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Cesarini G, Spani F, Patricelli R, Quattrocchi CC, Colasanti M, Scalici M. Assessing teratogenic risks of gadolinium in freshwater environments: Implications for environmental health. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2024; 278:116442. [PMID: 38728946 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2024.116442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Revised: 05/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
Gadolinium (Gd) is among the rare earth elements extensively utilized in both industrial and medical applications. The latter application appears to contribute to the rise in Gd levels in aquatic ecosystems, as it is excreted via urine from patients undergoing MRI scans and often not captured by wastewater treatment systems. The potential environmental and biological hazards posed by gadolinium exposure are still under investigation. This study aimed to assess the teratogenic risk posed by a gadolinium chelate on the freshwater cnidarian Hydra vulgaris. The experimental design evaluated the impact of pure Gadodiamide (25 μg/l, 50 μg/l, 100 μg/l, 500 μg/l) and its commercial counterpart compound (Omniscan®; 100 μg/l, 500 μg/l, 782.7 mg/l) at varying concentrations using the Teratogenic Risk Index (TRI). Here we showed a moderate risk (Class III of TRI) following exposure to both tested formulations at concentrations ≥ 100 μg/l. Given the potential for similar concentrations in aquatic environments, particularly near wastewater discharge points, a teratogenic risk assessment using the Hydra regeneration assay was conducted on environmental samples collected from three rivers (Tiber, Almone, and Sacco) in Central Italy. Additionally, chemical analysis of field samples was performed using ICP-MS. Analysis of freshwater samples revealed low Gd concentrations (≤ 0.1 μg/l), despite localized increases near domestic and/or industrial wastewater discharge sites. Although teratogenic risk in environmental samples ranged from high (Class IV of TRI) to negligible (Class I of TRI), the low Gd concentrations, particularly when compared to higher levels of other contaminants like arsenic and heavy metals, preclude establishing a direct cause-effect relationship between Gd and observed teratogenic risks in environmental samples. Nevertheless, the teratogenic risks observed in laboratory tests warrant further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Cesarini
- Department of Sciences, University of Roma Tre, Viale G. Marconi 446, Rome 00146, Italy; National Research Council-Water Research Institute (CNR-IRSA), Corso Tonolli 50, Verbania, Pallanza 28922, Italy
| | - Federica Spani
- Department of Science and Technology for Sustainable Development and One Health, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Via Alvaro del Portillo, Roma 21 - 00128, Italy.
| | - Raoul Patricelli
- Department of Sciences, University of Roma Tre, Viale G. Marconi 446, Rome 00146, Italy
| | - Carlo Cosimo Quattrocchi
- Centre for Medical Sciences-CISMed, University of Trento, Via S. Maria Maddalena 1, Trento 38122, Italy
| | - Marco Colasanti
- Department of Sciences, University of Roma Tre, Viale G. Marconi 446, Rome 00146, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Scalici
- Department of Sciences, University of Roma Tre, Viale G. Marconi 446, Rome 00146, Italy; National Biodiversity Future Center (NBFC), Università di Palermo, Piazza Marina 61, Palermo 90133, Italy
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2
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Wang C, Zhang S. Two-dimensional metal organic frameworks in cancer treatment. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2024. [PMID: 38779943 DOI: 10.1039/d4mh00068d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
With large specific surface area, controllable pore size, increased active sites, and structural stability, two-dimensional metal organic frameworks (2D MOFs) have emerged as promising nanomedicines in cancer therapy. These distinctive features make 2D MOFs particularly advantageous in cancer treatment and the corresponding application has gained considerable popularity, signifying significant application potential. Herein, recent advances in various applications including drug delivery and chemotherapy, photodynamic therapy, sonodynamic therapy, chemodynamic therapy, catalytic therapy, and combined therapy were summarized, with emphasis on the latest progress of new materials and mechanisms for these processes. Moreover, the current challenges, potential solutions, and possible future directions are discussed as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Wang
- The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21218-2625, USA.
| | - Shan Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, China.
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3
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Wu Y, Zhao S, Xu Y, Tang C, Feng Y, Zhang M, Yang H, Ma Y, Li Y, Wang W. A Hexanuclear Gadolinium(III)-Based Nanoprobe for Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Tumor Apoptosis. ACS APPLIED NANO MATERIALS 2024; 7:9020-9030. [PMID: 38694722 PMCID: PMC11059065 DOI: 10.1021/acsanm.4c00511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/04/2024]
Abstract
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is instrumental in the noninvasive evaluation of tumor tissues in patients subjected to chemotherapy, thereby yielding essential diagnostic data crucial for the prognosis of tumors and the formulation of therapeutic strategies. Currently, commercially available MRI contrast agents (CAs) predominantly consist of mononuclear gadolinium(III) complexes. Because there is only one Gd(III) atom per molecule, these CAs often require administration in high doses to achieve the desired contrast quality, which inevitably leads to some adverse events. Herein, we develop a six-nuclei, apoptosis-targeting T1 CA, Gd6-ZnDPA nanoprobe, which consists of a hexanuclear gadolinium nanocluster (Gd6) with an apoptosis-targeting group (ZnDPA). The amplification of Gd(III) by the hexanuclear structure generates its high longitudinal relaxivity (44.67 mM-1 s-1, 1T) and low r1/r2 ratio (0.68, 1T). Based on the Solomon-Bloembergen-Morgan (SBM) theory, this notable improvement is primarily ascribed to a long correlation tumbling time (τR). More importantly, the Gd6-ZnDPA nanoprobe shows excellent tumor apoptosis properties with an enhanced MR signal ratio (∼74%) and a long MRI imaging acquisition time window (∼48 h) in 4T1 tumor-bearing mice. This study introduces an experimental gadolinium-based CA for the potential imaging of tumor apoptosis in the context of MRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufan Wu
- Department
of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Shanghai Sixth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao
Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200233, P. R. China
| | - Shuo Zhao
- Joint
International Research Laboratory of Resource Chemistry of Ministry
of Education, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Functional Materials,
and Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Biomimetic Catalysis, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, P. R. China
| | - Ye Xu
- Key
Laboratory of Advanced Functional Materials, School of Chemistry &
Materials Engineering, Changshu Institute
of Technology, Changshu 215500, P. R. China
| | - Chaojie Tang
- Department
of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Shanghai Sixth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao
Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200233, P. R. China
| | - Yujie Feng
- Joint
International Research Laboratory of Resource Chemistry of Ministry
of Education, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Functional Materials,
and Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Biomimetic Catalysis, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, P. R. China
| | - Mianmian Zhang
- Department
of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Shanghai Sixth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao
Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200233, P. R. China
| | - Hong Yang
- Joint
International Research Laboratory of Resource Chemistry of Ministry
of Education, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Functional Materials,
and Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Biomimetic Catalysis, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, P. R. China
| | - Yunsheng Ma
- Key
Laboratory of Advanced Functional Materials, School of Chemistry &
Materials Engineering, Changshu Institute
of Technology, Changshu 215500, P. R. China
| | - Yuehua Li
- Department
of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Shanghai Sixth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao
Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200233, P. R. China
| | - Wu Wang
- Department
of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Shanghai Sixth People’s Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao
Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200233, P. R. China
- Department
of Radiology, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai
University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
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4
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Chaban YV, Vosshenrich J, McKee H, Gunasekaran S, Brown MJ, Atalay MK, Heye T, Markl M, Woolen SA, Simonetti OP, Hanneman K. Environmental Sustainability and MRI: Challenges, Opportunities, and a Call for Action. J Magn Reson Imaging 2024; 59:1149-1167. [PMID: 37694980 DOI: 10.1002/jmri.28994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The environmental impact of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has recently come into focus. This includes its enormous demand for electricity compared to other imaging modalities and contamination of water bodies with anthropogenic gadolinium related to contrast administration. Given the pressing threat of climate change, addressing these challenges to improve the environmental sustainability of MRI is imperative. The purpose of this review is to discuss the challenges, opportunities, and the need for action to reduce the environmental impact of MRI and prepare for the effects of climate change. The approaches outlined are categorized as strategies to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from MRI during production and use phases, approaches to reduce the environmental impact of MRI including the preservation of finite resources, and development of adaption plans to prepare for the impact of climate change. Co-benefits of these strategies are emphasized including lower GHG emission and reduced cost along with improved heath and patient satisfaction. Although MRI is energy-intensive, there are many steps that can be taken now to improve the environmental sustainability of MRI and prepare for the effects of climate change. On-going research, technical development, and collaboration with industry partners are needed to achieve further reductions in MRI-related GHG emissions and to decrease the reliance on finite resources. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 5 TECHNICAL EFFICACY: Stage 6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri V Chaban
- Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jan Vosshenrich
- Department of Radiology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Hayley McKee
- Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Suvai Gunasekaran
- Department of Radiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Maura J Brown
- Department of Radiology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Michael K Atalay
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Tobias Heye
- Department of Radiology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Michael Markl
- Department of Radiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, USA
| | - Sean A Woolen
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | - Kate Hanneman
- Department of Medical Imaging, University Medical Imaging Toronto, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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5
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Lenkinski RE, Rofsky NM. Contrast Media-driven Anthropogenic Gadolinium: Knowns and Unknowns. Radiology 2024; 311:e240020. [PMID: 38652027 DOI: 10.1148/radiol.240020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Gadolinium-based contrast agents (GBCAs) have augmented the capabilities of MRI, which has led to their widespread and increasing use in radiology practice. GBCAs are introduced into the environment through disposal of unused product and elimination after intravenous injection, both primarily via liquid dispersion into the environment. This human introduction of gadolinium into the environment, referred to as anthropogenic gadolinium, is associated with the detection of gadolinium in water systems, raising concerns for potential adverse impact and prompting certain mitigation actions. This article summarizes the existing knowledge and problem scope, conveys the relevant underlying chemical principles of chelate dissociation, and offers an inferred perspective that the magnitude of the problem is most unlikely to cause human harm. The merits and limitations regarding possible mitigation tactics, such as collecting urine after GBCA administration, use of lower-dose high-relaxivity macrocyclic GBCAs, and the option for virtual contrast-enhanced examinations, will be discussed. Finally, the potential for monitoring gadolinium uptake in bone will be presented, and recommendations for future research will be offered. © RSNA, 2024 See also the article by Ibrahim et al in this issue. See also the article by McKee et al in this issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert E Lenkinski
- From the Department of Radiology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Tex (R.E.L.); and Department of Diagnostic, Molecular and Interventional Radiology, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai Health Systems, One Gustav L. Levy Place, Box 1234, New York, NY 10029 (N.M.R.)
| | - Neil M Rofsky
- From the Department of Radiology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Tex (R.E.L.); and Department of Diagnostic, Molecular and Interventional Radiology, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai Health Systems, One Gustav L. Levy Place, Box 1234, New York, NY 10029 (N.M.R.)
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6
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Xu C, Sun J, Zhang C, Yang L, Kan H, Zhang D, Xue G, Dong K. Metabolomics-derived biomarkers for biosafety assessment of Gd-based nanoparticle magnetic resonance imaging contrast agents. Analyst 2024; 149:1169-1178. [PMID: 38205835 DOI: 10.1039/d3an01641b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
With the rapid development of nanotechnology and biomedicine, numerous gadolinium (Gd)-based nanoparticle MRI contrast agents have been widely investigated. Due to the unique physicochemical properties of nanoparticles and the complexity of biological systems, the biosafety of Gd-based nanoparticle MRI contrast agents has been paid more and more attention. Herein, for the first time, we employed an ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight/mass spectrometry (UPLC-ESI-QTOF/MS)-based metabolomics approach to investigate the potential toxicity of Gd-based nanoparticle MRI contrast agents. In this work, NaGdF4 and PEG-NaGdF4 nanoparticles were successfully constructed and selected as the representative Gd-based nanoparticle MRI contrast agents for the metabolomics analysis. Based on the results of metabolomics, more metabolic biomarkers and pathways were identified in the NaGdF4 group than those in the PEG-NaGdF4 group. Careful analysis of these metabolic biomarkers and pathways suggested that NaGdF4 nanoparticles induced disturbance of pyrimidine and purine metabolism, inflammatory response, and kidney injury to a certain extent compared with PEG-NaGdF4 nanoparticles. These results indicated that Gd-based nanoparticle contrast agents modified with PEG had better biosafety. Additionally, it was demonstrated that the discovery of characteristic metabolomics biomarkers induced by nanoparticles would provide a new approach for biosafety assessment and stimulate the development of nanomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Xu
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, 2888 Xincheng Street, Changchun 130118, Jilin, China.
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Ginseng Breeding and Development, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Jie Sun
- School of Chemical Engineering, Changchun University of Technology, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Chenhao Zhang
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, 2888 Xincheng Street, Changchun 130118, Jilin, China.
| | - Lu Yang
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, 2888 Xincheng Street, Changchun 130118, Jilin, China.
| | - Hong Kan
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, 2888 Xincheng Street, Changchun 130118, Jilin, China.
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Ginseng Breeding and Development, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Daguang Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Guan Xue
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Kai Dong
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, 2888 Xincheng Street, Changchun 130118, Jilin, China.
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Ginseng Breeding and Development, Changchun 130118, China
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7
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Hao J, Pitrou C, Bourrinet P. A Comprehensive Overview of the Efficacy and Safety of Gadopiclenol: A New Contrast Agent for MRI of the CNS and Body. Invest Radiol 2024; 59:124-130. [PMID: 37812485 DOI: 10.1097/rli.0000000000001025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT This review describes the pharmacokinetics, efficacy, and safety of gadopiclenol, a new macrocyclic gadolinium-based contrast agent (GBCA) recently approved by the Food and Drug Administration at the dose of 0.05 mmol/kg. Gadopiclenol is a high relaxivity contrast agent that shares similar pharmacokinetic characteristics with other macrocyclic GBCAs, including a predominant renal excretion. In pediatric patients aged 2-17 years, the pharmacokinetic parameters (assessed through a population pharmacokinetics model) were comparable to those observed in adults, indicating no need for age-based dose adjustment. For contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the central nervous system (CNS) and body indications, gadopiclenol at 0.05 mmol/kg was shown to be noninferior to gadobutrol at 0.1 mmol/kg in terms of 3 lesion visualization parameters (ie, lesion border delineation, internal morphology, and contrast enhancement). Moreover, for contrast-enhanced MRI of the CNS, compared with gadobenate dimeglumine at 0.1 mmol/kg, gadopiclenol exhibited superior contrast-to-noise ratio at 0.1 mmol/kg and comparable contrast-to-noise ratio at 0.05 mmol/kg. A pooled safety analysis of 1047 participants showed a favorable safety profile for gadopiclenol. Comparative studies showed that the incidence and nature of adverse drug reactions with gadopiclenol were comparable to those observed with other GBCAs. Importantly, no significant safety concerns were identified in pediatric and elderly patients, as well as in patients with renal impairment. Overall, these findings support the clinical utility and safety of gadopiclenol for MRI in adult and pediatric patients aged 2 years and older in CNS and body indications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Hao
- From the Department of Clinical Development, Guerbet, Roissy CDG Cedex, France
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8
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Xu L, Ren Z, Li G, Xu D, Miao J, Ju J, Mo X, Wang X, Deng H, Xu M. Liver-targeting MRI contrast agent based on galactose functionalized o-carboxymethyl chitosan. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1134665. [PMID: 37284241 PMCID: PMC10239977 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1134665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Commercial gadolinium (Gd)-based contrast agents (GBCAs) play important role in clinical diagnostic of hepatocellular carcinoma, but their diagnostic efficacy remained improved. As small molecules, the imaging contrast and window of GBCAs is limited by low liver targeting and retention. Herein, we developed a liver-targeting gadolinium (Ⅲ) chelated macromolecular MRI contrast agent based on galactose functionalized o-carboxymethyl chitosan, namely, CS-Ga-(Gd-DTPA)n, to improve hepatocyte uptake and liver retention. Compared to Gd-DTPA and non-specific macromolecular agent CS-(Gd-DTPA)n, CS-Ga-(Gd-DTPA)n showed higher hepatocyte uptake, excellent cell and blood biocompatibility in vitro. Furthermore, CS-Ga-(Gd-DTPA)n also exhibited higher relaxivity in vitro, prolonged retention and better T1-weighted signal enhancement in liver. At 10 days post-injection of CS-Ga-(Gd-DTPA)n at a dose of 0.03 mM Gd/Kg, Gd had a little accumulation in liver with no liver function damage. The good performance of CS-Ga-(Gd-DTPA)n gives great confidence in developing liver-specifc MRI contrast agents for clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Xu
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of TCM Chemical Biology, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhanying Ren
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance, School of Physics and Electronic Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
- Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Guolin Li
- Department of Stomatology, Shanghai 8th People’s Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Danni Xu
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of TCM Chemical Biology, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiaqian Miao
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of TCM Chemical Biology, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jingxuan Ju
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of TCM Chemical Biology, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuan Mo
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of TCM Chemical Biology, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xianghui Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance, School of Physics and Electronic Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongping Deng
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of TCM Chemical Biology, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Min Xu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance, School of Physics and Electronic Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
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Implications of Crosstalk between Exosome-Mediated Ferroptosis and Diseases for Pathogenesis and Treatment. Cells 2023; 12:cells12020311. [PMID: 36672245 PMCID: PMC9856458 DOI: 10.3390/cells12020311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Ferroptosis is a type of iron-dependent cell death caused by ferrous iron overload, reactive oxygen species generation through the Fenton reaction, and lipid peroxidation, leading to antioxidative system dysfunction and, ultimately, cell membrane damage. The functional role of ferroptosis in human physiology and pathology is considered a cause or consequence of diseases. Circulating exosomes mediate intercellular communication and organ crosstalk. They not only transport functional proteins and nucleic acids derived from parental cells but also serve as vehicles for the targeted delivery of exogenous cargo. Exosomes regulate ferroptosis by delivering the biological material to the recipient cell, affecting ferroptosis-related proteins, or transporting ferritin-bound iron out of the cell. This review discusses pathogenesis mediated by endogenous exosomes and the therapeutic potential of exogenous exosomes for ferroptosis-related diseases. In addition, this review explores the role of exosome-mediated ferroptosis in ferroptosis-related diseases with an emphasis on strategies for engineering exosomes for ferroptosis therapy.
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CT and MRI Imaging of Theranostic Bimodal Fe 3O 4@Au NanoParticles in Tumor Bearing Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 24:ijms24010070. [PMID: 36613511 PMCID: PMC9820463 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Gold-containing nanoparticles are proven to be an effective radiosensitizer in the radiotherapy of tumors. Reliable imaging of nanoparticles in a tumor and surrounding normal tissues is crucial both for diagnostics and for nanoparticle application as radiosensitizers. The Fe3O4 core was introduced into gold nanoparticles to form a core/shell structure suitable for MRI imaging. The aim of this study was to assess the in vivo bimodal CT and MRI enhancement ability of novel core/shell Fe3O4@Au theranostic nanoparticles. Core/shell Fe3O4@Au nanoparticles were synthesized and coated with PEG and glucose. C57Bl/6 mice bearing Ca755 mammary adenocarcinoma tumors received intravenous injections of the nanoparticles. CT and MRI were performed at several timepoints between 5 and 102 min, and on day 17 post-injection. Core/shell Fe3O4@Au nanoparticles provided significant enhancement of the tumor and tumor blood vessels. Nanoparticles also accumulated in the liver and spleen and were retained in these organs for 17 days. Mice did not show any signs of toxicity over the study duration. These results indicate that theranostic bimodal Fe3O4@Au nanoparticles are non-toxic and serve as effective contrast agents both for CT and MRI diagnostics. These nanoparticles have potential for future biomedical applications in cancer diagnostics and beyond.
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