent of the initial surface model. The present landmark-free, automated method to assess facial asymmetry and define the midsagittal plane of the face is accurate, objective, easily applicable, comprehensible and cost effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos Gkantidis
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Jasmina Opacic
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Georgios Kanavakis
- Department of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, UZB–University School of Dental Medicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Christos Katsaros
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Demetrios Halazonetis
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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Cho RY, Byun SH, Yi SM, Ahn HJ, Nam YS, Park IY, On SW, Kim JC, Yang BE. Comparative Analysis of Three Facial Scanners for Creating Digital Twins by Focusing on the Difference in Scanning Method. Bioengineering (Basel) 2023; 10:bioengineering10050545. [PMID: 37237615 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering10050545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multi-dimensional facial imaging is increasingly used in hospital clinics. A digital twin of the face can be created by reconstructing three-dimensional (3D) facial images using facial scanners. Therefore, the reliability, strengths, and weaknesses of scanners should be investigated and approved; Methods: Images obtained from three facial scanners (RayFace, MegaGen, and Artec Eva) were compared with cone-beam computed tomography images as the standard. Surface discrepancies were measured and analyzed at 14 specific reference points; Results: All scanners used in this study achieved acceptable results, although only scanner 3 obtained preferable results. Each scanner exhibited weak and strong points because of differences in the scanning methods. Scanner 2 exhibited the best result on the left endocanthion; scanner 1 achieved the best result on the left exocanthion and left alare; and scanner 3 achieved the best result on the left exocanthion (both cheeks); Conclusions: These comparative analysis data can be used when creating digital twins through segmentation, selecting and merging data, or developing a new scanner to overcome all shortcomings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran-Yeong Cho
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Anyang 14066, Republic of Korea
- Graduate School of Clinical Dentistry, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Clinical Dentistry, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo-Hwan Byun
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Anyang 14066, Republic of Korea
- Graduate School of Clinical Dentistry, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Clinical Dentistry, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Min Yi
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Anyang 14066, Republic of Korea
- Graduate School of Clinical Dentistry, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Clinical Dentistry, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Ju Ahn
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Anyang 14066, Republic of Korea
- Graduate School of Clinical Dentistry, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Clinical Dentistry, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoo-Sung Nam
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Anyang 14066, Republic of Korea
- Graduate School of Clinical Dentistry, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Clinical Dentistry, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Young Park
- Graduate School of Clinical Dentistry, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Clinical Dentistry, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Woon On
- Graduate School of Clinical Dentistry, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Clinical Dentistry, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea
- Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Department of Dentistry, Hallym University Dongtan Sacred Heart Hospital, Hwaseong 18450, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Cheol Kim
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Anyang 14066, Republic of Korea
- Mir Dental Hospital, Daegu 41940, Republic of Korea
| | - Byoung-Eun Yang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Anyang 14066, Republic of Korea
- Graduate School of Clinical Dentistry, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Clinical Dentistry, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea
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To JK, Wang JN, Vu AN, Ediriwickrema LS, Browne AW. Optimization of a Novel Automated, Low Cost, Three-Dimensional Photogrammetry System (PHACE). MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2023:2023.04.21.23288659. [PMID: 37131650 PMCID: PMC10153329 DOI: 10.1101/2023.04.21.23288659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Clinical tools are neither standardized nor ubiquitous to monitor volumetric or morphological changes in the periorbital region and ocular adnexa due to pathology such as oculofacial trauma, thyroid eye disease, and the natural aging process. We have developed a low-cost, three dimensionally printed PHotogrammetry for Automated CarE (PHACE) system to evaluate three-dimensional (3D) measurements of periocular and adnexal tissue. Methods The PHACE system uses two Google Pixel 3 smartphones attached to automatic rotating platforms to image a subject's face through a cutout board patterned with registration marks. Photographs of faces were taken from many perspectives by the cameras placed on the rotating platform. Faces were imaged with and without 3D printed hemispheric phantom lesions (black domes) affixed on the forehead above the brow. Images were rendered into 3D models in Metashape (Agisoft, St. Petersburg, Russia) and then processed and analyzed in CloudCompare (CC) and Autodesk's Meshmixer. The 3D printed hemispheres affixed to the face were then quantified within Meshmixer and compared to their known volumes. Finally, we compared digital exophthalmometry measurements with results from a standard Hertel exophthalmometer in a subject with and without an orbital prosthesis. Results Quantification of 3D printed phantom volumes using optimized stereophotogrammetry demonstrated a 2.5% error for a 244μL phantom, and 7.6% error for a 27.5μL phantom. Digital exophthalmometry measurements differed by 0.72mm from a standard exophthalmometer. Conclusion We demonstrated an optimized workflow using our custom apparatus to analyze and quantify oculofacial volumetric and dimensions changes with a resolution of 244μL. This apparatus is a low-cost tool that can be used in clinical settings to objectively monitor volumetric and morphological changes in periorbital anatomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josiah K To
- Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, University of California Irvine, Irvine California
| | - Jenny N Wang
- School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine California
| | - Anderson N Vu
- Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, University of California Irvine, Irvine California
| | - Lilangi S Ediriwickrema
- Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, University of California Irvine, Irvine California
- Institute for Clinical and Translational Science, University of California Irvine, Irvine California
| | - Andrew W Browne
- Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, University of California Irvine, Irvine California
- School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine California
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Irvine, Irvine California
- Institute for Clinical and Translational Science, University of California Irvine, Irvine California
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Nike E, Radzins O, Pirttiniemi P, Vuollo V, Slaidina A, Abeltins A. Evaluation of facial soft tissue asymmetric changes in Class III patients after orthognathic surgery using three-dimensional stereophotogrammetry. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2023; 52:361-370. [PMID: 35871879 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijom.2022.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate changes in facial soft tissue asymmetry over time after orthognathic surgery in Class III patients using three-dimensional stereophotogrammetry. The study included 101 patients with a skeletal Class III malocclusion (72 female, 29 male; age range 19-53 years, mean age 28.6 years) who underwent orthognathic surgery. The minimum follow-up was 12 months. Three-dimensional photographs were acquired using the 3dMDtrio stereophotogrammetry system, and 21 anthropometric landmark positions were evaluated at three time points: before surgery (T0), 6 months (T1) and 12 months (T2) after surgery. Facial asymmetry was assessed and classified as follows: 0-2 mm, mild; 2-5 mm, moderate;> 5 mm, severe. The average distance for whole face asymmetry differed between T0 (median 0.76 mm) and T1 (median 0.70 mm); however, there was no statistically significant difference at any time point. The chin volume asymmetry score differed significantly between T0 (median 1.11 mm) and T1 and T2 (median 1.08 mm for both; P < 0.001 and P = 0.001, respectively), but not between T1 and T2 (P = 0.061). The study findings indicate that the asymmetry of the facial soft tissues has the potential to return after 6 months, without reaching the baseline.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Nike
- Department of the Orthodontics, Institute of Stomatology, Rīga Stradiņš University, Riga, Latvia.
| | - O Radzins
- Baltic Biomaterials Centre of Excellence, Institute of Stomatology, Rīga Stradiņš University, Riga, Latvia
| | - P Pirttiniemi
- Department of Oral Development and Orthodontics, Faculty of Medicine, Oulu University, Oulu, Finland
| | - V Vuollo
- Research Unit of Oral Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland; Medical Research Center, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - A Slaidina
- Department of Prosthodontics, Institute of Stomatology, Riga Stradiņš University, Riga, Latvia
| | - A Abeltins
- Department of the Orthodontics, Institute of Stomatology, Rīga Stradiņš University, Riga, Latvia
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Gašparović B, Morelato L, Lenac K, Mauša G, Zhurov A, Katić V. Comparing Direct Measurements and Three-Dimensional (3D) Scans for Evaluating Facial Soft Tissue. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:2412. [PMID: 36904614 PMCID: PMC10007047 DOI: 10.3390/s23052412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The inspection of patients' soft tissues and the effects of various dental procedures on their facial physiognomy are quite challenging. To minimise discomfort and simplify the process of manual measuring, we performed facial scanning and computer measurement of experimentally determined demarcation lines. Images were acquired using a low-cost 3D scanner. Two consecutive scans were obtained from 39 participants, to test the scanner repeatability. An additional ten persons were scanned before and after forward movement of the mandible (predicted treatment outcome). Sensor technology that combines red, green, and blue (RGB) data with depth information (RGBD) integration was used for merging frames into a 3D object. For proper comparison, the resulting images were registered together, which was performed with ICP (Iterative Closest Point)-based techniques. Measurements on 3D images were performed using the exact distance algorithm. One operator measured the same demarcation lines directly on participants; repeatability was tested (intra-class correlations). The results showed that the 3D face scans were reproducible with high accuracy (mean difference between repeated scans <1%); the actual measurements were repeatable to some extent (excellent only for the tragus-pogonion demarcation line); computational measurements were accurate, repeatable, and comparable to the actual measurements. Three dimensional (3D) facial scans can be used as a faster, more comfortable for patients, and more accurate technique to detect and quantify changes in facial soft tissue resulting from various dental procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris Gašparović
- Faculty of Engineering, University of Rijeka, Vukovarska 58, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
- Center for Artificial Intelligence and Cybersecurity, University of Rijeka, R. Matejčić 2, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Luka Morelato
- Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Rijeka, Krešimirova 40-42, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
- Clinical Hospital Centre Rijeka, Krešimirova 42, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Kristijan Lenac
- Faculty of Engineering, University of Rijeka, Vukovarska 58, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Goran Mauša
- Faculty of Engineering, University of Rijeka, Vukovarska 58, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Alexei Zhurov
- Applied Clinical Research & Public Health, School of Dentistry, Cardiff University, College of Biomedical & Life Sciences Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XY, UK
| | - Višnja Katić
- Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Rijeka, Krešimirova 40-42, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
- Clinical Hospital Centre Rijeka, Krešimirova 42, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
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Hou X, Xu X, Zhao M, Kong J, Wang M, Lee ES, Jia Q, Jiang HB. An overview of three-dimensional imaging devices in dentistry. J ESTHET RESTOR DENT 2022; 34:1179-1196. [PMID: 35968802 DOI: 10.1111/jerd.12955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To review four types of three-dimensional imaging devices: intraoral scanners, extraoral scanners, cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT), and facial scanners, in terms of their development, technologies, advantages, disadvantages, accuracy, influencing factors, and applications in dentistry. METHODS PubMed (National Library of Medicine) and Google Scholar databases were searched. Additionally, the scanner manufacturers' websites were accessed to obtain relevant data. Four authors independently selected the articles, books, and websites. To exclude duplicates and scrutinize the data, they were uploaded to Mendeley Data. In total, 135 articles, two books, and 17 websites were included. RESULTS Research and clinical practice have shown that oral and facial scanners and CBCT can be used widely in various areas of dentistry with high accuracy. CONCLUSION Although further advancement of these devices is desirable, there is no doubt that digital technology represents the future of dentistry. Furthermore, the combined use of different devices may bring dentistry into a new era. These four devices will play a significant role in clinical utility with high accuracy. The combined use of these devices should be explored further. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE The four devices will play a significant role in clinical use with high accuracy. The combined use of these devices should be explored further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingyu Hou
- The Conversationalist Club, School of Stomatology, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Xiaotong Xu
- The Conversationalist Club, School of Stomatology, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Menghua Zhao
- The Conversationalist Club, School of Stomatology, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Jiawen Kong
- The Conversationalist Club, School of Stomatology, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Mingchang Wang
- The Conversationalist Club, School of Stomatology, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Eui-Seok Lee
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Graduate School of Clinical Dentistry, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Qi Jia
- The Conversationalist Club, School of Stomatology, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Heng Bo Jiang
- The Conversationalist Club, School of Stomatology, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China
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Validation of Vectra 3D Imaging Systems: A Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19148820. [PMID: 35886670 PMCID: PMC9318949 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19148820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Aim: Three-dimensional facial imaging systems are a useful tool that is gradually replacing two-dimensional imaging and traditional anthropometry with calipers. In this varied and growing landscape of new devices, Canfield (Canfield Scientific, Parsippany, NJ, USA) has proposed a series of static and portable 3D imaging systems. The aim of this systematic review was to evaluate the current literature regarding the validation of Canfield’s Vectra imaging systems. Materials and Methods: A search strategy was developed on electronic databases including PubMed, Web of Science and Scopus by using specific keywords. After the study selection phase, a total of 10 articles were included in the present review. Results: A total of 10 articles were finally included in the present review. For six articles, we conducted a validation of the Vectra static devices, focusing especially on the Vectra M5, Vectra M3 and Vectra XT. For four articles, we validated the Vectra H1 portable system. Conclusions: All of the reviewed articles concluded that Canfield’s Vectra 3D imaging systems are capable of capturing accurate and reproducible stereophotogrammetric images. Minor errors were reported, particularly in the acquisition of the perioral region, but all the evaluated devices are considered to be valid and accurate tools for clinicians.
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Duraes M, Akkari M, Jeandel C, Moreno B, Subsol G, Duflos C, Captier G. Dynamic three-dimensional virtual environment to improve learning of anatomical structures. ANATOMICAL SCIENCES EDUCATION 2022; 15:754-764. [PMID: 34850577 DOI: 10.1002/ase.2158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Increasing number of medical students and limited availability of cadavers have led to a reduction in anatomy teaching through human cadaveric dissection. These changes triggered the emergence of innovative teaching and learning strategies in order to maximize students learning of anatomy. An alternative approach to traditional dissection was presented in an effort to improve content delivery and student satisfaction. The objective of this study is to acquire three-dimensional (3D) anatomical data using structured-light surface scanning to create a dynamic four-dimensional (4D) dissection tool of four regions: neck, male inguinal and femoral areas, female perineum, and brachial plexus. At each dissection step, identified anatomical structures were scanned using a 3D surface scanner (Artec Spider™). Resulting 3D color meshes were overlaid to create a 4D (3D+time) environment. An educational interface was created for neck dissection. Its implementation in the visualization platform allowed 4D virtual dissection by navigating from surface to deep layers and vice versa. A group of 28 second-year medical students and 17 first-year surgery residents completed a satisfaction survey. A majority of medical students (96.4%) and 100% of surgery residents said that they would recommend this tool to their colleagues. According to surgery residents, the main elements of this virtual tool were the realistic high-quality of 3D acquisitions and possibility to focus on each anatomical structure. As for medical students, major elements were the interactivity and entertainment aspect, precision, and accuracy of anatomical structures. This approach proves that innovative solutions to anatomy education can be found to help to maintain critical content and student satisfaction in anatomy curriculum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha Duraes
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Mohamed Akkari
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Clément Jeandel
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Gérard Subsol
- Laboratory of Computer Science Robotics and Microelectronics, Centre National De Recherche Scientifique, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Claire Duflos
- Department of Medical Information, Montpellier University Hospital, Montpellier, France
| | - Guillaume Captier
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
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Nascimben M, Lippi L, Fusco N, Invernizzi M, Rimondini L. A Software Suite for Limb Volume Analysis Applicable in Clinical Settings: Upper Limb Quantification. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:863689. [PMID: 36798789 PMCID: PMC9928154 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.863689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In medicine, tridimensional scanning devices produce digital surfaces that replicate the bodies of patients, facilitating anthropometric measurement and limb volume quantification in pathological conditions. Free programs that address this task are not commonly found, with doctors mainly relying on proprietary software. This aspect brings reduced reproducibility of studies and evaluation of alternative measures. A software package made up of three programs has been developed and released together with supporting materials to enhance reproducibility and comparisons between medical centers. In this article, the functions of the programs and steps for volume assessment were introduced together with a pilot study for upper limb volume quantification. This initial experiment aimed to also verify the performance of digital volumes derived from the convex-hull gift-wrapping algorithm and the alternative analysis methods enclosed in the software. Few of these digital volumes are parameter-dependent, requiring a value selection. The experiment was conducted on a small mixed-gender group of young adults without correction for factors like arm dominance or specific physical training. In the sample under investigation, the analysis confirmed the substantial agreement between the clinical and current configurations of digital volumes produced by the package (R 2 interval from 0.93 to 0.97, r ranged from 0.965 to 0.984); in addition, as a general consideration, gender appears as a variable that could influence upper limb volume quantification if a single model is built.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Nascimben
- Department of Health Sciences, Center for Translational Research on Autoimmune and Allergic Diseases-CAAD, Università Del Piemonte Orientale (UPO), Novara, Italy,Enginsoft SpA, Padova, Italy,*Correspondence: Mauro Nascimben ,
| | - Lorenzo Lippi
- Physical and Rehabilitative Medicine Unit, Department of Health Sciences, Università Del Piemonte Orientale (UPO), Novara, Italy
| | - Nicola Fusco
- Department of Oncology and Hemato-Oncology, University of Milan, Milan, Italy,Division of Pathology, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Invernizzi
- Physical and Rehabilitative Medicine Unit, Department of Health Sciences, Università Del Piemonte Orientale (UPO), Novara, Italy,Dipartimento Attività Integrate Ricerca e Innovazione (DAIRI), Translational Medicine, Azienda Ospedaliera SS Antonio e Biagio e Cesare Arrigo, Alessandria, Italy
| | - Lia Rimondini
- Department of Health Sciences, Center for Translational Research on Autoimmune and Allergic Diseases-CAAD, Università Del Piemonte Orientale (UPO), Novara, Italy
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邱 淑, 朱 玉, 王 时, 王 飞, 叶 红, 赵 一, 刘 云, 王 勇, 周 永. [Preliminary clinical application verification of complete digital workflow of design lips symmetry reference plane based on posed smile]. BEIJING DA XUE XUE BAO. YI XUE BAN = JOURNAL OF PEKING UNIVERSITY. HEALTH SCIENCES 2022; 54:193-199. [PMID: 35165490 PMCID: PMC8860648 DOI: 10.19723/j.issn.1671-167x.2022.01.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To automatically construct lips symmetry reference plane (SRP) based on posed smile, and to evaluate its advantages over conventional digital aesthetic design. METHODS Eighteen subjects' three-dimensional facial and dentition data were gathered in this study. The lips SRP of experimental groups were used with the standard weighted Procrustes analysis (WPA) algorithm and iterative closest point (ICP), respectively. A reference plane defined by experts based on regional ICP algorithm, served as the truth plane. The angle error values between the lips SRP of WPA algorithm in the experimental groups and the truth plane were evaluated in this study, and the lips SRP of ICP algorithm of the experimental groups was calculated in the same way. The lips SRP based on posed smile as a reference for aesthetic design and evaluate preliminary clinical application. RESULTS The average angle error between the lips SRP of WPA algorithm and the truth plane was 1.78°±1.24°, which was smaller than that between the lips SRP of ICP and the truth plane 7.41°±4.31°. There were significant differences in the angle errors among the groups (P < 0.05). In the aesthetic design of anterior teeth, automatically constructing the lips SRP of WPA algorithm based on posed smile and the original symmetry plane by re-ference compared with the prosthetic design, the subjects' scores on the lips SRP of WPA algorithm based on posed smile (8.48±0.57) were higher than those on the original symmetry plane (5.20±1.31). CONCLUSION Automatically constructing the lips SRP of WPA algorithm based on posed smile was more accurate than ICP algorithm, which was consistent with the truth plane. Moreover, it can provide an important reference for oral aesthetic diagnosis and aesthetic analysis of the restoration effect. In the aesthetic design of anterior teeth, automatically constructing the lips SRP of WPA algorithm based on posed smile can improve the patients' satisfaction in esthetic rehabilitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- 淑婷 邱
- 北京大学口腔医学院·口腔医院国家口腔医学中心,国家口腔疾病临床医学研究中心,口腔数字化医疗技术和材料国家工程实验室,口腔数字医学北京市重点实验室,北京 100081Department of Prosthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Center of Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology & Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - 玉佳 朱
- 北京大学口腔医学院·口腔医院国家口腔医学中心,国家口腔疾病临床医学研究中心,口腔数字化医疗技术和材料国家工程实验室,口腔数字医学北京市重点实验室,北京 100081Department of Prosthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Center of Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology & Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Beijing 100081, China
- 北京大学口腔医学院·口腔医院国家口腔医学中心,国家口腔疾病临床医学研究中心,口腔数字化医疗技术和材料国家工程实验室,口腔数字医学北京市重点实验室,北京 100081Center of Digital Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Center of Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology & Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - 时敏 王
- 北京大学口腔医学院·口腔医院 义齿加工中心,国家口腔医学中心,国家口腔疾病临床医学研究中心,口腔数字化医疗技术和材料国家工程实验室,口腔数字医学北京市重点实验室,北京 100081Center of Dental Laboratory, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Center of Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology & Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - 飞龙 王
- 北京大学口腔医学院·口腔医院国家口腔医学中心,国家口腔疾病临床医学研究中心,口腔数字化医疗技术和材料国家工程实验室,口腔数字医学北京市重点实验室,北京 100081Department of Prosthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Center of Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology & Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - 红强 叶
- 北京大学口腔医学院·口腔医院国家口腔医学中心,国家口腔疾病临床医学研究中心,口腔数字化医疗技术和材料国家工程实验室,口腔数字医学北京市重点实验室,北京 100081Department of Prosthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Center of Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology & Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - 一姣 赵
- 北京大学口腔医学院·口腔医院国家口腔医学中心,国家口腔疾病临床医学研究中心,口腔数字化医疗技术和材料国家工程实验室,口腔数字医学北京市重点实验室,北京 100081Department of Prosthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Center of Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology & Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Beijing 100081, China
- 北京大学口腔医学院·口腔医院国家口腔医学中心,国家口腔疾病临床医学研究中心,口腔数字化医疗技术和材料国家工程实验室,口腔数字医学北京市重点实验室,北京 100081Center of Digital Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Center of Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology & Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - 云松 刘
- 北京大学口腔医学院·口腔医院国家口腔医学中心,国家口腔疾病临床医学研究中心,口腔数字化医疗技术和材料国家工程实验室,口腔数字医学北京市重点实验室,北京 100081Department of Prosthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Center of Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology & Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - 勇 王
- 北京大学口腔医学院·口腔医院国家口腔医学中心,国家口腔疾病临床医学研究中心,口腔数字化医疗技术和材料国家工程实验室,口腔数字医学北京市重点实验室,北京 100081Department of Prosthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Center of Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology & Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Beijing 100081, China
- 北京大学口腔医学院·口腔医院国家口腔医学中心,国家口腔疾病临床医学研究中心,口腔数字化医疗技术和材料国家工程实验室,口腔数字医学北京市重点实验室,北京 100081Center of Digital Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Center of Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology & Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - 永胜 周
- 北京大学口腔医学院·口腔医院国家口腔医学中心,国家口腔疾病临床医学研究中心,口腔数字化医疗技术和材料国家工程实验室,口腔数字医学北京市重点实验室,北京 100081Department of Prosthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology & National Center of Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology & Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Beijing 100081, China
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Wampfler JJ, Gkantidis N. Superimposition of serial 3-dimensional facial photographs to assess changes over time: A systematic review. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2021; 161:182-197.e2. [PMID: 34688517 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajodo.2021.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Superimpositions of 3-dimensional photographs enable a thorough and risk-free assessment of facial changes over time. However, the available methods and the evidence supporting them have not been assessed systematically. The paper summarizes and assesses the current evidence on superimposition methods of serial 3-dimensional facial photographs available in the literature. METHODS The following databases were searched without time restriction (last updated December 2020): MEDLINE via PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar. Unpublished literature was searched on Open Grey and Grey Literature Report. Authors were contacted if necessary, and reference lists of relevant papers were screened. All studies with sample size ≥6 that tested the accuracy or precision of a superimposition technique, or agreement between different techniques regarding facial surface changes, were considered. The 2 authors performed data extraction independently using predefined forms. The risk of bias was assessed through the Quality Assessment and Diagnostic Accuracy Tool 2 tool. RESULTS Eight studies fulfilled the inclusion criteria. The total risk of bias of 7 studies was high and of 1 low. Seven studies had high total applicability concerns, and 1 was unclear. There was high heterogeneity among studies, which tested constructed planes through manually selected landmarks, a configuration of 9 landmarks, various surface areas, and the entire facial surface as superimposition references. A small rectangular area on the forehead combined with one on the middle part of the nose and the lower wall of the orbital foramen showed promising results. CONCLUSIONS The limited available evidence suggests that surface-based registration is superior to landmark-based registration. Further research in the field is mandatory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Johannes Wampfler
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Nikolaos Gkantidis
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
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15
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Assessment of the Orbital and Auricular Asymmetry in Italian and Sudanese Children: A Three-Dimensional Study. Symmetry (Basel) 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/sym13091657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The evaluation of the symmetry of orbital and ear soft tissues is important for aesthetic and reconstructive surgery. However, little information is available for these facial regions, especially in children. We analyzed the orbital and auricular symmetry in 418 Italian and 206 Sudanese subadult males divided into three age groups (8–11, 12–15, and 16–19 years old). Orbital and auricular height and width were measured for calculating fluctuating and directional asymmetry indices. Differences in asymmetry indices according to ethnicity and age group were assessed through the two-way ANOVA test (p < 0.01), while differences in the prevalence of right or left asymmetry according to ethnicity were assessed through the chi-square test. On average, directional asymmetry indices ranged from −2.1% to 1.1%, while fluctuating asymmetry indices ranged between 2.9% and 5.4%, corresponding to a small effect size and to 1.06–2.34 mm actual dimensions. Sudanese subjects showed a greater asymmetry for all the indices except for the fluctuating asymmetry of orbital height (p < 0.01). The directional asymmetry of auricular width increased with age. A prevalent right-side asymmetry was found for all the orbital indices (p < 0.001) in both populations, although significantly more prevalent in Sudanese individuals (over 83% for both measures), while auricular measures showed a prevalent left asymmetry exclusively in the Sudanese but with lower percentages. Aside from the limited effect size, the results proved the ethnic variability of asymmetry of orbital and auricle regions in children and suggest the need to collect more population data.
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Gibelli D, Palamenghi A, Poppa P, Sforza C, Cattaneo C, De Angelis D. Improving 3D-3D facial registration methods: potential role of three-dimensional models in personal identification of the living. Int J Legal Med 2021; 135:2501-2507. [PMID: 34241673 PMCID: PMC8523506 DOI: 10.1007/s00414-021-02655-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Personal identification of the living from video surveillance systems usually involves 2D images. However, the potentiality of three-dimensional facial models in gaining personal identification through 3D-3D comparison still needs to be verified. This study aims at testing the reliability of a protocol for 3D-3D registration of facial models, potentially useful for personal identification. Fifty male subjects aged between 18 and 45 years were randomly chosen from a database of 3D facial models acquired through stereophotogrammetry. For each subject, two acquisitions were available; the 3D models of faces were then registered onto other models belonging to the same and different individuals according to the least point-to-point distance on the entire facial surface, for a total of 50 matches and 50 mismatches. RMS value (root mean square) of point-to-point distance between the two models was then calculated through the VAM® software. Intra- and inter-observer errors were assessed through calculation of relative technical error of measurement (rTEM). Possible statistically significant differences between matches and mismatches were assessed through Mann–Whitney test (p < 0.05). Both for intra- and inter-observer repeatability rTEM was between 2.2 and 5.2%. Average RMS point-to-point distance was 0.50 ± 0.28 mm in matches, 2.62 ± 0.56 mm in mismatches (p < 0.01). An RMS threshold of 1.50 mm could distinguish matches and mismatches in 100% of cases. This study provides an improvement to existing 3D-3D superimposition methods and confirms the great advantages which may derive to personal identification of the living from 3D facial analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Gibelli
- Dipartimento Di Scienze Biomediche Per La Salute, LAFAS, Laboratorio Di Anatomia Funzionale Dell'Apparato Stomatognatico, Università Degli Studi Di Milano, Via Mangiagalli 31, 20133, Milano, Italy.
| | - Andrea Palamenghi
- Dipartimento Di Scienze Biomediche Per La Salute, LAFAS, Laboratorio Di Anatomia Funzionale Dell'Apparato Stomatognatico, Università Degli Studi Di Milano, Via Mangiagalli 31, 20133, Milano, Italy.,Dipartimento Di Scienze Biomediche Per La Salute, LABANOF, Laboratorio Di Antropologia E Odontologia Forense, Università Degli Studi Di Milano, Via Mangiagalli 37, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Pasquale Poppa
- Dipartimento Di Scienze Biomediche Per La Salute, LABANOF, Laboratorio Di Antropologia E Odontologia Forense, Università Degli Studi Di Milano, Via Mangiagalli 37, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Chiarella Sforza
- Dipartimento Di Scienze Biomediche Per La Salute, LAFAS, Laboratorio Di Anatomia Funzionale Dell'Apparato Stomatognatico, Università Degli Studi Di Milano, Via Mangiagalli 31, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Cristina Cattaneo
- Dipartimento Di Scienze Biomediche Per La Salute, LABANOF, Laboratorio Di Antropologia E Odontologia Forense, Università Degli Studi Di Milano, Via Mangiagalli 37, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Danilo De Angelis
- Dipartimento Di Scienze Biomediche Per La Salute, LABANOF, Laboratorio Di Antropologia E Odontologia Forense, Università Degli Studi Di Milano, Via Mangiagalli 37, 20133, Milano, Italy
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Roscian M, Herrel A, Cornette R, Delapré A, Cherel Y, Rouget I. Underwater photogrammetry for close-range 3D imaging of dry-sensitive objects: The case study of cephalopod beaks. Ecol Evol 2021; 11:7730-7742. [PMID: 34188847 PMCID: PMC8216959 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.7607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Technical advances in 3D imaging have contributed to quantifying and understanding biological variability and complexity. However, small, dry-sensitive objects are not easy to reconstruct using common and easily available techniques such as photogrammetry, surface scanning, or micro-CT scanning. Here, we use cephalopod beaks as an example as their size, thickness, transparency, and dry-sensitive nature make them particularly challenging. We developed a new, underwater, photogrammetry protocol in order to add these types of biological structures to the panel of photogrammetric possibilities.We used a camera with a macrophotography mode in a waterproof housing fixed in a tank with clear water. The beak was painted and fixed on a colored rotating support. Three angles of view, two acquisitions, and around 300 pictures per specimen were taken in order to reconstruct a full 3D model. These models were compared with others obtained with micro-CT scanning to verify their accuracy.The models can be obtained quickly and cheaply compared with micro-CT scanning and have sufficient precision for quantitative interspecific morphological analyses. Our work shows that underwater photogrammetry is a fast, noninvasive, efficient, and accurate way to reconstruct 3D models of dry-sensitive objects while conserving their shape. While the reconstruction of the shape is accurate, some internal parts cannot be reconstructed with photogrammetry as they are not visible. In contrast, these structures are visible using reconstructions based on micro-CT scanning. The mean difference between both methods is very small (10-5 to 10-4 mm) and is significantly lower than differences between meshes of different individuals.This photogrammetry protocol is portable, easy-to-use, fast, and reproducible. Micro-CT scanning, in contrast, is time-consuming, expensive, and nonportable. This protocol can be applied to reconstruct the 3D shape of many other dry-sensitive objects such as shells of shellfish, cartilage, plants, and other chitinous materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjorie Roscian
- Centre de Recherche en Paléontologie‐Paris (CR2P)Muséum National d'Histoire NaturelleCNRSSorbonne UniversitéParisFrance
- Mécanismes Adaptatifs et Evolution (Mecadev)Muséum National d'Histoire NaturelleCNRSBâtiment d'Anatomie ComparéeParisFrance
| | - Anthony Herrel
- Mécanismes Adaptatifs et Evolution (Mecadev)Muséum National d'Histoire NaturelleCNRSBâtiment d'Anatomie ComparéeParisFrance
| | - Raphaël Cornette
- Institut de Systématique, Évolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB)Muséum national d'Histoire naturelleCNRSSorbonne UniversitéEPHEUniversité des AntillesParisFrance
| | - Arnaud Delapré
- Institut de Systématique, Évolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB)Muséum national d'Histoire naturelleCNRSSorbonne UniversitéEPHEUniversité des AntillesParisFrance
| | - Yves Cherel
- Centre d'Etudes Biologiques de ChizéUMR7372CNRS‐La Rochelle UniversitéVilliers‐en‐BoisFrance
| | - Isabelle Rouget
- Centre de Recherche en Paléontologie‐Paris (CR2P)Muséum National d'Histoire NaturelleCNRSSorbonne UniversitéParisFrance
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Liu J, Guo Y, Arakelyan M, Rokohl AC, Heindl LM. Accuracy of Areal Measurement in the Periocular Region Using Stereophotogrammetry. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2021; 79:1106.e1-1106.e9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joms.2020.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Rubio RR, Bonaventura RD, Kournoutas I, Barakat D, Vigo V, El-Sayed I, Abla AA. Stereoscopy in Surgical Neuroanatomy: Past, Present, and Future. Oper Neurosurg (Hagerstown) 2021; 18:105-117. [PMID: 31214715 DOI: 10.1093/ons/opz123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the dawn of antiquity, scientists, philosophers, and artists have pondered the nature of optical stereopsis-the perception of depth that arises from binocular vision. The early 19th century saw the advent of stereoscopes, devices that could replicate stereopsis by producing a 3D illusion from the super-imposition of 2D photographs. This phenomenon opened up a plethora of possibilities through its usefulness as an educational tool-particularly in medicine. Before long, photographers, anatomists, and physicians were collaborating to create some of the first stereoscopic atlases available for the teaching of medical students and residents. In fields like neurosurgery-where a comprehensive visuospatial understanding of neuro-anatomical correlates is crucial-research into stereoscopic modalities are of fundamental importance. Already, medical institutions all over the world are capitalizing on new and immersive technologies-such as 3D intraoperative recording, and 3D endoscopes-to refine their pedagogical efforts as well as improve their clinical capacities. The present paper surveys the history of stereoscopy from antiquity to the modern era-with a focus on its role in neurosurgery and medical education. Through the tracking of this evolution, we can discuss potential benefits, future directions, and highlight areas in which further research is needed. By anticipating these factors, we may strive to take full advantage of an emergent field of technology, for our ultimate goal of improving patient care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Rodriguez Rubio
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, California.,Skull Base and Cerebrovascular Laboratory, University of California, San Francisco, California.,Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Rina Di Bonaventura
- Skull Base and Cerebrovascular Laboratory, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Ioannis Kournoutas
- Skull Base and Cerebrovascular Laboratory, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Dania Barakat
- Skull Base and Cerebrovascular Laboratory, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Vera Vigo
- Skull Base and Cerebrovascular Laboratory, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Ivan El-Sayed
- Skull Base and Cerebrovascular Laboratory, University of California, San Francisco, California.,Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Adib A Abla
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, California.,Skull Base and Cerebrovascular Laboratory, University of California, San Francisco, California
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Yuan B, Jiang X, Liu Y, Dong J, Li D. Three-dimensional periorbital asymmetry assessment of congenital microphthalmia children with a structured light 3D scanning system. J Craniomaxillofac Surg 2021; 49:206-214. [PMID: 33487550 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcms.2020.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/26/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Congenital microphthalmia is a rare phenotype characterized by eye growth retardation. Due to the lack of eyeball stimulation, children suffering from congenital microphthalmia always have bony orbital maldevelopment, which leads to facial asymmetry. In the present study, a structured light 3D scanning system was used as a novel method to measure the three-dimensional periorbital asymmetry in children with congenital microphthalmia. Children with unilateral congenital microphthalmia of 0-6 years old were enrolled in the present study. All participants underwent an ultrasound scan to measure the axial length, and accepted the structured light 3D scanning system for their periorbital appearance. The degree of periorbital asymmetry was evaluated using 17 facial landmarks within a three-dimensional cartesian coordinate system (the X-axis represented the horizontal direction, the Y-axis represented the vertical direction, and the Z-axis represented the sagittal direction). Paired student t-test and ANOVA were used in the present study. A three-dimensional periorbital topography was also established to further illustrate the periorbital asymmetry. A total of 67 children were recruited, which included 31 boys and 34 girls. The axial length on the affected side (12.28 ± 3.35 mm) was generally smaller than that on the unaffected side (20.54 ± 1.65 mm, P < 0.001). When grouped by age, the periorbital asymmetry mainly manifested in the Y-axis and Z-axis directions. The unaffected side had a higher orbitale superior (5.09 ± 0.35 vs. 3.02 ± 0.30, P < 0.001) and a lower orbitale inferior (-19.52 ± 0.51 vs. -16.90 ± 0.53, P < 0.001) in 0-1 year old group. Same performances were also found in the 1-3 and 3-6 age groups. When grouped according to the proportion of axial length on the bilateral sides, seven of the 12 Y-values and all 12 Z-values had statistical differences. The structured Light 3D scanning system may serve as a beneficial complementary tool for computed tomography, in order to better understand the periorbital deformities caused by congenital microphthalmia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bowei Yuan
- Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xue Jiang
- Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Liu
- Harbin Medical University, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Jie Dong
- Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Dongmei Li
- Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences Key Lab, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
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21
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Reliability of Periocular Anthropometry: A Comparison of Direct, 2-Dimensional, and 3-Dimensional Techniques. Dermatol Surg 2021; 46:e23-e31. [PMID: 31809350 DOI: 10.1097/dss.0000000000002243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Three-dimensional (3D) imaging has become increasingly popular in aesthetic surgery. However, few studies have emphasized its application in the periocular region. OBJECTIVE To provide evidence supporting the reliability of generalizing periocular measurements obtained using caliper-derived direct anthropometry and 2-dimensional (2D) photogrammetry to 3D stereophotogrammetry. MATERIALS AND METHODS Periocular surfaces were captured using a stereophotogrammetry system for 46 normal Caucasian individuals. Twenty-two periocular variables were directly, 2-dimensionally, and 3-dimensionally measured. Reliability of these measurements was evaluated and compared with each other. RESULTS The results revealed that, for direct (intra-rater reliability only), 2D, and 3D anthropometry, overall intra-rater and inter-rater intraclass correlation coefficient estimates were 0.88, 0.99 and 0.97, and 0.98 and 0.92, respectively; mean absolute differences were 0.84 mm, 0.26 and 0.36 units, and 0.35 and 0.67 units, respectively; technical error of measurement (TEM) estimates were 0.85 mm, 0.25 and 0.36 units, and 0.32 and 0.65 units, respectively; relative error measurement estimates were 6.46%, 1.69% and 2.74%, and 1.67% and 5.11%, respectively; and relative TEM estimates were 6.25%, 1.62% and 2.78%, and 2.12% and 5.12%, respectively. CONCLUSION Stereophotogrammetry and the authors' landmark location protocol yield very good reliability for a series of 2D and 3D measurements.
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Guo Y, Liu J, Ruan Y, Rokohl AC, Hou X, Li S, Jia R, Koch KR, Heindl LM. A novel approach quantifying the periorbital morphology: A comparison of direct, 2-dimensional, and 3-dimensional technologies. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 2020; 74:1888-1899. [PMID: 33358464 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjps.2020.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The measurement of anatomical structures is critical in plastic and reconstructive surgery. However, few detailed and standardized measurements have been widely used in the periorbital region. This study aimed to evaluate the feasibility of a novel detailed and standardized protocol with 2D and 3D technologies, and explore the relationship between them and direct measurements. METHODS Fifty healthy Caucasians (100 eyes) between 20 and 68 years old were recruited and captured for 3D photographs by VECTRA M3 3D Imaging System. Subsequently, 24 landmarks were located on each 3D photographs following a standardized protocol, and then 19 linear and 3 angular periorbital variables were measured. Furthermore, two-dimensional (2D) and direct measurements were conducted on each subject and compared with 3D measurements and one another. RESULTS The grand r means across all measurements were 0.77, 0.78, and 0.88 for direct vs. 2D values, direct vs. 3D values, and 3D vs. 2D values, respectively. The mean absolute differences were 1 mm (ranging from 0.2 mm to 3.7 mm) between direct and 3D measurements, 1 mm (ranging from 0.04 mm to 2.4 mm) between direct and 2D measurements, and 1 mm and 6.6° (ranging from 0.04 mm or 0.5° to 3 mm or 12.8°) between 2D and 3D measurements. CONCLUSIONS This study verified the feasibility of this detailed and standardized landmark localization protocol for assessing the periorbital morphology with 2D and 3D technologies. This protocol may work as a bridge communicating with all studies involving any of the three technologies in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Guo
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Eye Center, 2nd Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - J Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Y Ruan
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - A C Rokohl
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - X Hou
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - S Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - R Jia
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - K R Koch
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - L M Heindl
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Center for Integrated Oncology (CIO) Aachen-Bonn-Cologne-Duesseldorf, Cologne, Germany.
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23
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Three-dimensional acquisition technologies for facial soft tissues – Applications and prospects in orthognathic surgery. JOURNAL OF STOMATOLOGY, ORAL AND MAXILLOFACIAL SURGERY 2020; 121:721-728. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jormas.2020.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 05/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Xiao Z, Liu Z, Gu Y. Integration of digital maxillary dental casts with 3D facial images in orthodontic patients. Angle Orthod 2020; 90:397-404. [PMID: 33378431 PMCID: PMC8032295 DOI: 10.2319/071619-473.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate three-dimensional (3D) accuracy and reliability of nonradiographic dentofacial images integrated with a two-step method. METHODS 3D facial images, cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) images and digital maxillary dental casts were obtained from 20 pre-orthodontic subjects. Digital dental casts were integrated into 3D facial images using a two-step method based on the anterior tooth area. 3D coordinate values of five dental landmarks were identified in both dentofacial images and CBCT images. The accuracy of the integration method was assessed with paired t-tests between dentofacial images and CBCT-based reference standards. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) were assessed for the reliability of dentofacial images and CBCT-based images. Analysis of variance and Kruskal-Wallis tests evaluated the accuracy of the method in different dimensions. RESULTS There was no statistical difference between dentofacial images and CBCT reference standards in both translational and rotational dimensions (P > .05). Translational mean absolute errors for full dentitions were within 0.42 mm and ICCs were over 0.998 in x, y, and z directions. Rotational mean absolute errors for full dentitions were within 0.92° and ICCs over 0.734 in pitch, yaw, and roll orientations. Integration errors were significantly greater in the first molar, z-translation, and pitch rotation (P < .05). CONCLUSIONS Integrating 3D dentofacial images with the two-step method is precise and acceptable for clinical diagnostics and scientific purposes. Errors were greater in the molar region, z-translation, and pitch rotation.
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Gibelli D, Dolci C, Cappella A, Sforza C. Reliability of optical devices for three-dimensional facial anatomy description: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2019; 49:1092-1106. [PMID: 31786104 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijom.2019.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Revised: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The use of three-dimensional (3D) optical instruments to measure soft tissue facial characteristics is increasing, but systematic assessments of their reliability, practical use in research and clinics, outcome measurements, and advantages and limitations are not fully established. Therefore, a review of the current literature was performed on the reliability of facial anthropometric measurements obtained by 3D optical facial reproductions as compared to conventional anthropometry or other optical devices. The systematic literature search was conducted in electronic databases following the PRISMA guidelines (PROSPERO registration: CRD42018085473). Overall, 815 studies were identified, with 27 final papers included. Two meta-analyses were conducted. Tested devices included conventional cameras, laser scanning, stereophotogrammetry, and structured light. Studies measured living people or inanimate objects. Overall, the optical devices were considered reliable for the measurement of linear distances. Some caution is needed for surface assessments. All instruments are suitable for the analysis of inanimate objects, but fast scan devices should be preferred for living subjects to avoid motion artefacts in the orbital and nasolabial areas. Prior facial landmarking is suggested to improve measurement accuracy. Practical needs and economic means should direct the choice of the most appropriate instrument. Considering the increasing interest in surface-to-surface measurements, fast scan devices should be preferred, and dedicated protocols devised.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Gibelli
- Functional Anatomy Research Centre (FARC), Laboratorio di Anatomia Funzionale dell'Apparato Stomatognatico (LAFAS), Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - C Dolci
- Functional Anatomy Research Centre (FARC), Laboratorio di Anatomia Funzionale dell'Apparato Stomatognatico (LAFAS), Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - A Cappella
- Functional Anatomy Research Centre (FARC), Laboratorio di Anatomia Funzionale dell'Apparato Stomatognatico (LAFAS), Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - C Sforza
- Functional Anatomy Research Centre (FARC), Laboratorio di Anatomia Funzionale dell'Apparato Stomatognatico (LAFAS), Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy.
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Kotěrová A, Králík V, Rmoutilová R, Friedl L, Růžička P, Velemínská J, Marchal F, Brůžek J. Impact of 3D surface scanning protocols on the Os coxae digital data: Implications for sex and age-at-death assessment. J Forensic Leg Med 2019; 68:101866. [PMID: 31518882 DOI: 10.1016/j.jflm.2019.101866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2019] [Revised: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The 3D imaging technologies have become of paramount importance for example in disciplines such as forensic anthropology and bioarchaeology, where they are being used more and more frequently. There are several new possibilities that they offer; for instance, the easier and faster sharing of data among institutions, the possibility of permanent documentation, or new opportunities of data analysis. An important requirement, however, is whether the data obtained from different scanning devices are comparable and whether the possible varying outputs could affect further analyses, such as the estimation of the biological profile. Therefore, we aimed to investigate two important questions: (1) whether 3D models acquired by two different scanning technologies (structured light and laser) are comparable and (2) whether the scanning equipment has an effect on the anthropological analyses, such as age-at-death estimation and sex assessment. 3D models of ossa coxa (n = 29) were acquired by laser (NextEngine) and structured light (HP 3D Structured Light Scanner PRO 2) scanners. The resulting 3D models from both scanners were subjected to age-at-death analyses (via the quantitative method of Stoyanova et al., 2017) and sex analyses (via Diagnose Sexuelle Probabiliste 2 of Brůžek et al., 2017). Furthermore, high quality scans of a small sample (n = 5) of pubic symphyseal surfaces with the RedLux Profiler device were acquired as reference surfaces to which the outputs from both scanners were compared. Small deviations between surfaces were more evident in more rugged surfaces (in areas of depression and protrusion). Even though small differences from the reference surfaces were found, they did not have a significant effect on the age and sex estimates. It never resulted in the opposite sex assignment, and no significant differences were observed between age estimates (with the exception of those with the TPS/BE model).
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Affiliation(s)
- Anežka Kotěrová
- Department of Anthropology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, Prague, 128 43, Czech Republic.
| | - Vlastimil Králík
- Department of Mechanics, Biomechanics and Mechatronics, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, CTU in Prague, Technická 4, Prague, 166 07, Czech Republic
| | - Rebeka Rmoutilová
- Department of Anthropology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, Prague, 128 43, Czech Republic; Laboratoire PACEA, UMR 5199, CNRS, Université Bordeaux, CS 50023, Pessac, 33615, France
| | - Lukáš Friedl
- Department of Anthropology, University of West Bohemia, Plzeň, 30614, Czech Republic; Interdisciplinary Center for Archaeology and Evolution of Human Behaviour (ICArEHB), Faculdade das Ciências Humanas e Sociais, Universidade do Algarve, Campus Gambelas, 8005-139, Faro, Portugal
| | - Pavel Růžička
- Department of Mechanics, Biomechanics and Mechatronics, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, CTU in Prague, Technická 4, Prague, 166 07, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Velemínská
- Department of Anthropology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, Prague, 128 43, Czech Republic
| | - François Marchal
- UMR 7268 ADES, Aix-Marseille University, EFS, CNRS, Faculté de Médecine Secteur Nord, 13344, Marseille Cedex 15, France
| | - Jaroslav Brůžek
- Department of Anthropology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, Prague, 128 43, Czech Republic; Laboratoire PACEA, UMR 5199, CNRS, Université Bordeaux, CS 50023, Pessac, 33615, France
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Guo Y, Rokohl AC, Schaub F, Hou X, Liu J, Ruan Y, Jia R, Koch KR, Heindl LM. Reliability of periocular anthropometry using three-dimensional digital stereophotogrammetry. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2019; 257:2517-2531. [PMID: 31407036 DOI: 10.1007/s00417-019-04428-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Revised: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Non-invasive three-dimensional (3D) stereophotogrammetry is becoming increasingly popular in many fields. However, few studies have focused on its periocular application. We aimed to provide evidence for the periocular application of a novel anthropometric procedure using 3D stereophotogrammetry by evaluating its reliability. METHODS Fifty-one Caucasians were recruited (102 eyes; mean age, 31.9 ± 13.6 years). Two sets of 3D images were acquired for each subject, and two measurement sessions were performed on each image by two raters. Fifty-two periocular landmarks were identified, and then 49 corresponding linear, curvilinear, and angular measurements were evaluated for intrarater, interrater, and intramethod reliability. RESULTS Our findings showed highly reliable results for mean absolute difference (0.59 and 0.68 unit), relative error measurement (2.66% and 3.08%), technical error of measurement (0.59 and 0.66 unit), relative technical error of measurement (2.71% and 2.96%), and intraclass correlation coefficient (0.98) for intrarater 1 and intrarater 2 reliability; respectively 0.94 unit, 4.06%, 0.89 unit, and 3.94%, as well as 0.97 for interrater reliability; and respectively 0.98 unit, 4.66%, 0.96 unit, and 4.64%, as well as 0.96 for intramethod reliability. CONCLUSIONS This imaging system and the landmark identification protocol are highly reliable. The collected measurements and their errors can be applied for the comparison of reliability among various 3D imaging systems and populations. It could be utilized for planning surgeries and evaluating treatment outcomes for physicians in ophthalmology, plastic and esthetic surgery, and in the maxillofacial field where periocular morphology alterations are made.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongwei Guo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Kerpener Strasse 62, 50937, Cologne, Germany
| | - Alexander C Rokohl
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Kerpener Strasse 62, 50937, Cologne, Germany
| | - Friederike Schaub
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Kerpener Strasse 62, 50937, Cologne, Germany
| | - Xiaoyi Hou
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Kerpener Strasse 62, 50937, Cologne, Germany
| | - Jinhua Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Kerpener Strasse 62, 50937, Cologne, Germany
| | - Yue Ruan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Kerpener Strasse 62, 50937, Cologne, Germany
| | - Renbing Jia
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Konrad R Koch
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Kerpener Strasse 62, 50937, Cologne, Germany
| | - Ludwig M Heindl
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Kerpener Strasse 62, 50937, Cologne, Germany. .,Center for Integrated Oncology (CIO) Aachen-Bonn-Cologne-Duesseldorf, Cologne, Germany.
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Struck R, Cordoni S, Aliotta S, Pérez-Pachón L, Gröning F. Application of Photogrammetry in Biomedical Science. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1120:121-130. [PMID: 30919299 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-06070-1_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Photogrammetry is an upcoming technology in biomedical science as it provides a non-invasive and cost-effective alternative to established 3D imaging techniques such as computed tomography. This review introduces the photogrammetry approaches currently used for digital 3D reconstruction in biomedical science and discusses their suitability for different applications. It aims to offer the reader a better understanding of photogrammetry as a 3D reconstruction technique and to provide some guidance on how to choose the appropriate photogrammetry approach for their research area (including single- versus multi-camera setups, structure-from-motion versus conventional photogrammetry and macro- versus microphotogrammetry) as well as guidance on how to obtain high-quality data. This review highlights some key advantages of photogrammetry for a variety of applications in biomedical science, but it also discusses the limitations of this technique and the importance of taking steps to obtain high-quality images for accurate 3D reconstruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronja Struck
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Sara Cordoni
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Sofia Aliotta
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Laura Pérez-Pachón
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Flora Gröning
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK.
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