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Qiao F, Wang J, Chen Z, Zheng S, Kwaw AK, Zhao Y, Huang J. Experimental research on the transport-transformation of organic contaminants under the influence of multi-field coupling at a site scale. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 470:134222. [PMID: 38583199 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.134222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024]
Abstract
Organic-contaminated shallow aquifers have become a global concern of groundwater contamination, yet little is known about the coupled effects of hydrodynamic-thermal-chemical-microbial (HTCM) multi-field on organic contaminant transport and transformation over a short time in aquifers. Therefore, this study proposed a quick and efficient field experimental method for the transport-transformation of contaminants under multi-field coupling to explore the relationship between organic contaminants (total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), benzene-toluene-ethylbenzene-xylene (BTEX) and phthalates acid esters (PAEs)) and multi-field factors. The results showed that hydrodynamics (affecting pH, p < 0.001) and temperature (affecting dissolved oxygen, pH and HCO3-, p < 0.05) mainly affected the organic contaminants indirectly by influencing the hydrochemistry to regulate redox conditions in the aquifer. The main degradation reactions of the petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH, PAHs and BTEX) and PAEs in the aquifer were sulfate reduction and nitrate reduction, respectively. Furthermore, the organic contamination was directly influenced by microbial communities, whose spatial patterns were shaped by the combined effects of the spatial pattern of hydrochemistry (induced by the organic contamination pressure) and other multi-field factors. Overall, our findings imply that the spatiotemporal patterns of organic contaminants are synergistically regulated by HTCM, with distinct mechanisms for petroleum hydrocarbons and PAEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Qiao
- School of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098 China
| | - Jinguo Wang
- School of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098 China.
| | - Zhou Chen
- School of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098 China
| | - Shiyu Zheng
- School of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098 China.
| | - Albert Kwame Kwaw
- Department of Geological Engineering, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Yongsheng Zhao
- School of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098 China
| | - Jintao Huang
- School of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098 China
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Wang Q, Bian J, Ruan D, Zhang C. Adsorption of benzene on soils under different influential factors: an experimental investigation, importance order and prediction using artificial neural network. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2022; 306:114467. [PMID: 35026712 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.114467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The adsorption of benzene on soils is specifically associated with its migration and transformation. Although previous studies have proved that the adsorption of benzene is affected by various factors, studies simultaneously considering the effects of multiple factors are rare. This study aimed to identify the qualitative and quantitative relationships between multiple influential factors and the adsorption capacity of benzene (BC). Batch adsorption experiments considering different influential factors, including initial concentration (IC), pH, temperature (T), ion strength (IS) and organic matter content (OMC), were conducted in three kinds of soils collected in a chemical industry park. The correlation analysis between different influential factors and BC was carried out based on the experimental data. The artificial neural network (ANN) was applied to predict BC. The results showed that BC increased with the increase of T. As the pH increased, BCs on silty loam and loam increased, while that on sandy loam decreased. Besides, BCs on silty loam and loam raised with increasing OMC, while that on sandy loam remained unchanged. BCs on all three kinds of soils attained their peaks when IS was small and then become stable with an increase in IS. The sequence of correlation between BC and influential factors is listed as IC > OMC > T > IS > pH for silty loam, OMC > IC > T > IS > pH for loam and IC > T > IS > pH > OMC for sandy loam. ANN analysis showed satisfactory accuracy in predicting BC under different influential factors. These results help us understand the important factors affecting benzene adsorption and provide a tool to get the adsorption information easily in complex site conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Wang
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment (Ministry of Education), Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China; Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China; College of New Energy and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China
| | - Jianmin Bian
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment (Ministry of Education), Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China; Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China; College of New Energy and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China.
| | - Dongmei Ruan
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment (Ministry of Education), Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China; Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China; College of New Energy and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China
| | - Chunpeng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Groundwater Resources and Environment (Ministry of Education), Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China; Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China; College of New Energy and Environment, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China; State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Petrochemical Pollution Site Control and Remediation, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China
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Kaur G, Krol M, Brar SK. Geothermal heating: Is it a boon or a bane for bioremediation? ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 287:117609. [PMID: 34182401 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
There has been a worldwide interest in renewable energy technologies, as a means of decreasing reliance on fossil fuels, minimizing climate change effects, and reducing greenhouse emissions. One such technology is geothermal heating where the constant subsurface temperature is used to cool or heat building interiors via heat pumps. In Canada, the use of geothermal heating has become a popular option for heating and cooling buildings, and it is anticipated that, in the near term, most large buildings will include geothermal heating as part of their climate control strategy. However, little is known about the environmental impacts of geothermal heating on the subsurface environment. The present review will examine the effect of geothermal heating on groundwater flow and remediation efforts, whereby the heat generated by geothermal systems may help with urban pollution. "Geothermal Remediation" could leverage the subsurface heating resulting from geothermal systems to accelerate biodegradation of certain petroleum-based pollutants at brown-field sites, while providing building(s) with sustainable heating and cooling. This idea coincides with the rising momentum towards sustainable and green remediation in Europe and the United States. To ensure that Geothermal Remediation is achievable, the effect of heat on bioremediation needs to be examined. This review provides an insight into what we know about heat effects on bioremediation activities and subsurface transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gurpreet Kaur
- Department of Civil Engineering, Lassonde School of Engineering, York University, Toronto, Ontario, M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Magdalena Krol
- Department of Civil Engineering, Lassonde School of Engineering, York University, Toronto, Ontario, M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Satinder Kaur Brar
- Department of Civil Engineering, Lassonde School of Engineering, York University, Toronto, Ontario, M3J 1P3, Canada.
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Roohidehkordi I, Krol MM. Applicability of ground source heat pumps as a bioremediation-enhancing technology for monoaromatic hydrocarbon contaminants. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 778:146235. [PMID: 33721653 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2020] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Geothermal or ground source heat pumps (GSHPs) are among the highest growing renewable energy technologies used for heating and cooling of buildings. However, despite being a well-established technology, their geo-environmental effects such as impact of the heat on the biosphere is still not thoroughly understood. This study uses FEFLOW software, to simulate heat and mass transport of a vertical closed-loop GSHP system. Transient flow and heat transport results for a multiple borehole system are presented which indicate long-term effects on subsurface temperature. Moreover, the impact of temperature change in a contaminated granular porous subsurface during remediation applications is examined. In particular, as subsurface temperatures are elevated due to geothermal heating, sorption will decrease and biodegradation rates will increase. These effects are examined in the context of contaminant transport, to evaluate the possibility of utilizing geothermal heating as a remediation strategy. The results revealed that temperature changes caused by GSHP operation can significantly enhance biodegradation of hydrocarbon contaminants. For instance, elevated subsurface temperature resulted in 97% reduction in benzene total mass, after one year of GSHP operation for a typical office building in Toronto.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iman Roohidehkordi
- Department of Civil Engineering, Lassonde School of Engineering, York University, Canada.
| | - Magdalena M Krol
- Department of Civil Engineering, Lassonde School of Engineering, York University, Canada.
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Labrecque SP, Blanford WJ. Fate and transport of bromide and mononuclear aromatic hydrocarbons in aqueous solutions through Berea Sandstone. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 766:141714. [PMID: 33172637 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A series of miscible displacement tests were performed on a 51 mm wide by 76 mm long well-laminated core of Berea Sandstone to determine the transport parameters of the anion bromide and a homologous series of seventeen mononuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (MAHs). In each test, a continuous input pulse of a single tracer was passed through the cylindrical core housed in a hydrostatic core holder at a confining pressure of 200 bar. The effluent concentration, as measured by in-line UV absorbance, versus time resulted in smooth high-resolution sinusoidal breakthrough curves (BTCs). In comparison to the near Gaussian BTCs of bromide, the transport of the MAHs was differentially retarded with minimal levels of delayed transport along the more rapid flow lines, but with progressively more along the slower flow paths. These results show that despite a lack of significant hydraulic heterogeneity, there is a high degree of heterogeneity among the sorption sites. The BTCs were aptly modeled with a one-dimensional flow model consisting of a mixture of instantaneous equilibrium and rate-limited reversible sorption sites. The relative fraction of instantaneous sites increased proportionately with the rate the subject MAH passed through the core. Potential quantitative structure-retention relationships (QSRR) between common chemical parameters of the MAHs and their overall retardation factors, sorption coefficients and the fraction of instantaneous equilibrium were evaluated. Among the compounds examined, relatively strong correlations were found with molecular weight, aqueous solubility, and octanol-water partitioning coefficient with which relative MAH transport retardation, the linear phase distribution coefficient, and the dimensionless partitioning coefficient between sorption sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven P Labrecque
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Queens College, City University of New York, Flushing, New York 11367, USA
| | - William J Blanford
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Queens College, City University of New York, Flushing, New York 11367, USA; Earth and Environmental Sciences, The Graduate Center, 365 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA.
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Li Y, Wei M, Liu L, Xue Q, Yu B. Adsorption of toluene on various natural soils: Influences of soil properties, mechanisms, and model. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 740:140104. [PMID: 32927544 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Revised: 06/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated toluene adsorption on natural soils. The linear partition model was found to represent the adsorption isotherm well (R2 = 0.958-0.994), compared with the Freundlich model (R2 = 0.901-0.991). Therefore, the coefficient, Kd, of the linear model indicated the adsorption capacity of soils A to F. Traditionally, Kd and the total organic carbon (TOC) content have a good linear relationship. However, this relationship was weak (correlation coefficient (r) = 0.689) when TOC values (8.43-12.9 mg/g) were low and close. To correct this deviation, this study investigated the influences of physicochemical properties, such as special surface area, mineral composition, functional groups, pH, and potentials. As soils B and C consisted of a large amount of active clayey minerals (69.4% kaolinite and 79.3% nacrite, respectively) and rich functional groups, they demonstrated the strongest adsorption capacity. Additionally, the r for pH-Kd, zeta potential-Kd, and redox potential-Kd were high, at 0.806, 0.914, and 0.932, respectively. To explore adsorption mechanisms, the adsorption thermodynamic parameter (enthalpy) was used initially to determine the forces. Combined with the analysis of soil properties, the mechanisms identified were hydrophobic interaction and hydrogen-pi bonding, involving co-adsorption with water molecules. Based on all studies, the properties were quantified and simplified by the plastic limit (PL), and TOC was simplified by soil organic matter (SOM). Then, PL and SOM were weighted by the entropy-weight method to obtain the determination factor, DF, a logarithmic parameter to replace TOC. Finally, a new model describing toluene adsorption on natural soils was established and expressed as Kd = 4.80 + 3.53DF. This new model had significantly improved the correlation between Kd and TOC (r = 0.933) and expanded the engineering adaptability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Geomechanics and Geotechnical Engineering, Institute of Rock and Soil Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100000, China; IRSM-CAS/HK Poly U Joint Laboratory on Solid Waste Science, Wuhan 430071, China; Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Contaminated Sludge and Soil Science and Engineering, Wuhan, China
| | - Mingli Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Geomechanics and Geotechnical Engineering, Institute of Rock and Soil Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China; IRSM-CAS/HK Poly U Joint Laboratory on Solid Waste Science, Wuhan 430071, China; Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Contaminated Sludge and Soil Science and Engineering, Wuhan, China; Jiangsu Institute of Zoneco Co., Ltd., Yixing 214200, China.
| | - Lei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Geomechanics and Geotechnical Engineering, Institute of Rock and Soil Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China; IRSM-CAS/HK Poly U Joint Laboratory on Solid Waste Science, Wuhan 430071, China; Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Contaminated Sludge and Soil Science and Engineering, Wuhan, China; Jiangsu Institute of Zoneco Co., Ltd., Yixing 214200, China
| | - Qiang Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Geomechanics and Geotechnical Engineering, Institute of Rock and Soil Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China; IRSM-CAS/HK Poly U Joint Laboratory on Solid Waste Science, Wuhan 430071, China; Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Contaminated Sludge and Soil Science and Engineering, Wuhan, China; Jiangsu Institute of Zoneco Co., Ltd., Yixing 214200, China
| | - Bowei Yu
- School of Civil Engineering, University of Sydney, 2008, Australia
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Puszkarewicz A, Kaleta J. The Efficiency of the Removal of Naphthalene from Aqueous Solutions by Different Adsorbents. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17165969. [PMID: 32824583 PMCID: PMC7459886 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17165969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The paper presents the results of laboratory tests on possibilities to utilize active carbons produced in Poland (AG-5 and DTO) and clinoptilolite for removing naphthalene from a water solution in the adsorption process. The concentration of naphthalene in the model solution was 20 mg/dm3. The effects of pH, dose and adsorption time were determined under static conditions. Adsorption kinetics were consistent with the pseudo-second-order model (PSO). Among the applied models, the best fit was obtained using the Langmuir isotherms. The maximum adsorption capacity for the activated carbons (AG-5 and DTO) equaled 24.57 and 30.28 mg/g, respectively. For clinoptilolite, all the analyzed models of adsorption poorly described the adsorption process. The flow conditions were realized by filtration method. On the basis of the obtained results, the breakthrough curves, so-called isoplanes, were prepared and served in turn to determine the adsorption capacities in flow conditions. The total adsorption capacities determined under dynamic conditions of the AG-5 and DTO activated carbons were 85.63 and 94.54 mg/g, respectively, and only 2.72 mg/g for clinoptilolite. The exit curves (isoplanes) were also utilized to determine the mass penetration zone (the adsorption front height), as well as to calculate the rate of mass-exchange zone advance.
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Shafieiyoun S, Al-Raoush RI, Ismail RE, Ngueleu SK, Rezanezhad F, Van Cappellen P. Effects of dissolved organic phase composition and salinity on the engineered sulfate application in a flow-through system. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:11842-11854. [PMID: 31981033 PMCID: PMC7136190 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-07696-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Engineered sulfate application has been proposed as an effective remedy to enhance the rate-limited biodegradation of petroleum-hydrocarbon-contaminated subsurface environments, but the effects of dissolved organic phase composition and salinity on the efficiency of this method are unknown. A series of flow-through experiments were conducted for 150 days and dissolved benzene, toluene, naphthalene, and 1-methylnaphthalene were injected under sulfate-reducing and three different salinity conditions for 80 pore volumes. Then, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were omitted from the influent solution and just dissolved benzene and toluene were injected to investigate the influence of dissolved phase composition on treatment efficiency. A stronger sorption capacity for PAHs was observed and the retardation of the injected organic compounds followed the order of benzene < toluene < naphthalene < 1-methylnaphthalene. Mass balance analyses indicated that 50 and 15% of toluene and 1-methlynaphtalene were degraded, respectively. Around 5% of the injected naphthalene degraded after injecting > 60 PVs influent solution, and benzene slightly degraded following the removal of PAH compounds. The results showed substrate interactions and composition can result in rate-limited and insufficient biodegradation. Similar reducing conditions and organic utilization were observed for different salinity conditions in the presence of the multi-component dissolved organic phase. This was attributed to the dominant microbial community involved in toluene degradation that exerted catabolic repression on the simultaneous utilization of other organic compounds and were not susceptible to changes in salinity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeid Shafieiyoun
- Department of Civil and Architectural Engineering, College of Engineering, Qatar University, PO Box 2713, Doha, Qatar
| | - Riyadh I Al-Raoush
- Department of Civil and Architectural Engineering, College of Engineering, Qatar University, PO Box 2713, Doha, Qatar.
| | - Reem Elfatih Ismail
- Department of Civil and Architectural Engineering, College of Engineering, Qatar University, PO Box 2713, Doha, Qatar
| | - Stephane K Ngueleu
- Department of Civil and Architectural Engineering, College of Engineering, Qatar University, PO Box 2713, Doha, Qatar
- Ecohydrology Research Group and Water Institute, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Fereidoun Rezanezhad
- Ecohydrology Research Group and Water Institute, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Philippe Van Cappellen
- Ecohydrology Research Group and Water Institute, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1, Canada
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Mohanakrishna G, Al-Raoush RI, Abu-Reesh IM, Pant D. A microbial fuel cell configured for the remediation of recalcitrant pollutants in soil environment. RSC Adv 2019; 9:41409-41418. [PMID: 35541583 PMCID: PMC9076477 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra06957g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
A pristine soil environment supports a healthy soil biodiversity, which is often polluted with recalcitrant compounds. The bioelectrochemical remediation of the contaminated soils using bioelectrochemical systems (BESs) is gaining significant attention with respect to the restoration of the soil ecosystem. In this direction, a microbial fuel cell (MFC, an application of BES), was employed for the treatment of total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPHs) in a soil microenvironment at three ranges of pollution (loading conditions – 320, 590 and 840 mg TPH per L). TPHs degraded effectively in the soil-electrode vicinity in the range of 158 mg TPHR per L (320 mg TPH per L) and 356 mg TPHR per L (840 mg TPH per L). The study also demosntrated a maximum bioelectrogenesis of 286.7 mW m−2 (448 mV at 100 Ω) at the highest TPH loading concentration studied (840 mg TPH per L). The conditions prevailing in the soil MFC also facilitated the removal of sulfates (114 mg SO42− per L; 62.64%) and the removal of total dissolved solids (910 mg TDS per L, 12.08%) at an 840 mg TPH per L loading condition. The pH of the outlet wastewater prevailing in the mild alkaline range of 7.6 and 8.4, along with improved sulfate and TPH removal in the respective conditions suggested suitable conditions for sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB). This study also signified the sustainability of the process for the effective treatment of hydrocarbon contaminated soil that also generates green energy. Bioelectroremediation of petroleum-based hydrocarbons contaminated soil was successfully performed through microbial fuel cells (MFCs).![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunda Mohanakrishna
- Department of Civil and Architectural Engineering
- College of Engineering
- Qatar University
- Doha
- Qatar
| | - Riyadh I. Al-Raoush
- Department of Civil and Architectural Engineering
- College of Engineering
- Qatar University
- Doha
- Qatar
| | - Ibrahim M. Abu-Reesh
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- College of Engineering
- Qatar University
- Doha
- Qatar
| | - Deepak Pant
- Separation & Conversion Technologies
- VITO - Flemish Institute for Technological Research
- 2400 Mol
- Belgium
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