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Sookhak Lari K, Davis GB, Rayner JL, Bastow TP, Puzon GJ. Natural source zone depletion of LNAPL: A critical review supporting modelling approaches. WATER RESEARCH 2019; 157:630-646. [PMID: 31004979 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2019.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2018] [Revised: 03/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Natural source zone depletion (NSZD) of light non-aqueous phase liquids (LNAPLs) includes partitioning, transport and degradation of LNAPL components. NSZD is being considered as a site closure option during later stages of active remediation of LNAPL contaminated sites, and where LNAPL mass removal is limiting. To ensure NSZD meets compliance criteria and to design enhanced NSZD actions if required, residual risks posed by LNAPL and its long term behaviour require estimation. Prediction of long-term NSZD trends requires linking physicochemical partitioning and transport processes with bioprocesses at multiple scales within a modelling framework. Here we expand and build on the knowledge base of a recent review of NSZD, to establish the key processes and understanding required to model NSZD long term. We describe key challenges to our understanding, inclusive of the dominance of methanogenic or aerobic biodegradation processes, the potentially changeability of rates due to the weathering profile of LNAPL product types and ages, and linkages to underlying bioprocesses. We critically discuss different scales in subsurface simulation and modelling of NSZD. Focusing on processes at Darcy scale, 36 models addressing processes of importance to NSZD are investigated. We investigate the capabilities of models to accommodate more than 20 subsurface transport and transformation phenomena and present comparisons in several tables. We discuss the applicability of each group of models for specific site conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaveh Sookhak Lari
- CSIRO Land and Water, Private Bag No. 5, Wembley, WA, 6913, Australia; School of Engineering, Edith Cowan University, 270 Joondalup Drive, Joondalup, WA, 6027, Australia.
| | - Greg B Davis
- CSIRO Land and Water, Private Bag No. 5, Wembley, WA, 6913, Australia; School of Earth Sciences, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - John L Rayner
- CSIRO Land and Water, Private Bag No. 5, Wembley, WA, 6913, Australia
| | - Trevor P Bastow
- CSIRO Land and Water, Private Bag No. 5, Wembley, WA, 6913, Australia
| | - Geoffrey J Puzon
- CSIRO Land and Water, Private Bag No. 5, Wembley, WA, 6913, Australia
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Hatzinger PB, Begley JF, Lippincott DR, Bodour A, Forbes R. In situ bioremediation of 1,2-dibromoethane (EDB) in groundwater to part-per-trillion concentrations using cometabolism. JOURNAL OF CONTAMINANT HYDROLOGY 2018; 218:120-129. [PMID: 30293921 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconhyd.2018.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Revised: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/23/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
1,2-Dibromoethane (ethylene dibromide; EDB) is a probable human carcinogen that was historically added to leaded gasoline as a scavenger to prevent the build-up of lead oxide deposits in engines. Studies indicate that EDB is present at thousands of past fuel spill sites above its stringent EPA Maximum Contaminant Level (MCL) of 0.05 μg/L. There are currently no proven in situ options to enhance EDB degradation in groundwater to meet this requirement. Based on successful laboratory studies showing that ethane can be used as a primary substrate to stimulate the aerobic, cometabolic biodegradation of EDB to <0.015 μg/L (Hatzinger et al., 2015), a groundwater recirculation system was installed at the FS-12 EDB plume on Joint Base Cape Cod (JBCC), MA to facilitate in situ treatment. Groundwater was taken from an existing extraction well, amended with ethane, oxygen, and inorganic nutrients and then recharged into the aquifer upgradient of the extraction well creating an in situ reactive zone. The concentrations of EDB, ethane, oxygen, and anions in groundwater were measured with time in a series of nested monitoring wells installed between the extraction and injection well. EDB concentrations in the six monitoring wells that were hydraulically well-connected to the pumping system declined from ~ 0.3 μg/L (the average concentration in the recirculation cell after 3 months of operation without amendment addition) to <0.02 μg/L during the 4-month amendment period, meeting both the federal MCL and the more stringent Massachusetts MCL (0.02 μg/L). The data indicate that cometabolic treatment is a promising in situ technology for EDB, and that low regulatory levels can be achieved with this biological approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul B Hatzinger
- Biotechnology Development and Applications Group, Aptim Federal Services, Lawrenceville, NJ, United States.
| | - James F Begley
- MT Environmental Restoration, Duxbury, MA, United States
| | - David R Lippincott
- Biotechnology Development and Applications Group, Aptim Federal Services, Lawrenceville, NJ, United States
| | - Adria Bodour
- Kirtland Air Force Base, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Rose Forbes
- Air Force Civil Engineer Center, Joint Base Cape Cod, MA, United States
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Hatzinger PB, Streger SH, Begley JF. Enhancing aerobic biodegradation of 1,2-dibromoethane in groundwater using ethane or propane and inorganic nutrients. JOURNAL OF CONTAMINANT HYDROLOGY 2015; 172:61-70. [PMID: 25437228 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconhyd.2014.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2014] [Revised: 10/27/2014] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
1,2-Dibromoethane (ethylene dibromide; EDB) is a probable human carcinogen that was previously used as both a soil fumigant and a scavenger in leaded gasoline. EDB has been observed to persist in soils and groundwater, particularly under oxic conditions. The objective of this study was to evaluate options to enhance the aerobic degradation of EDB in groundwater, with a particular focus on possible in situ remediation strategies. Propane gas and ethane gas were observed to significantly stimulate the biodegradation of EDB in microcosms constructed with aquifer solids and groundwater from the FS-12 EDB plume at Joint Base Cape Cod (Cape Cod, MA), but only after inorganic nutrients were added. Ethene gas was also effective, but rates were appreciably slower than for ethane and propane. EDB was reduced to <0.02 μg/L, the Massachusetts state Maximum Contaminant Level (MCL), in microcosms that received ethane gas and inorganic nutrients. An enrichment culture (BE-3R) that grew on ethane or propane gas but not EDB was obtained from the site materials. The degradation of EDB by this culture was inhibited by acetylene gas, suggesting that degradation is catalyzed by a monooxygenase enzyme. The BE-3R culture was also observed to biodegrade 1,2-dichloroethane (DCA), a compound commonly used in conjunction with EDB as a lead scavenger in gasoline. The data suggest that addition of ethane or propane gas with inorganic nutrients may be a viable option to enhance degradation of EDB in groundwater aquifers to below current state or federal MCL values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul B Hatzinger
- Biotechnology Development and Applications Group, CB&I Federal Services, Lawrenceville, NJ 08648, United States.
| | - Sheryl H Streger
- Biotechnology Development and Applications Group, CB&I Federal Services, Lawrenceville, NJ 08648, United States
| | - James F Begley
- MT Environmental Restoration, Plymouth, MA 02360, United States
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Efficacy of pentane, toluene, and benzene to support aerobic cometabolism of ethylene dibromide. N Biotechnol 2012; 30:39-43. [PMID: 22613211 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbt.2012.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2012] [Revised: 05/03/2012] [Accepted: 05/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The ability of pentane, benzene, and toluene to support aerobic cometabolism of ethylene dibromide (1,2-dibromoethane, EDB) was evaluated. A pentane enrichment culture cometabolized EDB, with a transformation capacity of 0.35 μmol EDB/mg biomass (66.2 μg EDB/mg biomass) in the absence of growth substrate. It also cometabolized EDB while actively growing on pentane. However, enrichment cultures grown on benzene or toluene could not cometabolize EDB, with or without their respective growth substrates.
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McKeever R, Sheppard D, Nüsslein K, Baek KH, Rieber K, Ergas SJ, Forbes R, Hilyard M, Park C. Biodegradation of ethylene dibromide (1,2-dibromoethane [EDB]) in microcosms simulating in situ and biostimulated conditions. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2012; 209-210:92-98. [PMID: 22301079 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2011.12.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2011] [Revised: 11/25/2011] [Accepted: 12/28/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Although 1,2-dibromoethane (EDB) is a common groundwater contaminant, there is the lack of knowledge surrounding EDB biodegradation, especially under aerobic conditions. We have performed an extensive microcosm study to investigate the biodegradation of EDB under simulated in situ and biostimulated conditions. The materials for soil microcosms were collected from an EDB-contaminated aquifer at the Massachusetts Military Reservation in Cape Cod, MA. This EDB plume has persisted for nearly 40 years in both aerobic and anaerobic EDB zones of the aquifer. Microcosms were constructed under environmentally relevant conditions (field EDB and DO concentrations; incubated at 12°C). The results showed that natural attenuation occurred under anaerobic conditions but not under aerobic conditions, explaining why aerobic EDB contamination is so persistent. EDB degradation rates were greater under biostimulated conditions for both the aerobic and anaerobic microcosms. Particularly for aerobic biostimulation, methane-amended microcosms degraded EDB, on average, at a first order rate eight times faster than unamended microcosms. The best performing replicate achieved an EDB degradation rate of 7.0 yr(-1) (half-life (t(1/2))=0.10 yr). Residual methane concentrations and the emergence of methanotrophic bacteria, measured by culture independent bacterial analysis, provided strong indications that EDB degradation in aerobic methane-amended microcosms occurred via cometabolic degradation. These results indicate the potential for enhanced natural attenuation of EDB and that methane could be considered co-substrate for EDB bioremediation for the EDB-contaminated groundwater in aerobic zone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert McKeever
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
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Tobiszewski M, Namieśnik J. Determination of chlorinated solvents in industrial water and wastewater by DAI-GC-ECD. Anal Bioanal Chem 2011; 399:3565-72. [PMID: 21279508 PMCID: PMC3056996 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-011-4676-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2010] [Revised: 01/07/2011] [Accepted: 01/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
A very simple and quick analytical method, based on direct aqueous injection, for determination of halogenated solvents in refinery water and wastewater, is described. There is a need to determine halogenated solvents in refinery water streams, because they may originate from several processes. There is also a need to develop methods enabling VOX to be determined in samples containing oil fractions. The method described enables simultaneous determination of 26 compounds with low detection limits (sub-μg L(-1)) and excellent precision, especially for highly halogenated solvents. The matrix effects of four types of sample were evaluated--the method seemed to be relatively insensitive to variations in matrix composition. Deuterated 1,2-dichloroethane was used as internal standard and surrogate compound in quantitative analysis; application of isotopically labelled compounds is rarely reported when non-mass spectrometric detectors are used for analysis. Analysis of real samples showed that the most frequently detected compounds were dichloromethane and 1,2-dichloroethane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek Tobiszewski
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Chemical Faculty, Gdańsk University of Technology (GUT), ul. G. Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland.
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Herold M, Greskowiak J, Ptak T, Prommer H. Modelling of an enhanced PAH attenuation experiment and associated biogeochemical changes at a former gasworks site in southern Germany. JOURNAL OF CONTAMINANT HYDROLOGY 2011; 119:99-112. [PMID: 20947201 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconhyd.2010.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2010] [Revised: 09/08/2010] [Accepted: 09/21/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Former manufactured gas plant sites often form a widespread contaminant source in the subsurface, leading to large plumes that contain a wide variety of tar-oil related compounds. Although most of these compounds eventually degrade naturally, the relevant processes tend to be slow and inefficient, often leaving active remediation as the only viable option to eliminate the risks of toxic substances to reach potential receptors such as surface waters or drinking water wells. In this study we use a reactive transport model to analyse the fate of a contaminant plume containing acenaphthene, methylbenzofurans and dimethylbenzofurans (i) prior to the installation of an active remediation scheme and (ii) for an enhanced remediation experiment during which O(2) and H(2)O(2) were added to the contaminated groundwater through a recirculation well. The numerical model developed for this study considers the primary contaminant degradation reactions (i.e., microbially mediated redox reactions) as well as secondary and competing mineral precipitation/dissolution reactions that affect the site's hydrochemistry and/or contaminant fate. The model was calibrated using a variety of constraints to test the uncertainty on model predictions resulting from the undocumented presence of reductants such as pyrite. The results highlight the important role of reactive transport modelling for the development of a comprehensive process understanding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Herold
- Applied Geology, Geosciences Center, University of Göttingen, Goldschmidtstr. 3, 37077 Göttingen, Germany.
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