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Kurniawan MS, Tio PA, Abdel Alim T, Roshchupkin G, Dirven CM, Pleumeekers MM, Mathijssen IM, van Veelen MLC. 3D Analysis of the Cranial and Facial Shape in Craniosynostosis Patients: A Systematic Review. J Craniofac Surg 2024; 35:00001665-990000000-01410. [PMID: 38498012 PMCID: PMC11045556 DOI: 10.1097/scs.0000000000010071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024] Open
Abstract
With increasing interest in 3D photogrammetry, diverse methods have been developed for craniofacial shape analysis in craniosynostosis patients. This review provides an overview of these methods and offers recommendations for future studies. A systematic literature search was used to identify publications on 3D photogrammetry analyses in craniosynostosis patients until August 2023. Inclusion criteria were original research reporting on 3D photogrammetry analyses in patients with craniosynostosis and written in English. Sixty-three publications that had reproducible methods for measuring cranial, forehead, or facial shape were included in the systematic review. Cranial shape changes were commonly assessed using heat maps and curvature analyses. Publications assessing the forehead utilized volumetric measurements, angles, ratios, and mirroring techniques. Mirroring techniques were frequently used to determine facial asymmetry. Although 3D photogrammetry shows promise, methods vary widely between standardized and less conventional measurements. A standardized protocol for the selection and documentation of landmarks, planes, and measurements across the cranium, forehead, and face is essential for consistent clinical and research applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Tareq Abdel Alim
- Department of Neurosurgery
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center
| | - Gennady Roshchupkin
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center
| | | | | | | | - Marie-Lise C. van Veelen
- Department of Neurosurgery
- Child Brain Center, Erasmus MC Sophia Children’s Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Gaillard L, Puppels AE, Dremmen MH, Loudon SE, Mathijssen IM. Eye and Orbital Anatomy in Metopic Synostosis. Plast Reconstr Surg Glob Open 2023; 11:e5303. [PMID: 37823032 PMCID: PMC10564306 DOI: 10.1097/gox.0000000000005303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
Background Metopic synostosis patients have a high prevalence of orthoptic anomalies, including hyperopia, astigmatism, and amblyopia. We hypothesized altered orbital anatomy contributes to suboptimal visual outcomes by adversely affecting eye anatomy and growth from early life onward. Therefore, we aimed to investigate eye and orbital anatomy in metopic synostosis. Methods We conducted a retrospective study in nonsyndromic metopic synostosis patients (n = 134, median age 0.43 years [IQR 0.45]) with nonsyndromic sagittal synostosis patients (n = 134, median age 0.27 years [IQR 0.23]) as controls. Primary analyses focused on eye dimensions (axial length, width, and globe height) and orbital dimensions, correcting for sex and age. Measurements were obtained from preoperative computed tomography scans. Results Axial length and width in metopic synostosis patients did not differ from sagittal synostosis patients, but globe height was significantly smaller (P = 0.0002). Lateral wall interorbital length, lateral orbital wall length, anterior medial interorbital length, and maximal medial interorbital length were significantly smaller, and anterior vertical orbital height and maximal vertical orbital height were significantly larger (P < 0.001). The central orbital axis and interorbital angle were significantly narrower, and medial-to-lateral orbital wall angle was wider (P < 0.001). Conclusions Metopic synostosis patients have more shallow, wider, and higher orbits. Eye dimensions are similar in sagittal synostosis patients, although globe height was smaller. Altered orbital and eye dimensions in metopic synostosis probably have a causal relation with an unknown order of development. How these dimensions relate to future orthoptic anomalies (eg, refractive error) needs further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Gaillard
- From the Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery and Hand surgery, Erasmus MC—Sophia Children’s Hospital, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Anna E. Puppels
- From the Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery and Hand surgery, Erasmus MC—Sophia Children’s Hospital, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Marjolein H.G. Dremmen
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC—Sophia Children’s Hospital, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Sjoukje E. Loudon
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus MC—Sophia Children’s Hospital, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Irene M.J. Mathijssen
- From the Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery and Hand surgery, Erasmus MC—Sophia Children’s Hospital, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
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Calpena E, Hervieu A, Kaserer T, Swagemakers SM, Goos JA, Popoola O, Ortiz-Ruiz MJ, Barbaro-Dieber T, Bownass L, Brilstra EH, Brimble E, Foulds N, Grebe TA, Harder AV, Lees MM, Monaghan KG, Newbury-Ecob RA, Ong KR, Osio D, Reynoso Santos FJ, Ruzhnikov MR, Telegrafi A, van Binsbergen E, van Dooren MF, van der Spek PJ, Blagg J, Twigg SR, Mathijssen IM, Clarke PA, Wilkie AO, Wilkie AOM. De Novo Missense Substitutions in the Gene Encoding CDK8, a Regulator of the Mediator Complex, Cause a Syndromic Developmental Disorder. Am J Hum Genet 2019; 104:709-720. [PMID: 30905399 PMCID: PMC6451695 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2019.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The Mediator is an evolutionarily conserved, multi-subunit complex that regulates multiple steps of transcription. Mediator activity is regulated by the reversible association of a four-subunit module comprising CDK8 or CDK19 kinases, together with cyclin C, MED12 or MED12L, and MED13 or MED13L. Mutations in MED12, MED13, and MED13L were previously identified in syndromic developmental disorders with overlapping phenotypes. Here, we report CDK8 mutations (located at 13q12.13) that cause a phenotypically related disorder. Using whole-exome or whole-genome sequencing, and by international collaboration, we identified eight different heterozygous missense CDK8 substitutions, including 10 shown to have arisen de novo, in 12 unrelated subjects; a recurrent mutation, c.185C>T (p.Ser62Leu), was present in five individuals. All predicted substitutions localize to the ATP-binding pocket of the kinase domain. Affected individuals have overlapping phenotypes characterized by hypotonia, mild to moderate intellectual disability, behavioral disorders, and variable facial dysmorphism. Congenital heart disease occurred in six subjects; additional features present in multiple individuals included agenesis of the corpus callosum, ano-rectal malformations, seizures, and hearing or visual impairments. To evaluate the functional impact of the mutations, we measured phosphorylation at STAT1-Ser727, a known CDK8 substrate, in a CDK8 and CDK19 CRISPR double-knockout cell line transfected with wild-type (WT) or mutant CDK8 constructs. These experiments demonstrated a reduction in STAT1 phosphorylation by all mutants, in most cases to a similar extent as in a kinase-dead control. We conclude that missense mutations in CDK8 cause a developmental disorder that has phenotypic similarity to syndromes associated with mutations in other subunits of the Mediator kinase module, indicating probable overlap in pathogenic mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Andrew O M Wilkie
- Clinical Genetics Group, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK.
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Van Lieshout MJ, Voshol IE, Joosten KF, Van Der Schroeff MP, Mathijssen IM, Koudstaal MJ, Wolvius EB. Respiratory Distress following Cleft Palate Repair in Children with Robin Sequence. Cleft Palate Craniofac J 2018; 53:203-9. [DOI: 10.1597/14-250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The aim of this study is to assess prevalence, severity, and duration of respiratory distress following palatoplasty in children with Robin sequence and to evaluate perioperative management. Design Retrospective chart review study. Data were collected for patients who were born between 2009 and 2012 and underwent palatoplasty in the Sophia Children's Hospital-Erasmus Medical Center. Result Of the 75 patients with cleft palate, 30 with Robin sequence and a control group of 45 cleft without Robin sequence underwent palatoplasty. Prior to closure, 26 of 30 patients with Robin sequence had been treated by prone positioning, and four needed additional treatment. The mean age at closure was 12.4 months for patients with Robin sequence and 10.9 months for patients without Robin sequence (P = .05). On the basis of the results of preoperative polysomnography with palatal plate, closure was postponed in two patients with Robin sequence. In the Robin sequence group, eight of the 30 patients developed postoperative respiratory distress within 48 hours and one patient, after 7 days; whereas none within the non—Robin sequence group developed respiratory distress. In all nine cases of Robin sequence the obstructive problems resolved within a few days, with four children requiring a temporary nasopharyngeal tube (NPT). There were no significant differences between preoperative polysomnography results of the nine patients with Robin sequence who developed postoperative respiratory distress compared with those patients with Robin sequence who did not. Conclusion Despite delayed closure compared with children without Robin sequence, 30% of the children with Robin sequence developed respiratory distress following palatoplasty, which resolved within a few days. This study emphasizes the need for close perioperative monitoring of patients with Robin sequence who undergo palatoplasty.
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Cornelissen MJ, Söfteland M, Apon I, Ladfors L, Mathijssen IM, Cohen-Overbeek TE, Bonsel GJ, Kölby L. Perinatal complications in patients with unisutural craniosynostosis: An international multicentre retrospective cohort study. J Craniomaxillofac Surg 2017; 45:1809-1814. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcms.2017.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Revised: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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Rakhorst HA, Mureau MA, Cooter RD, McNeil J, van Hooff M, van der Hulst R, Hommes J, Hoornweg M, Moojen-Zaal L, Liem P, Mathijssen IM. The new opt-out Dutch National Breast Implant Registry – Lessons learnt from the road to implementation. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 2017; 70:1354-1360. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bjps.2017.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2016] [Revised: 03/26/2017] [Accepted: 04/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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van Lieshout MJ, Joosten KF, Mathijssen IM, Koudstaal MJ, Hoeve HL, van der Schroeff MP, Wolvius EB. Robin sequence: A European survey on current practice patterns. J Craniomaxillofac Surg 2015; 43:1626-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcms.2015.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2014] [Revised: 06/19/2015] [Accepted: 07/17/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
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Mathijssen IM, Versnel SL. Craniofacial clefts. Plast Reconstr Surg 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/9781118655412.ch20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Maliepaard M, Mathijssen IM, Oosterlaan J, Okkerse JM. Intellectual, behavioral, and emotional functioning in children with syndromic craniosynostosis. Pediatrics 2014; 133:e1608-15. [PMID: 24864183 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2013-3077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To examine intellectual, behavioral, and emotional functioning of children who have syndromic craniosynostosis and to explore differences between diagnostic subgroups. METHODS A national sample of children who have syndromic craniosynostosis participated in this study. Intellectual, behavioral, and emotional outcomes were assessed by using standardized measures: Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children, Third Edition, Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL)/6-18, Disruptive Behavior Disorder rating scale (DBD), and the National Institute of Mental Health Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children. RESULTS We included 82 children (39 boys) aged 6 to 13 years who have syndromic craniosynostosis. Mean Full-Scale IQ (FSIQ) was in the normal range (M = 96.6; SD = 21.6). However, children who have syndromic craniosynostosis had a 1.9 times higher risk for developing intellectual disability (FSIQ < 85) compared with the normative population (P < .001) and had more behavioral and emotional problems compared with the normative population, including higher scores on the CBCL/6-18, DBD Total Problems (P < .001), Internalizing (P < .01), social problems (P < .001), attention problems (P < .001), and the DBD Inattention (P < .001). Children who have Apert syndrome had lower FSIQs (M = 76.7; SD = 13.3) and children who have Muenke syndrome had more social problems (P < .01), attention problems (P < .05), and inattention problems (P < .01) than normative population and with other diagnostic subgroups. CONCLUSIONS Although children who have syndromic craniosynostosis have FSIQs similar to the normative population, they are at increased risk for developing intellectual disability, internalizing, social, and attention problems. Higher levels of behavioral and emotional problems were related to lower levels of intellectual functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianne Maliepaard
- Departments of Plastic, Reconstructive and Hand Surgery, and
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology, Erasmus MC-Sophia Children’s Hospital, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands; and
| | | | - Jaap Oosterlaan
- Department of Clinical Neuropsychology, VU Vrije Universiteit University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Jolanda M.E. Okkerse
- Departments of Plastic, Reconstructive and Hand Surgery, and
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology, Erasmus MC-Sophia Children’s Hospital, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands; and
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Cornelissen MJ, van der Vlugt JJ, Willemsen JC, van Adrichem LN, Mathijssen IM, van der Meulen JJ. Unilateral versus bilateral correction of unicoronal synostosis: An analysis of long-term results. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 2013; 66:704-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bjps.2013.01.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2012] [Accepted: 01/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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11
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Bannink N, Maliepaard M, Raat H, Joosten KF, Mathijssen IM. Health-related quality of life in children and adolescents with syndromic craniosynostosis. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 2010; 63:1972-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bjps.2010.01.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2009] [Revised: 01/21/2010] [Accepted: 01/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Twigg SR, Wilkie AO, Versnel SL, Mathijssen IM. Letters to the Editor. Cleft Palate Craniofac J 2010; 47:430. [DOI: 10.1597/10-022.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen R.F. Twigg
- Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine University of Oxford John Radcliffe Hospital Oxford OX3 9DS, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew O.M. Wilkie
- Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine University of Oxford John Radcliffe Hospital Oxford OX3 9DS, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah L. Versnel
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Irene M.J. Mathijssen
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Twigg SR, Versnel SL, Nürnberg G, Lees MM, Bhat M, Hammond P, Hennekam RC, Hoogeboom AJM, Hurst JA, Johnson D, Robinson AA, Scambler PJ, Gerrelli D, Nürnberg P, Mathijssen IM, Wilkie AO. Frontorhiny, a distinctive presentation of frontonasal dysplasia caused by recessive mutations in the ALX3 homeobox gene. Am J Hum Genet 2009; 84:698-705. [PMID: 19409524 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2009.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2009] [Revised: 04/03/2009] [Accepted: 04/14/2009] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
We describe a recessively inherited frontonasal malformation characterized by a distinctive facial appearance, with hypertelorism, wide nasal bridge, short nasal ridge, bifid nasal tip, broad columella, widely separated slit-like nares, long philtrum with prominent bilateral swellings, and midline notch in the upper lip and alveolus. Additional recurrent features present in a minority of individuals have been upper eyelid ptosis and midline dermoid cysts of craniofacial structures. Assuming recessive inheritance, we mapped the locus in three families to chromosome 1 and identified mutations in ALX3, which is located at band 1p13.3 and encodes the aristaless-related ALX homeobox 3 transcription factor. In total, we identified seven different homozygous pathogenic mutations in seven families. These mutations comprise missense substitutions at critical positions within the conserved homeodomain as well as nonsense, frameshift, and splice-site mutations, all predicting severe or complete loss of function. Our findings contrast with previous studies of the orthologous murine gene, which showed no phenotype in Alx3(-/-) homozygotes, apparently as a result of functional redundancy with the paralogous Alx4 gene. We conclude that ALX3 is essential for normal facial development in humans and that deficiency causes a clinically recognizable phenotype, which we term frontorhiny.
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Mathijssen IM, van Leeuwen H, Vermeij-Keers C, Vaandrager JM. FGF-4 or FGF-2 administration induces apoptosis, collagen type I expression, and mineralization in the developing coronal suture. J Craniofac Surg 2001; 12:399-400. [PMID: 11482628 DOI: 10.1097/00001665-200107000-00019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- I M Mathijssen
- Institute of Plastic Surgery, Erasmus University Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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Mathijssen IM, van Leeuwen JP, Vermeij-Keers C. Simultaneous induction of apoptosis, collagen type I expression and mineralization in the developing coronal suture following FGF4 and FGF2 application. J Craniofac Genet Dev Biol 2000; 20:127-36. [PMID: 11321597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the disturbances in normal coronal suture development resulting in craniosynostosis, a congenital disorder in which the calvarial sutures close prematurely. Craniosynostosis syndromes can be caused by mutations in the genes encoding for the fibroblast growth factor receptors (FGFRs) 1, 2, and 3. These gain-of-function mutations cause the transcribed receptor to be constitutively activated. To mimic this genetic defect, fibroblast growth factor (FGF) 2 or 4 was administered near the developing coronal suture in normal mouse embryos through ex utero surgery. The effect on apoptosis and bone differentiation, as collagen type I expression and mineralization, within the FGF-exposed coronal suture was investigated through (immuno)histochemical staining. An increase in the number of apoptotic cells together with ectopic collagen type I expression within the suture and accelerated mineralization followed FGF application. Macroscopically, this presented as a synostotic coronal suture. These results suggest that both apoptosis and differentiation are two processes that are simultaneously implicated in synostosis of the coronal suture in case of a FGFR-related craniosynostosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- I M Mathijssen
- Institute of Plastic Surgery at the Erasmus University Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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Dechant JJ, Mooney MP, Cooper GM, Smith TD, Burrows AM, Losken HW, Mathijssen IM, Siegel MI. Positional changes of the frontoparietal ossification centers in perinatal craniosynostotic rabbits. J Craniofac Genet Dev Biol 1999; 19:64-74. [PMID: 10416149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
It has been suggested that craniosynostosis is caused by abnormally located ossification centers (i.e., bony tubers) in the developing skull prior to suture formation [Mathijssen et al., 1996, 1997]. The present study was designed to test this hypothesis in a rabbit model of human familial, nonsyndromic coronal suture (CS) synostosis. Calvariae were taken from 99 New Zealand White rabbit perinates (55 normal controls, 15 with delayed-onset CS synostosis, and 29 with bilateral or unilateral CS synostosis), ranging in age from 23 to 34 days postconception (synostosis occurs at approximately 23 days in this model). Frontoparietal, interfrontal, and interparietal ossification center distances were obtained using a Wild microscope with camera lucida attachment and a 2-D computer digitization technique. Linear regression analysis was used to compare age-related changes in the perinatal ossification centers among groups. Results revealed that frontoparietal ossification center regression line slopes had similar start points (24-day intercepts) with significantly (P < 0.05) diverging slopes over time. Normal and delayed-onset ossification center distance increased more rapidly than in synostosed perinates. No significant (P > 0.05) differences were noted in regression line slopes among groups for interparietal or interfrontal ossification center distances. Results demonstrated that, in synostosed perinates, frontoparietal ossification center location was similar to normals around the time of synostosis and became displaced later. These findings suggest that ossification center (i.e., bony tuber) displacement seen in infants with craniosynostosis is probably a secondary and compensatory, postsynostotic change and not a primary causal factor of synostosis in this rabbit model.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Dechant
- Department of Anthropology, School of Nursing, University of Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
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Mathijssen IM, van Splunder J, Vermeij-Keers C, Pieterman H, de Jong TH, Mooney MP, Vaandrager JM. Tracing craniosynostosis to its developmental stage through bone center displacement. J Craniofac Genet Dev Biol 1999; 19:57-63. [PMID: 10416148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
In metopic and coronal suture synostosis, the involved bone centers are abnormally situated just next to the affected suture. Bone centers are the starting point of ossification during embryogenesis from which bone growth spreads radially. In this paper, we describe a similar observation for sagittal suture synostosis, with both parietal bone centers located almost completely cranially. The (reduced) distance between the bone centers of a synostotic suture reflects the time during embryogenesis at which fusion took place. We suggest that in craniosynostosis the bone centers arise in their normal position, and initial outgrowth is undisturbed until the bone fronts meet. It is during this developmental stage that fusion occurs instead of suture formation. Due to the fusion, growth can only occur at the free bony rims from then on. The bone centers remain located at a fixed distance from one another in the middle of the fused bones, becoming relatively more displaced with time. This implies that the distance between the involved bone centers directly indicates the developmental period during which sutural growth was arrested. The same phenomenon of bone center displacement is found in types of craniosynostosis with and without fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) or TWIST gene mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- I M Mathijssen
- Institute of Plastic Surgery, Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Mathijssen IM, Vaandrager JM, Hoogeboom AJ, Hesseling-Janssen AL, van den Ouweland AM. Pfeiffer's syndrome resulting from an S351C mutation in the fibroblast growth factor receptor-2 gene. J Craniofac Surg 1998; 9:207-9. [PMID: 9693549 DOI: 10.1097/00001665-199805000-00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
For four of the most well-known craniosynostosis syndromes--Apert's, Crouzon's, Pfeiffer's, and Jackson-Weiss' syndromes--mutations in the fibroblast growth factor receptors (FGFRs) have been described. These substitutions arise mainly in the FGFR-2 gene and to a much lesser degree in the FGFR-1 and FGFR-3 genes. We present a patient with an apparently sporadic type of Pfeiffer's syndrome, exhibiting nearly all associated features of this syndrome. A mutation in the FGFR-2 gene was found, namely serine351-cysteine. This mutation has been reported in only one patient so far, whose phenotype could match both Crouzon's and Pfeiffer's syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- I M Mathijssen
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University Hospital Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Bourez RL, Mathijssen IM, Vaandrager JM, Vermeij-Keers C. Apoptotic cell death during normal embryogenesis of the coronal suture: early detection of apoptosis in mice using annexin V. J Craniofac Surg 1997; 8:441-5. [PMID: 9477828 DOI: 10.1097/00001665-199711000-00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Regulation of programmed cell death (apoptosis) is crucial for normal development and growth, both prenatally and postnatally. If its role during normal embryogenesis of a given structure is established, a number of related congenital disorders can be explained by a (local) deregulation of apoptosis. In this study, apoptotic cell death patterns during normal development of the murine coronal suture were investigated. Detection of apoptotic cells was undertaken by labeling with Annexin V. Results showed apoptosis occurring at the same time and place as suture initiation. Apoptotic cells are located along the entire established part of the suture and its developing part. Because apoptosis is shown to be highly associated with sutural genesis, the theory of craniosynostosis being the equivalent of deregulation at this locus seems in line with these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- R L Bourez
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University Hospital Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Mathijssen IM, Vaandrager JM, van der Meulen JC, Pieterman H, Zonneveld FW, Kreiborg S, Vermeij-Keers C. The role of bone centers in the pathogenesis of craniosynostosis: an embryologic approach using CT measurements in isolated craniosynostosis and Apert and Crouzon syndromes. Plast Reconstr Surg 1996; 98:17-26. [PMID: 8657773 DOI: 10.1097/00006534-199607000-00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
This paper describes the role of the displacement of bone centers, i.e., the tubers, in the pathogenesis of craniosynostosis. This displacement was studied in 54 patients with isolated or syndromic craniosynostosis in the form of CT scans as well as in two dry neonate skulls with Apert syndrome. For comparison, 49 fetal and 8 normal infant dry skulls were studied. Our investigation was restricted to the coronal and metopic sutures. The results showed a significantly more occipital localization of the frontal bone center and a more frontal localization of the parietal bone center at the side of a synostotic coronal suture in the isolated form as well as in Apert syndrome. In contrast, this was not the case in Crouzon syndrome, thus showing that these two syndromes have a different pathogenesis. For trigonocephaly, a more anteromedial localization of the frontal bone centers was found.
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Affiliation(s)
- I M Mathijssen
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Academic Hospital Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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