1
|
Tan X, Hao Y, Ma N, Yang Y, Jin W, Meng Y, Zhou C, Zheng W, Zhang Y. M6P-modified solid lipid nanoparticles loaded with matrine for the treatment of fibrotic liver. Drug Deliv 2023; 30:2219432. [PMID: 37300371 DOI: 10.1080/10717544.2023.2219432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver fibrosis is a key pathological process shared by the progression of various chronic liver diseases. Treatment of liver fibrosis can effectively block the occurrence and development of hepatic cirrhosis or even carcinoma. Currently, there is no effective drug delivery vehicle for curing liver fibrosis. In this study, we designed matrine (MT)-loaded mannose 6-phosphate (M6P) modified human serum albumin (HSA) conjugated solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN), named M6P-HSA-MT-SLN for treatment of hepatic fibrosis. We demonstrated that M6P-HSA-MT-SLN exhibited controlled and sustained release properties and good stability over 7 days. The drug release experiments showed that M6P-HSA-MT-SLN exhibited slow and controlled drug release characteristics. In addition, M6P-HSA-MT-SLN showed a significant targeted ability to fibrotic liver. Importantly, in vivo studies indicated that M6P-HSA-MT-SLN could significantly improve histopathological morphology and inhibit the fibrotic phenotype. In addition, in vivo experiments demonstrate that M6P-HSA-MT-SLN could reduce the expression of fibrosis markers and alleviate the damage of liver structure. Hence, the M6P-HSA-MT-SLN provide a promising strategy to deliver therapeutic agents to fibrotic liver to prevent liver fibrosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaochuan Tan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Delivery Technology and Novel Formulation, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yumei Hao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Delivery Technology and Novel Formulation, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Nai Ma
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Delivery Technology and Novel Formulation, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yige Yang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Delivery Technology and Novel Formulation, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Wenzhen Jin
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Delivery Technology and Novel Formulation, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Ya Meng
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Delivery Technology and Novel Formulation, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Chuchu Zhou
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Delivery Technology and Novel Formulation, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Wensheng Zheng
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Delivery Technology and Novel Formulation, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yujia Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Delivery Technology and Novel Formulation, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Wang M, Li L, Xu Y, Du J, Ling C. Roles of hepatic stellate cells in NAFLD: From the perspective of inflammation and fibrosis. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:958428. [PMID: 36313291 PMCID: PMC9606692 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.958428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has become one of the most common diseases and severe problems worldwide because of the global increase in obesity, dyslipidemia, hypertension, and type 2 diabetes mellitus. NAFLD includes a wide spectrum of liver diseases, the histological forms of which range from non-alcoholic fatty liver (NAFL), which is generally nonprogressive, to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), which can progress to chronic hepatitis, liver cirrhosis (LC), and sometimes hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Unlike NAFL, as the progressive form of NAFLD, NASH is characterized by the presence of inflammation with or without fibrosis in addition to hepatic steatosis. Although it is widely known and proved that persistent hepatic injury and chronic inflammation in the liver activate quiescent hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) and lead to hepatic fibrosis, the three-step process of “inflammation-fibrosis-carcinoma” in NAFLD has not been investigated and clarified clearly. In this process, the initiation of inflammation in the liver and the function of various liver inflammatory cells have been discussed regularly, while the activated HSCs, which constitute the principal cells responsible for fibrosis and their cross-talk with inflammation, seem not to be investigated specifically and frequently. Also, accumulated evidence suggests that HSCs can not only be activated by inflammation but also participate in the regulation of liver inflammation. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate the unique roles of HSCs in NAFLD from the perspective of inflammation and fibrosis. Here, we review the pivotal effects and mechanisms of HSCs and highlight the potential value of HSC-targeted treatment methods in NAFLD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Man Wang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Li
- Department of Emergency, Changhai Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yannan Xu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Juan Du
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Changquan Ling
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Salvati A, Poelstra K. Drug Targeting and Nanomedicine: Lessons Learned from Liver Targeting and Opportunities for Drug Innovation. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:217. [PMID: 35057111 PMCID: PMC8777931 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14010217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Drug targeting and nanomedicine are different strategies for improving the delivery of drugs to their target. Several antibodies, immuno-drug conjugates and nanomedicines are already approved and used in clinics, demonstrating the potential of such approaches, including the recent examples of the DNA- and RNA-based vaccines against COVID-19 infections. Nevertheless, targeting remains a major challenge in drug delivery and different aspects of how these objects are processed at organism and cell level still remain unclear, hampering the further development of efficient targeted drugs. In this review, we compare properties and advantages of smaller targeted drug constructs on the one hand, and larger nanomedicines carrying higher drug payload on the other hand. With examples from ongoing research in our Department and experiences from drug delivery to liver fibrosis, we illustrate opportunities in drug targeting and nanomedicine and current challenges that the field needs to address in order to further improve their success.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Salvati
- Correspondence: (A.S.); (K.P.); Tel.: +31-503639831 (A.S.); +31-503633287 (K.P.)
| | - Klaas Poelstra
- Correspondence: (A.S.); (K.P.); Tel.: +31-503639831 (A.S.); +31-503633287 (K.P.)
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Fleischmann D, Goepferich A. General sites of nanoparticle biodistribution as a novel opportunity for nanomedicine. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2021; 166:44-60. [PMID: 34087354 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2021.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The development of nanomedical devices has led to a considerable number of clinically applied nanotherapeutics. Yet, the overall poor translation of nanoparticular concepts into marketable systems has not met the initial expectations and led to increasing criticism in recent years. Most novel nano approaches thereby use highly refined formulations including a plethora of active targeting sequences, but ultimately fail to reach their target due to a generally high off-target deposition in organs such as the liver or kidney. In this context, we argue that initial nanoparticle (NP) development should not entirely become set on conventional formulation aspects. In contrast, we propose a change of focus towards a prior analysis of general sites of NP in vivo deposition and an assessment of how accumulation in these organs or tissues can be harnessed to develop therapies for site-related pathologies. We therefore give a comprehensive overview of existing nanotherapeutic targeting strategies for specific cell types within three of the usual suspects, i.e. the liver, kidney and the vascular system. We discuss the physiological surroundings and relevant pathologies of described tissues as well as the implications for NP-mediated drug delivery. Additionally, successful cell-selective NP concepts using active targeting strategies are assessed. By bringing together both (patho)physiological aspects and concepts for cell-selective NP formulations, we hope to show a novel opportunity for the development of more promising nanotherapeutic devices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Fleischmann
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Regensburg, Universitaetsstrasse 31, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Achim Goepferich
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Regensburg, Universitaetsstrasse 31, 93053 Regensburg, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Xing L, Chang X, Shen L, Zhang C, Fan Y, Cho C, Zhang Z, Jiang H. Progress in drug delivery system for fibrosis therapy. Asian J Pharm Sci 2020; 16:47-61. [PMID: 33613729 PMCID: PMC7878446 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajps.2020.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 03/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibrosis is a necessary process in the progression of chronic disease to cirrhosis or even cancer, which is a serious disease threatening human health. Recent studies have shown that the early treatment of fibrosis is turning point and particularly important. Therefore, how to reverse fibrosis has become the focus and research hotspot in recent years. So far, the considerable progress has been made in the development of effective anti-fibrosis drugs and targeted drug delivery. Moreover, the existing research results will lay the foundation for more breakthrough delivery systems to achieve better anti-fibrosis effects. Herein, this review summaries anti-fibrosis delivery systems focused on three major organ fibrotic diseases such as liver, pulmonary, and renal fibrosis accompanied by the elaboration of relevant pathological mechanisms, which will provide inspiration and guidance for the design of fibrosis drugs and therapeutic systems in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Xin Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Lijun Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Chenglu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Yatong Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Chongsu Cho
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
- Corresponding authors.
| | - Zhiqi Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Shanghai Fourth People's Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200081 China
- Corresponding authors.
| | - Hulin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
- Corresponding authors.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
van Dijk F, Teekamp N, Post E, Schuppan D, Kim YO, Zuidema J, Steendam R, Klose MHM, Meier-Menches SM, Casini A, Horvatovich PL, Sijbrandi NJ, Frijlink HW, Hinrichs WLJ, Poelstra K, Beljaars L, Olinga P. The antifibrotic potential of a sustained release formulation of a PDGFβ-receptor targeted rho kinase inhibitor. J Control Release 2019; 296:250-257. [PMID: 30682444 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2018.12.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Revised: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Rho kinase activity in hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) is associated with activation, transformation and contraction of these cells, leading to extracellular matrix production and portal hypertension in liver cirrhosis. Inhibition of rho kinase activity can reduce these activities, but may also lead to side effects, for instance systemic hypotension. This can be circumvented by liver-specific delivery of a rho kinase inhibitor to effector cells. Therefore, we targeted the rho kinase inhibitor Y27632 to the key pathogenic cells in liver fibrosis, i.e. myofibroblasts including activated HSCs that highly express the PDGFβ-receptor, using the drug carrier pPB-MSA. This carrier consists of mouse serum albumin (MSA) covalently coupled to several PDGFβR-recognizing moieties (pPB). We aimed to create a prolonged release system of such a targeted construct, by encapsulating pPB-MSA-Y27632 in biodegradable polymeric microspheres, thereby reducing short-lasting peak concentrations and the need for frequent administrations. Firstly, we confirmed the vasodilating potency of PDGFβ-receptor targeted Y27632 in vitro in a contraction assay using HSCs seeded on a collagen gel. We subsequently demonstrated the in vivo antifibrotic efficacy of pPB-MSA-Y27632-loaded microspheres in the Mdr2-/- mouse model of progressive biliary liver fibrosis. A single subcutaneous microsphere administration followed by organ harvest one week later clearly attenuated liver fibrosis progression and significantly suppressed the expression of fibrosis related genes, such as several collagens, profibrotic cytokines and matrix metalloproteinases. In conclusion, we demonstrate that polymeric microspheres are suitable as drug delivery system for the sustained systemic delivery of targeted protein constructs with antifibrotic potential, such as pPB-MSA-Y27632. This formulation appears suitable for the sustained treatment of liver fibrosis and possibly other chronic diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F van Dijk
- Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands; Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacokinetics, Toxicology and Targeting, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - N Teekamp
- Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - E Post
- Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacokinetics, Toxicology and Targeting, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - D Schuppan
- Institute of Translational Immunology and Research Center for Immune Therapy, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany; Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Y O Kim
- Institute of Translational Immunology and Research Center for Immune Therapy, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - J Zuidema
- InnoCore Pharmaceuticals, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - R Steendam
- InnoCore Pharmaceuticals, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Matthias H M Klose
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Waehringer Straße 38, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Samuel M Meier-Menches
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Park Place, CF10 3AT, Cardiff, UK; Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Waehringer Straße 38, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - A Casini
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Park Place, CF10 3AT, Cardiff, UK
| | - P L Horvatovich
- Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, Department of Analytical Biochemistry, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | | | - H W Frijlink
- Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - W L J Hinrichs
- Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - K Poelstra
- Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacokinetics, Toxicology and Targeting, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - L Beljaars
- Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacokinetics, Toxicology and Targeting, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - P Olinga
- Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Shi H, Leonhard WN, Sijbrandi NJ, van Steenbergen MJ, Fens MHAM, van de Dikkenberg JB, Toraño JS, Peters DJM, Hennink WE, Kok RJ. Folate-dactolisib conjugates for targeting tubular cells in polycystic kidneys. J Control Release 2018; 293:113-125. [PMID: 30472374 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2018.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Revised: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to develop folic acid (FA) conjugates which can deliver the kinase inhibitor dactolisib to the kidneys via folate receptor-mediated uptake in tubular epithelial cells. Dactolisib is a dual inhibitor of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and is considered an attractive agent for treatment of polycystic kidney disease. The ethylenediamine platinum(II) linker, herein called Lx, was employed to couple dactolisib via coordination chemistry to thiol-containing FA-spacer adducts to yield FA-Lx-dactolisib conjugates. The dye lissamine was coupled via similar linker chemistry to folate to yield fluorescent FA-Lx-lissamine conjugates. Three different spacers (PEG5-Cys, PEG27-Cys or an Asp-Arg-Asp-Asp-Cys peptide spacer) were used to compare the influence of hydrophilicity and charged groups in the spacer on interaction with target cells and in vivo organ distribution of the final conjugates. The purity and identity of the final products were confirmed by UPLC and LC-MS analysis, respectively. FA-Lx-dactolisib conjugates were stable in serum and culture medium, while dactolisib was released from the conjugates in the presence of glutathione. All three type of conjugates were internalized efficiently by HK-2 cells and uptake could be blocked by an excess of folic acid in the medium, demonstrating FR mediated uptake. FA-Lx-dactolisib conjugates showed nanomolar inhibition of the PI3K pathway (Akt phosphorylation) and mTOR pathway (S6 phosphorylation) in cultured kidney epithelial cells (HK-2 cells). After intraperitoneal administration, all three types conjugates accumulated extensively in kidneys of iKsp-Pkd1del mice with polycystic kidney disease. In conclusion, folate conjugates were successfully prepared by platinum(II) coordination chemistry and accumulated in a target-specific manner in kidney cells and polycystic kidneys. The folate conjugate of dactolisib thus may have potential for targeted therapy of polycystic kidney disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haili Shi
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Wouter N Leonhard
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Mies J van Steenbergen
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marcel H A M Fens
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Joep B van de Dikkenberg
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Javier Sastre Toraño
- Department of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Dorien J M Peters
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Wim E Hennink
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Robbert Jan Kok
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Buwalda S, Nottelet B, Bethry A, Kok RJ, Sijbrandi N, Coudane J. Reversibly core-crosslinked PEG-P(HPMA) micelles: Platinum coordination chemistry for competitive-ligand-regulated drug delivery. J Colloid Interface Sci 2018; 535:505-515. [PMID: 30340170 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2018.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Revised: 09/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
HYPOTHESIS The presence of pendant thioether groups on poly(ethylene glycol)-poly(N(2-hydroxypropyl) methacrylamide) (PEG-P(HPMA)) block copolymers allows for platinum-mediated coordinative micellar core-crosslinking, resulting in enhanced micellar stability and stimulus-responsive drug delivery. EXPERIMENTS A new PEG-P(HPMA) based block copolymer with pendant 4-(methylthio)benzoyl (MTB) groups along the P(HPMA) block was synthesized by free radical polymerization of a novel HPMA-MTB monomer using a PEG based macro-initiator. As crosslinker the metal-organic linker [ethylenediamineplatinum(II)]2+ was used, herein called Lx, which is a coordinative linker molecule that has been used for the conjugation of drug molecules to a number of synthetic or natural carrier systems such as hyperbranched polymers and antibodies. FINDINGS The introduction of Lx in the micellar core results in a smaller size, a lower critical micelle concentration and a better retention of the hydrophobic drug curcumin thanks to coordination bonds between the central platinum atom of Lx and thioether groups on different polymer chains. The drug release from Lx crosslinked micelles is significantly accelerated under conditions mimicking the intracellular environment due to competitive coordination and subsequent micellar de-crosslinking. Because of their straightforward preparation and favorable drug release characteristics, core-crosslinked Lx PEG-P(HPMA) micelles hold promise as a versatile nanomedicine platform.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sytze Buwalda
- IBMM, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Faculté de Pharmacie, 15 Avenue Charles Flahault, BP14491, 34093 Montpellier Cedex 5, France.
| | - Benjamin Nottelet
- IBMM, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Faculté de Pharmacie, 15 Avenue Charles Flahault, BP14491, 34093 Montpellier Cedex 5, France.
| | - Audrey Bethry
- IBMM, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Faculté de Pharmacie, 15 Avenue Charles Flahault, BP14491, 34093 Montpellier Cedex 5, France.
| | - Robbert Jan Kok
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, the Netherlands.
| | - Niels Sijbrandi
- LinXis B.V., Boelelaan 1085c, Amsterdam 1081 HV, the Netherlands.
| | - Jean Coudane
- IBMM, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Faculté de Pharmacie, 15 Avenue Charles Flahault, BP14491, 34093 Montpellier Cedex 5, France.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Yazdani S, Bansal R, Prakash J. Drug targeting to myofibroblasts: Implications for fibrosis and cancer. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2017; 121:101-116. [PMID: 28720422 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2017.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Revised: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Myofibroblasts are the key players in extracellular matrix remodeling, a core phenomenon in numerous devastating fibrotic diseases. Not only in organ fibrosis, but also the pivotal role of myofibroblasts in tumor progression, invasion and metastasis has recently been highlighted. Myofibroblast targeting has gained tremendous attention in order to inhibit the progression of incurable fibrotic diseases, or to limit the myofibroblast-induced tumor progression and metastasis. In this review, we outline the origin of myofibroblasts, their general characteristics and functions during fibrosis progression in three major organs: liver, kidneys and lungs as well as in cancer. We will then discuss the state-of-the art drug targeting technologies to myofibroblasts in context of the above-mentioned organs and tumor microenvironment. The overall objective of this review is therefore to advance our understanding in drug targeting to myofibroblasts, and concurrently identify opportunities and challenges for designing new strategies to develop novel diagnostics and therapeutics against fibrosis and cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saleh Yazdani
- Targeted Therapeutics Division, Department of Biomaterials, Science and Technology, MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Ruchi Bansal
- Targeted Therapeutics Division, Department of Biomaterials, Science and Technology, MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Jai Prakash
- Targeted Therapeutics Division, Department of Biomaterials, Science and Technology, MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands; ScarTec Therapeutics BV, Enschede, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Jin XY, Zhao P. Hepatic stellate cell-targeted therapy for hepatic fibrosis. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2017; 25:2495-2502. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v25.i28.2495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatic fibrosis is the ultimate pathological feature of all forms of chronic hepatic damage. There is currently no clinical cure for advanced liver fibrosis. Activation and proliferation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) is a key step in the development of liver fibrosis, and therefore, HSCs are target cells for hepatic fibrosis treatment. Targeted delivery of drugs to activated HSCs would increase the drug concentration in the liver at the sites of active fibrogenesis and avoid undesirable systemic effects. Mannose 6-phosphate modified human serum albumin, vitamin A, and hyaluronic acid are three kinds of the most investigated carriers that deliver drugs to the activated HSCs specifically. Conjugation of these carriers with molecules with anti-fibrosis activity such as angiotensin receptor blockers, activin-like kinase 5 inhibitors, Rho-kinase inhibitors, small interfering RNAs, hepatocyte growth factor gene, or nitrogen monoxide can lead to specific distribution and effects in HSCs. This review will focus on these preclinical developments of HSCs-targeted drug conjugates for the treatment of liver fibrosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Yuan Jin
- International Center for Liver Disease Treatment, the 302nd Hospital of Chinese PLA, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Ping Zhao
- International Center for Liver Disease Treatment, the 302nd Hospital of Chinese PLA, Beijing 100039, China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Clinical Advancements in the Targeted Therapies against Liver Fibrosis. Mediators Inflamm 2016; 2016:7629724. [PMID: 27999454 PMCID: PMC5143744 DOI: 10.1155/2016/7629724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Revised: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatic fibrosis, characterized by excessive accumulation of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins leading to liver dysfunction, is a growing cause of mortality worldwide. Hepatocellular damage owing to liver injury leads to the release of profibrotic factors from infiltrating inflammatory cells that results in the activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs). Upon activation, HSCs undergo characteristic morphological and functional changes and are transformed into proliferative and contractile ECM-producing myofibroblasts. Over recent years, a number of therapeutic strategies have been developed to inhibit hepatocyte apoptosis, inflammatory responses, and HSCs proliferation and activation. Preclinical studies have yielded numerous targets for the development of antifibrotic therapies, some of which have entered clinical trials and showed improved therapeutic efficacy and desirable safety profiles. Furthermore, advancements have been made in the development of noninvasive markers and techniques for the accurate disease assessment and therapy responses. Here, we focus on the clinical developments attained in the field of targeted antifibrotics for the treatment of liver fibrosis, for example, small molecule drugs, antibodies, and targeted drug conjugate. We further briefly highlight different noninvasive diagnostic technologies and will provide an overview about different therapeutic targets, clinical trials, endpoints, and translational efforts that have been made to halt or reverse the progression of liver fibrosis.
Collapse
|
12
|
Schon HT, Bartneck M, Borkham-Kamphorst E, Nattermann J, Lammers T, Tacke F, Weiskirchen R. Pharmacological Intervention in Hepatic Stellate Cell Activation and Hepatic Fibrosis. Front Pharmacol 2016; 7:33. [PMID: 26941644 PMCID: PMC4764688 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2016.00033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The activation and transdifferentiation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) into contractile, matrix-producing myofibroblasts (MFBs) are central events in hepatic fibrogenesis. These processes are driven by autocrine- and paracrine-acting soluble factors (i.e., cytokines and chemokines). Proof-of-concept studies of the last decades have shown that both the deactivation and removal of hepatic MFBs as well as antagonizing profibrogenic factors are in principle suitable to attenuate ongoing hepatic fibrosis. Although several drugs show potent antifibrotic activities in experimental models of hepatic fibrosis, there is presently no effective pharmaceutical intervention specifically approved for the treatment of liver fibrosis. Pharmaceutical interventions are generally hampered by insufficient supply of drugs to the diseased liver tissue and/or by adverse effects as a result of affecting non-target cells. Therefore, targeted delivery systems that bind specifically to receptors solely expressed on activated HSCs or transdifferentiated MFBs and delivery systems that can improve drug distribution to the liver in general are urgently needed. In this review, we summarize current strategies for targeted delivery of drugs to the liver and in particular to pro-fibrogenic liver cells. The applicability and efficacy of sequestering molecules, selective protein carriers, lipid-based drug vehicles, viral vectors, transcriptional targeting approaches, therapeutic liver- and HSC-specific nanoparticles, and miRNA-based strategies are discussed. Some of these delivery systems that had already been successfully tested in experimental animal models of ongoing hepatic fibrogenesis are expected to translate into clinically useful therapeutics specifically targeting HSCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hans-Theo Schon
- Institute of Molecular Pathobiochemistry, Experimental Gene Therapy and Clinical Chemistry, RWTH University Hospital Aachen Aachen, Germany
| | - Matthias Bartneck
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital RWTH Aachen Aachen, Germany
| | - Erawan Borkham-Kamphorst
- Institute of Molecular Pathobiochemistry, Experimental Gene Therapy and Clinical Chemistry, RWTH University Hospital Aachen Aachen, Germany
| | - Jacob Nattermann
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Bonn Bonn, Germany
| | - Twan Lammers
- Department for Experimental Molecular Imaging, University Clinic and Helmholtz Institute for Biomedical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University Aachen, Germany
| | - Frank Tacke
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital RWTH Aachen Aachen, Germany
| | - Ralf Weiskirchen
- Institute of Molecular Pathobiochemistry, Experimental Gene Therapy and Clinical Chemistry, RWTH University Hospital Aachen Aachen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Kharazian B, Hadipour NL, Ejtehadi MR. Understanding the nanoparticle-protein corona complexes using computational and experimental methods. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2016; 75:162-74. [PMID: 26873405 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2016.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2015] [Revised: 02/06/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Nanoparticles (NP) have capability to adsorb proteins from biological fluids and form protein layer, which is called protein corona. As the cell sees corona coated NPs, the protein corona can dictate biological response to NPs. The composition of protein corona is varied by physicochemical properties of NPs including size, shape, surface chemistry. Processing of protein adsorption is dynamic phenomena; to that end, a protein may desorb or leave a surface vacancy that is rapidly filled by another protein and cause changes in the corona composition mainly by the Vroman effect. In this review, we discuss the interaction between NP and proteins and the available techniques for identification of NP-bound proteins. Also we review current developed computational methods for understanding the NP-protein complex interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B Kharazian
- Department of Chemistry, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - N L Hadipour
- Department of Chemistry, Tarbiat Modares University, P.O. Box 14115-175, Tehran, Iran.
| | - M R Ejtehadi
- Department of Physics, Sharif University of Technology, P.O. Box 11155-9161, Tehran, Iran; Center of Excellence in Complex Systems and Condensed Matter (CSCM), Sharif University of Technology, Tehran 1458889694, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Waalboer DCJ, Muns JA, Sijbrandi NJ, Schasfoort RBM, Haselberg R, Somsen GW, Houthoff HJ, van Dongen GAMS. Platinum(II) as Bifunctional Linker in Antibody-Drug Conjugate Formation: Coupling of a 4-Nitrobenzo-2-oxa-1,3-diazole Fluorophore to Trastuzumab as a Model. ChemMedChem 2015; 10:797-803. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201402496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
|
15
|
Abdelhamid HN, Wu HF. Proteomics analysis of the mode of antibacterial action of nanoparticles and their interactions with proteins. Trends Analyt Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2014.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
|
16
|
Kara E, Coşkun T, Kaya Y, Yumuş O, Vatansever S, Var A. Effects of silymarin and pentoxifylline on matrix metalloproteinase-1 and -2 expression and apoptosis in experimental hepatic fibrosis. Curr Ther Res Clin Exp 2014; 69:488-502. [PMID: 24692823 DOI: 10.1016/j.curtheres.2008.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/29/2008] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many therapeutic strategies have been proposed to treat liver fibrosis, but no drugs have been proved effective. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) have been reported to play a role in some cellular cascades of hepatic inflammation and fibrosis. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to investigate whether silymarin and pentoxifylline (PTX) have hepatoprotective and antifibrotic effects in experimental hepatic fibrosis. METHODS Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into 4 groups: silymarin group (silymarin 4 mg/kg · d(-1) orally, common bile duct ligation [CBDL]); PTX group (PTX 2 mg/kg · d(-1) intraperitoneally, CBDL); sham group (common bile duct [CBD] exploration only); and control group (saline 1 mL/d orally, CBDL). The CBD was explored and dissected sufficiently to allow passage of a 3/0 silk suture via midline laparotomy. On day 10, all animals were euthanized via cervical dislocation. Then, 5-cm(3) liver samples from the right lobe were removed for histomorphologic evaluation and 3-mL blood samples were taken via cardiac puncture for biochemical analyses. Apoptosis was determined using the terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase-biotin nick end-label (TUNEL) staining method. Plasma levels of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and γ-glutamyltransferase; total and indirect bilirubin concentration; hepatic MMP-1 and -2 and tissue inhibitor of MMP (TIMP)-l and -2 activity; and transforming-growth factor (TGF)-β1 concentration were measured. Collagen content was determined by measuring hydroxyproline in liver samples. Malondialdehyde (MDA) was used to estimate lipid peroxidation. RESULTS Thirty-two adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into 4 groups: silymarin group (n = 7), PTX group (n = 7), sham group (n = 9), and control group (n = 9). Compared with the control group (14.6 [2.44]), mean (SD) hepatocyte apoptosis (as measured by the ratio of TUNEL-positive cells) was significantly suppressed in the silymarin group (1.2 [0.13]; P = 0.001) and the PTX group (3.8 [0.34]; P = 0.001). Mean (SD) MMP-2 activity in the silymarin group (57.35 [9.89] μg/mL; P = 0.04) and the PTX group (46.88 [9.56] μg/mL; P = 0.04) was significantly lower than that observed in the control group (232.32 [79.76] μg/mL). Compared with the control group (1.37 [0.38] μg/mL), TIMP-2 activity was significantly lower in the silymarin group (0.55 [0.13] μg/mL; P = 0.04) and the PTX group (0.42 [0.09] μg/mL; P = 0.01). Compared with the control group (909.17 [117.35] μg/mL), TGF-β1 was significantly lower in the silymarin group (518.24 [30.34] μg/mL; P = 0.01) and the PTX group (519.57 [47.27] μg/mL; P = 0.01). Histomorphologic changes were significantly greater in the sham group than in the silymarin and PTX groups: hemorrhage (2.44 [0.29] vs 1.29 [0.18] and 1.57 [0.20], respectively; both, P = 0.04); sinusoidal dilatation (2.22 [0.22] vs 1.57 [0.20] and 1.71 [0.18]; both, P = 0.04); presinusoidal polymorphonuclear cell infiltration (3-44 [0.24] vs 2.57 [0.20] and 2.14 [0.26]; P = 0.03 and P = 0.008, respectively); and inflammation (3.44 [0.24] vs 2.57 [0.20] and 2.14 [0.26]; P = 0.03 and P = 0.008, respectively). In the control group, all biochemical markers were elevated, supporting the presence of liver injury. Compared with the control group (630.00 [46.80] U/L), plasma AST activity was significantly lower in the silymarin group (443.11 [78.73]; P = 0.04) and the PTX group (349.42 [34.00]; P = 0.03). Compared with the control group (191.12 [32.93] U/L), plasma ALT activity was significantly lower in the silymarin group (86.14 [4.97]; P = 0.04) and the PTX group (84.14 [11.21]; P = 0.04). MDA concentration was significantly lower in the silymarin group compared with the control group (0.08 [0.01] vs 0.22 [0.03] nmol/mL; P = 0.004); MDA was also significantly lower in the silymarin group than in the PTX group (0.11 [0.02]; P = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS Silymarin and PTX were associated with lower histopathologic liver damage, hepatocyte apoptosis, and regulation of extracellular matrix proteins. Lipid peroxidation in hepatocytes was significantly lower in the silymarin group compared with the PTX group. Silymarin and PTX appeared to have hepatoprotective effects in this experimental liver fibrosis model, but further clinical and experimental studies are needed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eray Kara
- Medical School, Celal Bayar University, Manisa, Turkey
| | - Teoman Coşkun
- Medical School, Celal Bayar University, Manisa, Turkey
| | - Yavuz Kaya
- Medical School, Celal Bayar University, Manisa, Turkey
| | - Okan Yumuş
- Medical School, Celal Bayar University, Manisa, Turkey
| | | | - Ahmet Var
- Medical School, Celal Bayar University, Manisa, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Efficient hepatic delivery of drugs: novel strategies and their significance. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:382184. [PMID: 24286077 PMCID: PMC3826320 DOI: 10.1155/2013/382184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2013] [Revised: 08/14/2013] [Accepted: 08/25/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Liver is a vital organ responsible for plethora of functions including detoxification, protein synthesis, and the production of biochemicals necessary for the sustenance of life. Therefore, patients with chronic liver diseases such as viral hepatitis, liver cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma need immediate attention to sustain life and as a result are often exposed to the prolonged treatment with drugs/herbal medications. Lack of site-specific delivery of these medications to the hepatocytes/nonparenchymal cells and adverse effects associated with their off-target interactions limit their continuous use. This calls for the development and fabrication of targeted delivery systems which can deliver the drug payload at the desired site of action for defined period of time. The primary aim of drug targeting is to manipulate the whole body distribution of drugs, that is, to prevent distribution to non-target cells and concomitantly increase the drug concentration at the targeted site. Carrier molecules are designed for their selective cellular uptake, taking advantage of specific receptors or binding sites present on the surface membrane of the target cell. In this review, various aspects of liver targeting of drug molecules and herbal medications have been discussed which elucidate the importance of delivering the drugs/herbal medications at their desired site of action.
Collapse
|
18
|
HSC-specific inhibition of Rho-kinase reduces portal pressure in cirrhotic rats without major systemic effects. J Hepatol 2012; 57:1220-7. [PMID: 22878469 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2012.07.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2012] [Revised: 07/24/2012] [Accepted: 07/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Rho-kinase activation mediates cell contraction and increases intrahepatic resistance and consequently portal pressure in liver cirrhosis. Systemic Rho-kinase inhibition decreases portal pressure in cirrhosis, but also arterial pressure. Thus, liver-specific Rho-kinase inhibition is needed. The delivery of Rho-kinase inhibitor to activated hepatic stellate cells reduces fibrosis. It might also relax these contractile cells and therewith decrease intrahepatic resistance. We tested this hypothesis by performing acute experiments in cirrhotic rats. METHODS Cirrhosis models were CCl(4)-intoxication and bile duct ligation. Three hours after injection of the Rho-kinase inhibitor (Y26732) coupled with a carrier (mannose-6-phosphate modified human serum albumin), which targets activated hepatic stellate cells, hemodynamics were analyzed by the colored microsphere technique and direct pressure measurements. The delivery site and effect of Rho-kinase inhibitor were investigated by immunohistochemical stainings, as well as Western blot. Experiments with Rho-kinase inhibitor coupled with unmodified human serum albumin served as untargeted control. RESULTS In both models of cirrhosis, the carrier coupled Rho-kinase inhibitor lowered the portal pressure and decreased the hepatic-portal resistance. Immunohistochemical desmin-staining showed the carrier in hepatic stellate cells. The targeted therapy decreased the expression of the phosphorylated substrate of Rho-kinase (moesin) and abolished myosin light chains phosphorylation in fibrotic septae (collagen-staining). The targeted Rho-kinase inhibitor showed no major extrahepatic effects. By contrast, the untargeted Rho-kinase inhibitor elicited severe systemic hypotension. CONCLUSIONS Activated hepatic stellate cells are crucially involved in portal hypertension in cirrhosis. Targeting of Rho-kinase in hepatic stellate cells not only decreased fibrosis, as previously shown, but also lowers portal pressure acutely without major systemic effects as demonstrated in this study.
Collapse
|
19
|
Casals E, Puntes VF. Inorganic nanoparticle biomolecular corona: formation, evolution and biological impact. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2012; 7:1917-30. [DOI: 10.2217/nnm.12.169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Physicochemical changes to inorganic nanoparticles (NPs) in biological environments determine their impact. Blood, lymph, mucus, complete cell culture media and other biological fluids contain a large amount and variety of different molecules. NPs dispersed in these fluids are sensitive to such environments. One of the most significant alterations is the formation of the NP–protein corona (PC) as a result of the adsorption of proteins onto the inorganic surface. This process is currently gaining attention in the field of inorganic NPs since this spontaneous coating gives a biological identity to the composite NP–PC and determines the interactions between the NP and the host in living systems. Therefore, knowledge of NP–PC formation is crucial for understanding the evolution, biodistribution and reactivity of NPs inside organisms and, therefore, for the safe design of engineered NPs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eudald Casals
- CIN2 (ICN-CSIC), Catalan Institute of Nanotechnology & Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Campus de la UAB, Edifici Q, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Víctor F Puntes
- Institut Català de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Poelstra K, Prakash J, Beljaars L. Drug targeting to the diseased liver. J Control Release 2012; 161:188-97. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2012.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2011] [Revised: 02/08/2012] [Accepted: 02/11/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
21
|
Chen Z, Xiao L, Liu W, Liu D, Xiao YY, Chen J, Liu X, Li WD, Li W, Cai BC. Novel materials which possess the ability to target liver cells. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2012; 9:649-56. [PMID: 22480167 DOI: 10.1517/17425247.2012.679261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Hepatic-targeted drug delivery systems are designed to treat diseases of the liver. However, since there are several different types of liver diseases that are caused by different cells, it is important to select the proper materials to target these different cells. AREAS COVERED This review addresses novel materials that possess the ability to target liver cells via receptor-ligand processes and offers an insight into the aspects of formulation design. It also discusses several approaches used to enhance the targeting efficiency of drug delivery systems to receptors in the liver cells. In addition, the delivery efficiency and therapeutic efficacy of these materials in the treatment of acute or chronic liver diseases is highlighted. EXPERT OPINION Further research into the use of clinical materials and the design of smart materials for multi-drug delivery to different organelles is important for future studies on these new materials. It is hoped that these targeted therapeutics will benefit patients with liver disorders in the near future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhipeng Chen
- Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Department of Pharmacy, Nanjing 210046, PR China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
van Beuge MM, Poelstra K, Prakash J. Specific delivery of kinase inhibitors in nonmalignant and malignant diseases. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2011; 9:59-70. [PMID: 22111941 DOI: 10.1517/17425247.2012.638625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Kinase inhibitors have been hailed as a breakthrough in the treatment of cancer. Extensive research is now being devoted to the development of kinase inhibitors as a treatment for many nonmalignant diseases. However, the use of kinase inhibitors in both malignant and nonmalignant diseases is also associated with side effects and the development of resistance. It may be worthwhile to explore whether cell-specific delivery of kinase inhibitors improves therapeutic efficacy and reduces side effects. AREAS COVERED This review aims to provide an overview of the preclinical studies performed to examine the specific targeting of kinase inhibitors in vitro and in vivo. It gives an introduction to kinase signaling pathways induced during disease, along with the possible problems associated with their inhibition. It also discusses the studies on specific delivery and shows that altering the specificity of kinase inhibitors by targeting methods improves their effectivity and safety. EXPERT OPINION Compared with the delivery of cytotoxic compounds, the specific delivery of kinase inhibitors has not yet been studied extensively. The studies discussed in this review provide an insight into methods used to target kinase inhibitors to different organs. The targeting of different kinase inhibitors has improved their therapeutic possibilities, but many questions still remain to be studied.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marike Marjolijn van Beuge
- University of Groningen, University Centre for Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacokinetics, Toxicology & Targeting, A. Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Patel G, Kher G, Misra A. Preparation and evaluation of hepatic stellate cell selective, surface conjugated, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma ligand loaded liposomes. J Drug Target 2011; 20:155-65. [PMID: 21913877 DOI: 10.3109/1061186x.2011.610800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) activation leads to major fibrogenic response in liver fibrosis. Selective localization of drug to HSCs can provide effective antifibrotic therapy. Thus, objectives of study were to prepare peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ ligand (rosiglitazone) loaded mannose 6-phosphate modified human serum albumin (M6P-HSA) conjugated liposomes and evaluate pharmacokinetically and pharmacodynamically in rats for application of findings of studies in development of suitable and relevant product for treatment of liver fibrosis. The HSA was derivatized with mannose 6-phosphate and then coupled to optimized liposomes. Drug distribution in liver and other tissues after intravenous administration in carbon tetrachloride-induced liver fibrosis model rats was studied. Histopathological examination, estimation of biochemical markers, and grading of liver fibrosis was performed to evaluate pharmacodynamic efficacy of prepared formulation. The M6P-HSA conjugation to liposomes enhanced rosiglitazone liver uptake significantly (2.61 folds) and disappeared from systemic circulation at double rate. Favorable pharmacokinetics resulted in improved histopathological morphology, biochemical markers level, and decreased fibrosis grade. Hence, critical scrutiny of results suggested preferential and enhanced drug localization in pathogenic cells of liver providing a thinking which may result in development of product that can provide cure or at least prevention to this progressive disease necessitating liver transplant.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gaurang Patel
- Drug Delivery Laboratory, TIFAC Centre of Relevance and Excellence in NDDS, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, India
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Dolman MEM, van Dorenmalen KMA, Pieters EHE, Lacombe M, Pato J, Storm G, Hennink WE, Kok RJ. Imatinib-ULS-lysozyme: a proximal tubular cell-targeted conjugate of imatinib for the treatment of renal diseases. J Control Release 2011; 157:461-8. [PMID: 21911014 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2011.08.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2011] [Revised: 08/26/2011] [Accepted: 08/27/2011] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The anticancer drug imatinib is an inhibitor of the platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR) kinases, which are involved in the pathogenesis of fibrotic diseases. In the current study we investigated the delivery of imatinib to the proximal tubular cells of the kidneys and evaluated the potential antifibrotic effects of imatinib in tubulointerstitial fibrosis. Coupling of imatinib to the low molecular weight protein lysozyme via the platinum (II)-based linker ULS yielded a 0.8:1 drug-carrier conjugate that rapidly accumulated in the proximal tubular cells upon intravenous and intraperitoneal administration. The bioavailability of intraperitoneally administered imatinib-ULS-lysozyme was 100%. Renal imatinib levels persisted for up to 3 days after a single injection of imatinib-ULS-lysozyme. Compared with an equal dose imatinib mesylate, imatinib-ULS-lysozyme resulted in a 30- and 15-fold higher renal exposure of imatinib, for intravenous and intraperitoneal administration respectively. Imatinib-ULS-lysozyme could not be detected in the heart, which is the organ at risk for side-effects of prolonged treatment with imatinib. The efficacy of imatinib-ULS-lysozyme in the treatment of tubulointerstitial fibrosis was evaluated in the unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) model in mice. Three days UUO resulted in all signs of early fibrosis, i.e. an increased deposition of matrix and production of profibrotic factors. Although a moderately increased activity of PDGFR-β was observed, the profibrotic phenotype could not be inhibited with imatinib mesylate or with imatinib-ULS-lysozyme. Further evaluation of imatinib mesylate and imatinib-ULS-lysozyme is therefore warranted in an animal model of renal disease in which the activation of PDGFR-β is more pronounced.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M E M Dolman
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Mahmoudi M, Lynch I, Ejtehadi MR, Monopoli MP, Bombelli FB, Laurent S. Protein-nanoparticle interactions: opportunities and challenges. Chem Rev 2011; 111:5610-37. [PMID: 21688848 DOI: 10.1021/cr100440g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 982] [Impact Index Per Article: 75.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
26
|
van Beuge MM, Prakash J, Lacombe M, Post E, Reker-Smit C, Beljaars L, Poelstra K. Increased liver uptake and reduced hepatic stellate cell activation with a cell-specific conjugate of the Rho-kinase inhibitor Y27632. Pharm Res 2011; 28:2045-54. [PMID: 21442374 PMCID: PMC3130909 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-011-0430-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2011] [Accepted: 03/08/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Purpose Rho-kinase regulates activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSC) during liver fibrosis, but the ubiquitous presence of this kinase may hinder examination of its exact role and the therapeutic use of inhibitors. We therefore coupled the Rho-kinase inhibitor Y27632 to a drug carrier that binds the mannose-6-phosphate insulin-like growth factor II (M6P/IGFII)-receptor which is upregulated on activated HSC. Methods Y27632 was coupled to mannose-6-phosphate human serum albumin (M6PHSA), and in vitro experiments were performed on primary rat HSC. Biodistribution and effect studies were performed in an acute CCl4 model in mice. Results Y27-conjugate remained stable in serum, while drug was efficiently released in liver homogenates. Receptor-blocking studies revealed that it was specifically taken up through the M6P/IGFII-receptor on fibroblasts, and it inhibited expression of fibrotic markers in activated HSC. In vivo, liver drug levels were significantly higher after injection of Y27-conjugate as compared to Y27632, and the conjugate accumulated specifically in HSC. After acute CCl4-induced liver injury, Y27-conjugate reduced the local activation of HSC, whereas an equimolar dose of free drug did not. Conclusions We conclude that specific targeting of a Rho-kinase inhibitor to HSC leads to enhanced accumulation of the drug in HSC, reducing early fibrogenesis in the liver. Electronic Supplementary Material The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s11095-011-0430-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marike Marjolijn van Beuge
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Toxicology & Targeting, University of Groningen, A. Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
van Beuge MM, Prakash J, Lacombe M, Gosens R, Post E, Reker-Smit C, Beljaars L, Poelstra K. Reduction of Fibrogenesis by Selective Delivery of a Rho Kinase Inhibitor to Hepatic Stellate Cells in Mice. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2011; 337:628-35. [DOI: 10.1124/jpet.111.179143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
|
28
|
Zhang H, Ma Y, Sun XL. Recent developments in carbohydrate-decorated targeted drug/gene delivery. Med Res Rev 2010; 30:270-89. [PMID: 19626595 DOI: 10.1002/med.20171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Targeted delivery of a drug or gene to its site of action has clear therapeutic advantages by maximizing its therapeutic efficiency and minimizing its systemic toxicity. Generally, targeted drug or gene delivery is performed by loading a macromolecular carrier with an appropriate drug or gene, and by targeting the drug/gene carrier to specific cell or tissue with the help of specific targeting ligand. The emergence of glycobiology, glycotechnology, and glycomics and their continual adaptation by pharmaceutical scientists have opened exciting avenue of medicinal applications of carbohydrates. Among them, the biocompatibility and specific receptor recognition ability confer the ability of carbohydrates as potential targeting ligands for targeted drug and gene delivery applications. This review summarizes recent progress of carbohydrate-decorated targeted drug/gene delivery applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hailong Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, Ohio 44115, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Poelstra K, Greupink R, Beljaars L. Reprint of: Targeting fibrosis with selective drug carriers. Arab J Gastroenterol 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajg.2010.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
30
|
Targeting fibrosis with selective drug carriers. Arab J Gastroenterol 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajg.2009.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
31
|
Moreno M, Gonzalo T, Kok RJ, Sancho-Bru P, van Beuge M, Swart J, Prakash J, Temming K, Fondevila C, Beljaars L, Lacombe M, van der Hoeven P, Arroyo V, Poelstra K, Brenner DA, Ginès P, Bataller R. Reduction of advanced liver fibrosis by short-term targeted delivery of an angiotensin receptor blocker to hepatic stellate cells in rats. Hepatology 2010; 51:942-52. [PMID: 20044807 DOI: 10.1002/hep.23419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED There is no effective therapy for advanced liver fibrosis. Angiotensin type 1 (AT1) receptor blockers attenuate liver fibrogenesis, yet their efficacy in reversing advanced fibrosis is unknown. We investigated whether the specific delivery of an AT1 receptor blocker to activated hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) reduces established liver fibrosis. We used a platinum-based linker to develop a conjugate of the AT1 receptor blocker losartan and the HSC-selective drug carrier mannose-6-phosphate modified human serum albumin (losartan-M6PHSA). An average of seven losartan molecules were successfully coupled to M6PHSA. Rats with advanced liver fibrosis due to prolonged bile duct ligation or carbon tetrachloride administration were treated with daily doses of saline, losartan-M6PHSA, M6PHSA or oral losartan during 3 days. Computer-based morphometric quantification of inflammatory cells (CD43), myofibroblasts (smooth muscle alpha-actin [alpha-SMA]) and collagen deposition (Sirius red and hydroxyproline content) were measured. Hepatic expression of procollagen alpha2(I) and genes involved in fibrogenesis was assessed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Losartan-M6PHSA accumulated in the fibrotic livers and colocalized with HSCs, as assessed by immunostaining of anti-HSA and anti-alpha-SMA. Losartan-M6PHSA, but not oral losartan, reduced collagen deposition, accumulation of myofibroblasts, inflammation and procollagen alpha2(I) gene expression. Losartan-M6PHSA did not affect metalloproteinase type 2 and 9 activity and did not cause apoptosis of activated HSCs. CONCLUSION Short-term treatment with HSC-targeted losartan markedly reduces advanced liver fibrosis. This approach may provide a novel means to treat chronic liver diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Montserrat Moreno
- Liver Unit, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer, Centro de investigación biomédica en red de enfermedades hepáticas y digestivas, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Abstract
Liver fibrosis and its end stage disease cirrhosis are a major cause of mortality and morbidity around the world. There is no effective pharmaceutical intervention for liver fibrosis at present. Many drugs that show potent antifibrotic activities in vitro often show only minor effects in vivo because of insufficient concentrations of drugs accumulating around the target cell and their adverse effects as a result of affecting other non-target cells. Hepatic stellate cells (HSC) play a critical role in the fibrogenesis of liver, so they are the target cells of antifibrotic therapy. Several kinds of targeted delivery system that could target the receptors expressed on HSC have been designed, and have shown an attractive targeted potential in vivo. After being carried by these delivery systems, many agents showed a powerful antifibrotic effect in animal models of liver fibrosis. These targeted delivery systems provide a new pathway for the therapy of liver fibrosis. The characteristics of theses targeted carriers are reviewed in this paper.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Feng Li
- Zhongshan Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Department of Gastroenterology, 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, China.
| | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Dolman M, Fretz M, Segers G, Lacombe M, Prakash J, Storm G, Hennink W, Kok R. Renal targeting of kinase inhibitors. Int J Pharm 2008; 364:249-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2008.04.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2008] [Revised: 04/25/2008] [Accepted: 04/28/2008] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
|
34
|
Li JT, Liao ZX, Ping J, Xu D, Wang H. Molecular mechanism of hepatic stellate cell activation and antifibrotic therapeutic strategies. J Gastroenterol 2008; 43:419-28. [PMID: 18600385 DOI: 10.1007/s00535-008-2180-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2007] [Accepted: 02/25/2008] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) is the dominant event in liver fibrosis. The early events in the organization of HSC activation have been termed initiation. Initiation encompasses rapid changes in gene expression and phenotype that render the cells responsive to cytokines and other local stimuli. Cellular responses following initiation are termed perpetuation, which encompasses those cellular events that amplify the activated phenotype through enhanced growth factor expression and responsiveness. Multiple cells and cytokines play a part in the regulation of HSC activation. HSC activation consists of discrete phenotype responses, mainly proliferation, contractility, fibrogenesis, matrix degradation, chemotaxis and retinoid loss. Currently, antifibrotic therapeutic strategies include inhibition of HSC proliferation or stimulation of HSC apoptosis, downregulation of collagen production or promotion of its degradation, administration of cytokines, and infusion of mesenchymal stem cells. In this review, we summarize the latest advances in our understanding of the mechanisms of HSC activation and possible antifibrotic therapeutic strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Ting Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Basic Medical School of Wuhan University, Luojia Hill, Wuhan 430071, China
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Prakash J, de Borst MH, Lacombe M, Opdam F, Klok PA, van Goor H, Meijer DKF, Moolenaar F, Poelstra K, Kok RJ. Inhibition of renal rho kinase attenuates ischemia/reperfusion-induced injury. J Am Soc Nephrol 2008; 19:2086-97. [PMID: 18650485 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2007070794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The Rho kinase pathway plays an important role in dedifferentiation of epithelial cells and infiltration of inflammatory cells. For testing of the hypothesis that blockade of this cascade within the kidneys might be beneficial in the treatment of renal injury the Rho kinase inhibitor, Y27632 was coupled to lysozyme, a low molecular weight protein that is filtered through the glomerulus and is reabsorbed in proximal tubular cells. Pharmacokinetic studies with Y27632-lysozyme confirmed that the conjugate rapidly and extensively accumulated in the kidney. Treatment with Y27632-lysozyme substantially inhibited ischemia/reperfusion-induced tubular damage, indicated by reduced staining of the dedifferentiation markers kidney injury molecule 1 and vimentin, and increased E-cadherin relative to controls. Rho kinase activation was inhibited by Y27632-lysozyme within tubular cells and the interstitium. Y27632-lysozyme also inhibited inflammation and fibrogenesis, indicated by a reduction in gene expression of monocyte chemoattractant protein 1, procollagen Ialpha1, TGF-beta1, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1, and alpha-smooth muscle actin. Immunohistochemistry revealed reduced macrophage infiltration and decreased expression of alpha-smooth muscle actin, collagen I, collagen III, and fibronectin. In contrast, unconjugated Y27632 did not have these beneficial effects but instead caused systemic adverse effects, such as leukopenia. Neither treatment improved renal function in the bilateral ischemia/reperfusion model. In conclusion, the renally targeted Y27632-lysozyme conjugate strongly inhibits tubular damage, inflammation, and fibrogenesis induced by ischemia/reperfusion injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jai Prakash
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Delivery, Groningen Research Institute for Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV, Groningen, Netherlands.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Gary-Bobo M, Nirdé P, Jeanjean A, Morère A, Garcia M. Mannose 6-phosphate receptor targeting and its applications in human diseases. Curr Med Chem 2008; 14:2945-53. [PMID: 18220730 DOI: 10.2174/092986707782794005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The cation-independent mannose 6-phosphate receptor is a multifunctional protein which binds at the cell surface to two distinct classes of ligands, the mannose 6-phosphate (M6P) bearing proteins and IGF-II. Its major function is to bind and transport M6P-enzymes to lysosomes, but it can also modulate the activity of a variety of extracellular M6P-glycoproteins (i.e., latent TGFbeta precursor, urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor, Granzyme B, growth factors, Herpes virus). The purpose of this review is to highlight the synthesis and potential use of high affinity M6P analogues able to target this receptor. Several M6P analogues with phosphonate, carboxylate or malonate groups display a higher affinity and a stronger stability in human serum than M6P itself. These derivatives could be used to favour the delivery of specific therapeutic compounds to lysosomes, notably in enzyme replacement therapies of lysosomal diseases or in neoplastic drug targeting. In addition, their potential applications in preventing clinical disorders, which are associated with the activities of other M6P-proteins involved in wound healing, cell growth or viral infection, will be discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Gary-Bobo
- Inserm unité 826, Bâtiment recherche, CRLC Val d'Aurelle, 34298 Montpellier, France
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Ye Z, Houssein HSH, Mahato RI. Bioconjugation of oligonucleotides for treating liver fibrosis. Oligonucleotides 2008; 17:349-404. [PMID: 18154454 DOI: 10.1089/oli.2007.0097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Liver fibrosis results from chronic liver injury due to hepatitis B and C, excessive alcohol ingestion, and metal ion overload. Fibrosis culminates in cirrhosis and results in liver failure. Therefore, a potent antifibrotic therapy is urgently needed to reverse scarring and eliminate progression to cirrhosis. Although activated hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) remain the principle cell type responsible for liver fibrosis, perivascular fibroblasts of portal and central veins as well as periductular fibroblasts are other sources of fibrogenic cells. This review will critically discuss various treatment strategies for liver fibrosis, including prevention of liver injury, reduction of inflammation, inhibition of HSC activation, degradation of scar matrix, and inhibition of aberrant collagen synthesis. Oligonucleotides (ODNs) are short, single-stranded nucleic acids, which disrupt expression of target protein by binding to complementary mRNA or forming triplex with genomic DNA. Triplex forming oligonucleotides (TFOs) provide an attractive strategy for treating liver fibrosis. A series of TFOs have been developed for inhibiting the transcription of alpha1(I) collagen gene, which opens a new area for antifibrotic drugs. There will be in-depth discussion on the use of TFOs and how different bioconjugation strategies can be utilized for their site-specific delivery to HSCs or hepatocytes for enhanced antifibrotic activities. Various insights developed in individual strategy and the need for multipronged approaches will also be discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoyang Ye
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Adrian JE, Poelstra K, Kamps JAAM. Addressing liver fibrosis with liposomes targeted to hepatic stellate cells. J Liposome Res 2008; 17:205-18. [PMID: 18027241 DOI: 10.1080/08982100701528047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Liver fibrosis is a chronic disease that results from hepatitis B and C infections, alcohol abuse or metabolic and genetic disorders. Ultimately, progression of fibrosis leads to cirrhosis, a stage of the disease characterized by failure of the normal liver functions. Currently, the treatment of liver fibrosis is mainly based on the removal of the underlying cause of the disease and liver transplantation, which is the only treatment for patients with advanced fibrosis. Hepatic stellate cells (HSC) are considered to be key players in the development of liver fibrosis. Chronically activated HSC produces large amounts of extracellular matrix and enhance fibrosis by secreting a broad spectrum of cytokines that exert pro-fibrotic actions in other cells, and in an autocrine manner perpetuate their own activation. Therefore, therapeutic interventions that inhibit activation of HSC and its pro-fibrotic activities are currently under investigation worldwide. In the present study we applied targeted liposomes as drug carriers to HSC in the fibrotic liver and explored the potential of these liposomes in antifibrotic therapies. Moreover, we investigated effects of bioactive compounds delivered by these liposomes on the progression of liver fibrosis. To our knowledge, this is the first study demonstrating that lipid-based drug carriers can be selectively delivered to HSC in the fibrotic liver. By incorporating the bioactive lipid DLPC, these liposomes can modulate different processes such as inflammation and fibrogenesis in the fibrotic liver. This dual functionality of liposomes as a drug carrier system with intrinsic biological effects may be exploited in new approaches to treat liver fibrosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joanna E Adrian
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical Biology section, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Faragher RJ, Schwan AL. New Deuterated Oligo(ethylene glycol) Building Blocks and Their Use in the Preparation of Surface Active Lipids Possessing Labeled Hydrophilic Tethers. J Org Chem 2008; 73:1371-8. [DOI: 10.1021/jo701979z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert J. Faragher
- Department of Chemistry, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1
| | - Adrian L. Schwan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Hagens WI, Mattos A, Greupink R, de Jager-Krikken A, Reker-Smit C, van Loenen-Weemaes A, Gouw ASH, Poelstra K, Beljaars L. Targeting 15d-prostaglandin J2 to hepatic stellate cells: two options evaluated. Pharm Res 2007; 24:566-74. [PMID: 17245650 PMCID: PMC1915609 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-006-9175-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2006] [Accepted: 10/05/2006] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Delivery of apoptosis-inducing compounds to hepatic stellate cells (HSC) may be an effective strategy to reverse liver fibrosis. The aim of this study was therefore to examine the selective targeting of the apoptosis-inducing drug 15-deoxy-delta12,14-prostaglandin J2 (15dPGJ2) with two different HSC-carriers: human serum albumin modified with the sugar mannose-6-phosphate (M6PHSA) or albumin modified with PDGF-receptor recognizing peptides (pPBHSA). METHODS AND RESULTS After chemical conjugation of 15dPGJ2 to the carriers, the constructs displayed pharmacological activity and specific receptor-mediated binding to HSC in vitro. Unlike 15dPGJ2-pPBHSA, the cellular binding of 15dPGJ2-M6PHSA was reduced by a scavenger receptor antagonist. In vivo, both conjugates rapidly accumulated in fibrotic livers. Intrahepatic analysis revealed that 15dPGJ2-M6PHSA mainly accumulated in HSC, and to a lesser extent in Kupffer cells. 15dPGJ2-pPBHSA also predominantly accumulated in HSC with additional uptake in hepatocytes. Assessment of target receptors in human cirrhotic livers revealed that M6P/IGFII-receptor expression was present in fibrotic areas. PDGF-P receptor expression was abundantly expressed on human fibroblasts. CONCLUSIONS These studies show that 15dPGJ2 coupled to either M6PHSA or pPBHSA is specifically taken up by HSC and is highly effective within these cells. Both carriers differ with respect to receptor specificity, leading to differences in intrahepatic distribution. Nevertheless, both carriers can be used to deliver the apoptosis-inducing drug 15dPGJ2 to HSC in vivo.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Werner I. Hagens
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Delivery, University Centre for Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Adriana Mattos
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Delivery, University Centre for Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Rick Greupink
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Delivery, University Centre for Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Alie de Jager-Krikken
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Delivery, University Centre for Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Catharina Reker-Smit
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Delivery, University Centre for Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - AnneMiek van Loenen-Weemaes
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Delivery, University Centre for Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Annette S. H. Gouw
- Department of Pathology and Lab. Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Klaas Poelstra
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Delivery, University Centre for Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Leonie Beljaars
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Delivery, University Centre for Pharmacy, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Fan J, Li X, Li P, Li N, Wang T, Shen H, Siow Y, Choy P, Gong Y. Saikosaponin-d attenuates the development of liver fibrosis by preventing hepatocyte injury. Biochem Cell Biol 2007; 85:189-95. [PMID: 17534399 DOI: 10.1139/o07-010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Treatment of liver fibrosis and cirrhosis remains a challenging field. Hepatocyte injury and the activation of hepatic stellate cells are the 2 major events in the development of liver fibrosis and cirrhosis. It is known that several Chinese herbs have significant beneficial effects on the liver; therefore, the purpose of the present study was to investigate the therapeutic effect of saikosaponin-d (SSd) on liver fibrosis and cirrhosis. A rat model of liver fibrosis was established using the dimethylnitrosamine method. Liver tissue and serum were used to examine the effect of SSd on liver fibrosis. A hepatocyte culture was also used to investigate how SSd can protect hepatocytes from oxidative injury induced by carbon tetrachloride. The results showed that SSd significantly reduced collagen I deposition in the liver and alanine aminotransferase level in the serum. Moreover, SSd decreased the content of TGF-beta1 in the liver, which was significantly elevated after dimethylnitrosamine induced liver fibrosis. Furthermore, SSd was able to alleviate hepatocyte injury from oxidative stress. In conclusion, SSd could postpone the development of liver fibrosis by attenuating hepatocyte injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianghong Fan
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Manitoba, 50 Sifton Road, Winnipeg, MB, R3T2N2, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Gonzalo T, Beljaars L, van de Bovenkamp M, Temming K, van Loenen AM, Reker-Smit C, Meijer DKF, Lacombe M, Opdam F, Kéri G, Orfi L, Poelstra K, Kok RJ. Local inhibition of liver fibrosis by specific delivery of a platelet-derived growth factor kinase inhibitor to hepatic stellate cells. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2007; 321:856-65. [PMID: 17369283 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.106.114496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver fibrosis is characterized by excessive proliferation and activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSC), a process in which platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) plays an important role. Inhibition of liver fibrosis via specific delivery of a PDGF kinase inhibitor to HSC might therefore be an attractive strategy. The HSC-selective carrier mannose-6-phosphate modified human serum albumin (M6PHSA) was equipped with a tyrosine kinase inhibitor, 4-chloro-N-[4-methyl-3-(4-pyridin-3-yl-pyrimidin-2-ylamino)-phenyl]-benzamide (PAP19) (an imatinib derivative), by means of the platinum-based universal linkage system (ULS). The antifibrotic activity of PAP19-M6PHSA was evaluated in culture-activated rat HSC and precision-cut liver slices from fibrotic rats. After 24-h incubation, both free inhibitor PAP19 and PAP19-M6PHSA showed potent activity, as determined by quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analysis of alpha-smooth muscle actin (alphaSMA) and procollagen 1a1. Next, we examined the organ distribution and antifibrotic activity of PAP19-M6PHSA in bile duct-ligated (BDL) rats. Male Wistar rats at day 10 after BDL were administered a single dose of PAP19-M6PHSA and sacrificed at 2 h, 1 day, or 2 days afterward. The accumulation of PAP19-M6PHSA in the liver was quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography analysis (30% of the injected dose at 2 h) and detected in the liver by staining of the carrier. Liver drug levels were sustained at 24 and 48 h after the single dose. Furthermore, PAP19-M6PHSA reduced collagen deposition (Sirius red staining) and alphaSMA staining of activated HSC at these time points in comparison with saline-treated rats. We therefore conclude that delivery of a PDGF-kinase inhibitor to HSC is a promising technology to attenuate liver fibrogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Gonzalo
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Delivery, Groningen University Institute for Drug Exploration, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Temming K, Lacombe M, Schaapveld RQJ, Orfi L, Kéri G, Poelstra K, Molema G, Kok RJ. Rational Design of RGD–Albumin Conjugates for Targeted Delivery of the VEGF-R Kinase Inhibitor PTK787 to Angiogenic Endothelium. ChemMedChem 2006; 1:1200-3. [PMID: 16991175 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.200600201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kai Temming
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Drug Delivery, Groningen University Institute of Drug Exploration, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Temming K, Lacombe M, van der Hoeven P, Prakash J, Gonzalo T, Dijkers ECF, Orfi L, Kéri G, Poelstra K, Molema G, Kok RJ. Delivery of the p38 MAPkinase Inhibitor SB202190 to Angiogenic Endothelial Cells: Development of Novel RGD-Equipped and PEGylated Drug−Albumin Conjugates Using Platinum(II)-Based Drug Linker Technology. Bioconjug Chem 2006; 17:1246-55. [PMID: 16984135 DOI: 10.1021/bc0600158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Endothelial cells play an important role in inflammatory disorders, as they control the recruitment of leukocytes into inflamed tissue and the formation of new blood vessels. Activation of p38MAP kinase results in the production of proinflammatory cytokines and the expression of adhesion molecules. P38MAP kinase inhibitors are therefore considered important candidates for the treatment of inflammatory disorders. In the present study, we propose a novel strategy to counteract these processes by delivery of the p38MAP kinase inhibitor SB202190 into angiogenic endothelial cells. A drug-targeting conjugate was developed by conjugation of SB202190 to human serum albumin (HSA) using a novel platinum-based linker. Specificity for angiogenic endothelial cells was introduced by conjugation of cyclic RGD-peptides via bifunctional polyethylene glycol linkers. The final products contained an average of nine SB202190 and six RGDPEG groups per albumin. The platinum-based linker displayed high stability in buffers and culture medium, but released SB202190 slowly upon competition with sulfur-containing ligands like glutathione. RGDPEG-SB-HSA bound to alpha(v3)-integrin expressing endothelial cells (human umbilical cord vein endothelial cells) with low nanomolar affinity and was subsequently internalized. When HUVEC were treated with TNF to induce inflammatory events, pretreatment with RGDPEG-SB-HSA partially inhibited proinflammatory gene expression (IL-8, E-selectin; 30% inhibition) and secretion of cytokines (IL-8, 34% inhibition). We conclude that the developed RGDPEG-SB-HSA conjugates provide a novel means to counteract inflammation disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kai Temming
- KREATECH Biotechnology B.V., Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Prakash J, Sandovici M, Saluja V, Lacombe M, Schaapveld RQJ, de Borst MH, van Goor H, Henning RH, Proost JH, Moolenaar F, Këri G, Meijer DKF, Poelstra K, Kok RJ. Intracellular Delivery of the p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Inhibitor SB202190 [4-(4-Fluorophenyl)-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-5-(4-pyridyl)1H-imidazole] in Renal Tubular Cells: A Novel Strategy to Treat Renal Fibrosis. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2006; 319:8-19. [PMID: 16807361 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.106.106054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
During renal injury, activation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) in proximal tubular cells plays an important role in the inflammatory events that eventually lead to renal fibrosis. We hypothesized that local inhibition of p38 within these cells may be an interesting approach for the treatment of renal fibrosis. To effectuate this, we developed a renal-specific conjugate of the p38 inhibitor SB202190 [4-(4-fluorophenyl)-2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-5-(4-pyridyl)1H-imidazole] and the carrier lysozyme. First, we demonstrated that SB202190 inhibited the expression of albumin-induced proinflammatory (monocyte chemoattractant protein-1) and transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta1-induced profibrotic (procollagen-Ialpha1) genes over 50% in renal tubular cells (normal rat kidney-52E). Next, we conjugated SB202190 via a carbamate linkage to lysozyme. However, this conjugate rapidly released the drug upon incubation in serum. Therefore, we applied a new platinum(II)-based linker approach, the so-called universal linkage system (ULS), which forms a coordinative bond with SB202190. The SB202190-ULS-lysozyme remained stable in serum but released the drug in kidney homogenates. SB202190-ULS-lysozyme accumulated efficiently in renal tubular cells and provided a local drug reservoir during a period of 3 days after a single intravenous injection. Treatment with SB202190-ULS-lysozyme inhibited TGF-beta1-induced gene expression for procollagen-Ialpha1 by 64% in HK-2 cells. Lastly, we evaluated the efficacy of a single dose of the conjugate in the unilateral renal ischemia-reperfusion rat model. A reduction of intrarenal p38 phosphorylation and alpha-smooth muscle actin protein expression was observed 4 days after the ischemia-reperfusion injury. In conclusion, we have developed a novel strategy for local delivery of the p38 MAPK inhibitor SB202190, which may be of use in the treatment of renal fibrosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jai Prakash
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht University, Sorbonnelaan 16, 3584 CA Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|