1
|
Tawfik SM, Azizov S, Elmasry MR, Sharipov M, Lee YI. Recent Advances in Nanomicelles Delivery Systems. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 11:E70. [PMID: 33396938 PMCID: PMC7823398 DOI: 10.3390/nano11010070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 12/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The efficient and selective delivery of therapeutic drugs to the target site remains the main obstacle in the development of new drugs and therapeutic interventions. Up until today, nanomicelles have shown their prospective as nanocarriers for drug delivery owing to their small size, good biocompatibility, and capacity to effectively entrap lipophilic drugs in their core. Nanomicelles are formed via self-assembly in aqueous media of amphiphilic molecules into well-organized supramolecular structures. Molecular weights and structure of the core and corona forming blocks are important properties that will determine the size of nanomicelles and their shape. Selective delivery is achieved via novel design of various stimuli-responsive nanomicelles that release drugs based on endogenous or exogenous stimulations such as pH, temperature, ultrasound, light, redox potential, and others. This review summarizes the emerging micellar nanocarriers developed with various designs, their outstanding properties, and underlying principles that grant targeted and continuous drug delivery. Finally, future perspectives, and challenges for nanomicelles are discussed based on the current achievements and remaining issues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Salah M. Tawfik
- Department of Materials Convergence and System Engineering, Changwon National University, Changwon 51140, Korea; (S.M.T.); (S.A.); (M.R.E.); (M.S.)
- Surfactant Laboratory, Department of Petrochemicals, Egyptian Petroleum Research Institute (EPRI), Nasr City, Cairo 11727, Egypt
| | - Shavkatjon Azizov
- Department of Materials Convergence and System Engineering, Changwon National University, Changwon 51140, Korea; (S.M.T.); (S.A.); (M.R.E.); (M.S.)
- Laboratory of Polysaccharide Chemistry, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Uzbekistan Academy of Science, Tashkent 100125, Uzbekistan
| | - Mohamed R. Elmasry
- Department of Materials Convergence and System Engineering, Changwon National University, Changwon 51140, Korea; (S.M.T.); (S.A.); (M.R.E.); (M.S.)
| | - Mirkomil Sharipov
- Department of Materials Convergence and System Engineering, Changwon National University, Changwon 51140, Korea; (S.M.T.); (S.A.); (M.R.E.); (M.S.)
| | - Yong-Ill Lee
- Department of Materials Convergence and System Engineering, Changwon National University, Changwon 51140, Korea; (S.M.T.); (S.A.); (M.R.E.); (M.S.)
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Mathew AP, Cho KH, Uthaman S, Cho CS, Park IK. Stimuli-Regulated Smart Polymeric Systems for Gene Therapy. Polymers (Basel) 2017; 9:E152. [PMID: 30970831 PMCID: PMC6432211 DOI: 10.3390/polym9040152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Revised: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The physiological condition of the human body is a composite of different environments, each with its own parameters that may differ under normal, as well as diseased conditions. These environmental conditions include factors, such as pH, temperature and enzymes that are specific to a type of cell, tissue or organ or a pathological state, such as inflammation, cancer or infection. These conditions can act as specific triggers or stimuli for the efficient release of therapeutics at their destination by overcoming many physiological and biological barriers. The efficacy of conventional treatment modalities can be enhanced, side effects decreased and patient compliance improved by using stimuli-responsive material that respond to these triggers at the target site. These stimuli or triggers can be physical, chemical or biological and can be internal or external in nature. Many smart/intelligent stimuli-responsive therapeutic gene carriers have been developed that can respond to either internal stimuli, which may be normally present, overexpressed or present in decreased levels, owing to a disease, or to stimuli that are applied externally, such as magnetic fields. This review focuses on the effects of various internal stimuli, such as temperature, pH, redox potential, enzymes, osmotic activity and other biomolecules that are present in the body, on modulating gene expression by using stimuli-regulated smart polymeric carriers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ansuja Pulickal Mathew
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju 61469, Korea.
| | - Ki-Hyun Cho
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Institute of Dermatology and Plastic Surgery, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Ave, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.
| | - Saji Uthaman
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju 61469, Korea.
| | - Chong-Su Cho
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute for Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea.
| | - In-Kyu Park
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, BK21 PLUS Center for Creative Biomedical Scientists at Chonnam National University, Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju 61469, Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ni R, Zhou J, Hossain N, Chau Y. Virus-inspired nucleic acid delivery system: Linking virus and viral mimicry. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2016; 106:3-26. [PMID: 27473931 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2016.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Revised: 07/02/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Targeted delivery of nucleic acids into disease sites of human body has been attempted for decades, but both viral and non-viral vectors are yet to meet our expectations. Safety concerns and low delivery efficiency are the main limitations of viral and non-viral vectors, respectively. The structure of viruses is both ordered and dynamic, and is believed to be the key for effective transfection. Detailed understanding of the physical properties of viruses, their interaction with cellular components, and responses towards cellular environments leading to transfection would inspire the development of safe and effective non-viral vectors. To this goal, this review systematically summarizes distinctive features of viruses that are implied for efficient nucleic acid delivery but not yet fully explored in current non-viral vectors. The assembly and disassembly of viral structures, presentation of viral ligands, and the subcellular targeting of viruses are emphasized. Moreover, we describe the current development of cationic material-based viral mimicry (CVM) and structural viral mimicry (SVM) in these aspects. In light of the discrepancy, we identify future opportunities for rational design of viral mimics for the efficient delivery of DNA and RNA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rong Ni
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China; Institute for Advanced Study, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Junli Zhou
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Naushad Hossain
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ying Chau
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China; Division of Biomedical Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Park Y, Kim H, Lee JB. Self-assembled DNA-Guided RNA Nanovector via Step-wise Dual Enzyme Polymerization (SDEP) for Carrier-free siRNA Delivery. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2016; 2:616-624. [DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.5b00554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yongkuk Park
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, University of Seoul, 163 Seoulsiripdaero, Dongdaemungu, Seoul 130-743, Korea
| | - Hyejin Kim
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, University of Seoul, 163 Seoulsiripdaero, Dongdaemungu, Seoul 130-743, Korea
| | - Jong Bum Lee
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, University of Seoul, 163 Seoulsiripdaero, Dongdaemungu, Seoul 130-743, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Cationic polyaspartamide-based nanocomplexes mediate siRNA entry and down-regulation of the pro-inflammatory mediator high mobility group box 1 in airway epithelial cells. Int J Pharm 2015; 491:359-66. [PMID: 26140987 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2015.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2015] [Revised: 06/12/2015] [Accepted: 06/14/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
High-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) is a nonhistone protein secreted by airway epithelial cells in hyperinflammatory diseases such as asthma. In order to down-regulate HMGB1 expression in airway epithelial cells, siRNA directed against HMGB1 was delivered through nanocomplexes based on a cationic copolymer of poly(N-2-hydroxyethyl)-d,l-aspartamide (PHEA) by using H441 cells. Two copolymers were used in these experiments bearing respectively spermine side chains (PHEA-Spm) and both spermine and PEG2000 chains (PHEA-PEG-Spm). PHEA-Spm and PHEA-PEG-Spm derivatives complexed dsDNA oligonucleotides with a w/w ratio of 1 and higher as shown by a gel retardation assay. PHEA-Spm and PHEA-PEG-Spm siRNA polyplexes were sized 350-650 nm and 100-400 nm respectively and ranged from negativity/neutrality (at 0.5 ratio) to positivity (at 5 ratio) as ζ potential. Polyplexes formed either at a ratio of 0.5 (partially complexing) or at the ratio of 5 (fully complexing) were tested in subsequent experiments. Epifluorescence revealed that nanocomplexes favored siRNA entry into H441 cells in comparison with naked siRNA. As determined by flow cytometry and a trypan blue assay, PHEA-Spm and PHEA-PEG-Spm allowed siRNA uptake in 42-47% and 30% of cells respectively, however only with PHEA-Spm at w/w ratio of 5 these percentages were significantly higher than those obtained with naked siRNA (20%). Naked siRNA or complexed scrambled siRNA did not exert any effect on HMGB1mRNA levels, whereas PHEA-Spm/siRNA at the w/w ratio of 5 down-regulated HMGB1 mRNA up to 58% of control levels (untransfected cells). PEGylated PHEA-Spm/siRNA nanocomplexes were able to down-regulate HMGB1 mRNA levels up to 61% of control cells. MTT assay revealed excellent biocompatibility of copolymer/siRNA polyplexes with cells. In conclusion, we have found optimal conditions for down-regulation of HMGB1 by siRNA delivery mediated by polyaminoacidic polymers in airway epithelial cells in the absence of cytotoxicity. Functional and in-vivo studies are warranted.
Collapse
|
6
|
Di Meo C, Cilurzo F, Licciardi M, Scialabba C, Sabia R, Paolino D, Capitani D, Fresta M, Giammona G, Villani C, Matricardi P. Polyaspartamide-doxorubicin conjugate as potential prodrug for anticancer therapy. Pharm Res 2014; 32:1557-69. [PMID: 25366547 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-014-1557-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Accepted: 10/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To synthesize a new polymeric prodrug based on α,β-poly(N-2-hydroxyethyl)(2-aminoethylcarbamate)-d,l-aspartamide copolymer bearing amine groups in the side chain (PHEA-EDA), covalently linked to the anticancer drug doxorubicin and to test its potential application in anticancer therapy. METHODS The drug was previously derivatized with a biocompatible and hydrophilic linker, leading to a doxorubicin derivative highly reactive with amino groups of PHEA-EDA. The PHEA-EDA-DOXO prodrug was characterized in terms of chemical stability. The pharmacokinetics, biodistribution and cytotoxicity of the product was investigated in vitro and in vivo on human breast cancer MCF-7 and T47D cell lines and NOD-SCID mice bearing a MCF-7 human breast carcinoma xenograft. Data collected were compared to those obtained using free doxorubicin. RESULTS The final polymeric product is water soluble and easily hydrolysable in vivo, due to the presence of ester and amide bonds along the spacer between the drug and the polymeric backbone. In vitro tests showed a retarded cytotoxic effect on tumor cells, whereas a significant improvement of the in vivo antitumor activity of PHEA-EDA-DOXO and a survival advantage of the treated NOD-SCID mice was evidenced, compared to that of free doxorubicin. CONCLUSIONS The features of the PHEA-EDA-DOXO provide a potential protection of the drug from the plasmatic enzymatic degradation and clearance, an improvement of the blood pharmacokinetic parameters and a suitable body biodistribution. The data collected support the promising rationale of the proposed macromolecular prodrug PHEA-EDA-DOXO for further potential development and application in the treatment of solid cancer diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Di Meo
- Department of Drug Chemistry and Technologies, "Sapienza" University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Iyer AK, Singh A, Ganta S, Amiji MM. Role of integrated cancer nanomedicine in overcoming drug resistance. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2013; 65:1784-802. [PMID: 23880506 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2013.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 233] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2013] [Revised: 06/19/2013] [Accepted: 07/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Cancer remains a major killer of mankind. Failure of conventional chemotherapy has resulted in recurrence and development of virulent multi drug resistant (MDR) phenotypes adding to the complexity and diversity of this deadly disease. Apart from displaying classical physiological abnormalities and aberrant blood flow behavior, MDR cancers exhibit several distinctive features such as higher apoptotic threshold, aerobic glycolysis, regions of hypoxia, and elevated activity of drug-efflux transporters. MDR transporters play a pivotal role in protecting the cancer stem cells (CSCs) from chemotherapy. It is speculated that CSCs are instrumental in reviving tumors after the chemo and radiotherapy. In this regard, multifunctional nanoparticles that can integrate various key components such as drugs, genes, imaging agents and targeting ligands using unique delivery platforms would be more efficient in treating MDR cancers. This review presents some of the important principles involved in development of MDR and novel methods of treating cancers using multifunctional-targeted nanoparticles. Illustrative examples of nanoparticles engineered for drug/gene combination delivery and stimuli responsive nanoparticle systems for cancer therapy are also discussed.
Collapse
|
8
|
Controlling the actuation of therapeutic nanomaterials: enabling nanoparticle-mediated drug delivery. Ther Deliv 2013; 4:1411-29. [DOI: 10.4155/tde.13.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The implementation of biofunctionalized nanoparticles (NPs) as potential therapeutic materials has seen exponential growth in recent years due to their unique ability to overcome the constraints of current medicine. This has been largely driven by significant advances on a number of basic research fronts including high-quality NP synthesis, bioconjugation, cellular delivery and the controlled release or ‘actuation’ of NP-associated cargos. Cumulatively, these are the key enabling tools for the full realization of NP-mediated drug delivery. In this review, the authors’ focus is on recent developments in methodologies for the controlled actuation of therapeutic NPs. The authors discuss the critical requirements for their integration into biological systems and highlight examples from the recent literature where controlled NP actuation has been successfully demonstrated. The current state of therapeutic NPs in the clinical setting is summarized and the article concludes with a brief perspective of how we can expect to see this emerging field develop in the coming years.
Collapse
|
9
|
Oliveira AV, Silva AP, Bitoque DB, Silva GA, Rosa da Costa AM. Transfection efficiency of chitosan and thiolated chitosan in retinal pigment epithelium cells: A comparative study. J Pharm Bioallied Sci 2013; 5:111-8. [PMID: 23833516 PMCID: PMC3697189 DOI: 10.4103/0975-7406.111823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2012] [Revised: 01/18/2013] [Accepted: 02/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: Gene therapy relies on efficient vector for a therapeutic effect. Efficient non-viral vectors are sought as an alternative to viral vectors. Chitosan, a cationic polymer, has been studied for its gene delivery potential. In this work, disulfide bond containing groups were covalently added to chitosan to improve the transfection efficiency. These bonds can be cleaved by cytoplasmic glutathione, thus, releasing the DNA load more efficiently. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Chitosan and thiolated chitosan nanoparticles (NPs) were prepared in order to obtain a NH3+:PO4− ratio of 5:1 and characterized for plasmid DNA complexation and release efficiency. Cytotoxicity and gene delivery studies were carried out on retinal pigment epithelial cells. RESULTS: In this work, we show that chitosan was effectively modified to incorporate a disulfide bond. The transfection efficiency of chitosan and thiolated chitosan varied according to the cell line used, however, thiolation did not seem to significantly improve transfection efficiency. CONCLUSION: The apparent lack of improvement in transfection efficiency of the thiolated chitosan NPs is most likely due to its size increase and charge inversion relatively to chitosan. Therefore, for retinal cells, thiolated chitosan does not seem to constitute an efficient strategy for gene delivery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana V Oliveira
- Centre for Molecular and Structural Biomedicine (CBME/IBB, LA), University of Algarve, Faro, 8005-139, Portugal ; PhD Program in Biomedical Sciences, University of Algarve, Faro, 8005-139, Portugal ; Department of Biomedical Sciences and Medicine, University of Algarve, Faro, 8005-139, Portugal
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Aravindan L, Bicknell KA, Brooks G, Khutoryanskiy VV, Williams AC. A Comparison of Thiolated and Disulfide-Crosslinked Polyethylenimine for Nonviral Gene Delivery. Macromol Biosci 2013; 13:1163-73. [DOI: 10.1002/mabi.201300103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2013] [Revised: 04/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Latha Aravindan
- Reading School of Pharmacy; University of Reading; Whiteknights, PO Box 224, RG6 6AD Reading United Kingdom
| | - Katrina A. Bicknell
- Reading School of Pharmacy; University of Reading; Whiteknights, PO Box 224, RG6 6AD Reading United Kingdom
| | - Gavin Brooks
- School of Biological Sciences; University of Reading; Whiteknights Reading United Kingdom
| | - Vitaliy V. Khutoryanskiy
- Reading School of Pharmacy; University of Reading; Whiteknights, PO Box 224, RG6 6AD Reading United Kingdom
| | - Adrian C. Williams
- Reading School of Pharmacy; University of Reading; Whiteknights, PO Box 224, RG6 6AD Reading United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Licciardi M, Pitarresi G, Cavallaro G, Giammona G. Nanoaggregates Based on New Poly-Hydroxyethyl-Aspartamide Copolymers for Oral Insulin Absorption. Mol Pharm 2013; 10:1644-54. [DOI: 10.1021/mp300226d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mariano Licciardi
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie
Biologiche, Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF), University of Palermo,
via Archirafi 32, 90123, Palermo, Italy
| | - Giovanna Pitarresi
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie
Biologiche, Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF), University of Palermo,
via Archirafi 32, 90123, Palermo, Italy
- Institute
of Biophysics at Palermo,
Italian National Research Council, Via Ugo La Malfa 153, 90146 Palermo,
Italy
| | - Gennara Cavallaro
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie
Biologiche, Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF), University of Palermo,
via Archirafi 32, 90123, Palermo, Italy
| | - Gaetano Giammona
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie
Biologiche, Chimiche e Farmaceutiche (STEBICEF), University of Palermo,
via Archirafi 32, 90123, Palermo, Italy
- IBF-CNR, via Ugo La Malfa, 153,
90143 Palermo, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Controlled actuation of therapeutic nanoparticles: moving beyond passive delivery modalities. Ther Deliv 2013; 4:127-9. [DOI: 10.4155/tde.12.141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
|
13
|
Kang H, Liu R, Huang Y. Cellulose derivatives and graft copolymers as blocks for functional materials. POLYM INT 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.4455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hongliang Kang
- Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Beijing National Laboratory of Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100190 China
| | - Ruigang Liu
- Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Beijing National Laboratory of Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100190 China
| | - Yong Huang
- Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Beijing National Laboratory of Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100190 China
- Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100190 China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Sedlacek O, Monnery BD, Filippov SK, Hoogenboom R, Hruby M. Poly(2-Oxazoline)s - Are They More Advantageous for Biomedical Applications Than Other Polymers? Macromol Rapid Commun 2012; 33:1648-62. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.201200453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 233] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
|
15
|
Shim MS, Kwon YJ. Stimuli-responsive polymers and nanomaterials for gene delivery and imaging applications. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2012; 64:1046-59. [PMID: 22329941 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2012.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 283] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2011] [Revised: 01/30/2012] [Accepted: 01/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Multiple extra- and intracellular obstacles, including low stability in blood, poor cellular uptake, and inefficient endosomal escape and disassembly in the cytoplasm, have to be overcome in order to deliver nucleic acids for gene therapy. This review introduces the recent advances in tackling the key challenges in achieving efficient, targeted, and safe nonviral gene delivery using various nucleic acid-containing nanomaterials that are designed to respond to various extra- and intracellular biological stimuli (e.g., pH, redox potential, and enzyme) as well as external artificial triggers (e.g., light and ultrasound). Gene delivery in combination with molecular imaging and targeting enables diagnostic assessment, treatment monitoring and quantification of efficiency, and confirmation of cure, thus fulfilling the great promise of efficient and personalized medicine. Nanomaterials platform for combined imaging and gene therapy, nanotheragnostics, using stimuli-responsive materials is also highlighted in this review. It is clear that developing novel multifunctional nonviral vectors, which transform their physico-chemical properties in response to various stimuli in a timely and spatially controlled manner, is highly desired to translate the promise of gene therapy for the clinical success.
Collapse
|
16
|
Li Q, Zhu L, Liu R, Huang D, Jin X, Che N, Li Z, Qu X, Kang H, Huang Y. Biological stimuli responsive drug carriers based on keratin for triggerable drug delivery. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2jm34136k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
|
17
|
Cheng SH, Chen NT, Wu CY, Chung CY, Hwu Y, Mou CY, Yang CS, Lo LW. Recent Advances in Dynamic Monitoring of Drug Release of Nanoparticle Using Förster Resonance Energy Transfer and Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging. J CHIN CHEM SOC-TAIP 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/jccs.201190124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
|
18
|
Mechanical characterization of polysaccharide/polyaminoacid hydrogels as potential scaffolds for tissue regeneration. Macromol Res 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s13233-011-1208-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
|
19
|
Biodegradable hybrid recombinant block copolymers for non-viral gene transfection. Int J Pharm 2011; 427:105-12. [PMID: 21983093 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2011.09.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2011] [Revised: 09/12/2011] [Accepted: 09/24/2011] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Thermal targeting of therapeutic genes can enhance local gene concentration to maximize their efficacy. However, lack of safe and efficient carriers has impeded the development of this delivery option. Herein, we report the preparation and evaluation of a hybrid recombinant material, p[Asp(DET)](53)ELP(1-90), that possess a thermo-responsive elastin-like polypeptide (ELP) segment and a diethylenetriamine (DET) modified poly-L-aspartic acid segment. The term, hybrid, indicates that the material was prepared by genetic engineering and synthetic chemistry. In summary, the thermal phase transition behavior and cytotoxicity of the biodegradable copolymer were studied. The polyplexes formed by the copolymer and pGL4 plasmid were characterized by dynamic light scattering and ζ-potential measurements. The polyplexes retained the thermal phase transition behavior conferred by the copolymer; however, they exhibited a two-step transition process not seen with the copolymer. The polyplexes also showed appreciable transfection efficiency with low cytotoxicity.
Collapse
|
20
|
Dai Hai Nguyen, Jong Hoon Choi, Yoon Ki Joung, Ki Dong Park. Disulfide-crosslinked heparin-pluronic nanogels as a redox-sensitive nanocarrier for intracellular protein delivery. J BIOACT COMPAT POL 2011. [DOI: 10.1177/0883911511406031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Improving the efficacy of drug delivery via nanocarriers has been a major issue in the field of intravenous delivery. In this study, a polymeric nanogel was developed to enhance the stability, redox responsiveness, and the efficacy for intracellular protein delivery. The thiolated heparin-Pluronic conjugate was self-assembled and oxidized to form a disulfide-crosslinked nanogel network under a diluted aqueous condition. The disulfide-crosslinked heparin-Pluronic (DHP) nanogels with encapsulated RNase A were characterized by in vitro release and cytotoxicity tests depending on the existence of glutathione (GSH). The DHP nanogels exhibited reduced hydrodynamic size, higher encapsulation degree, and augmentable release responding to the GSH concentration. The ctotoxicity data confirmed that DHP nanogels were more effective for the intracellular delivery of RNase A compared to non-crosslinked nanogel.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dai Hai Nguyen
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, 5 Woncheon, Yeoungtong, Suwon 443-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Hoon Choi
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, 5 Woncheon, Yeoungtong, Suwon 443 749, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon Ki Joung
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, 5 Woncheon, Yeoungtong, Suwon 443-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Dong Park
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, 5 Woncheon, Yeoungtong, Suwon 443-749, Republic of Korea,
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Sarpietro MG, Pitarresi G, Ottimo S, Giuffrida MC, Ognibene MC, Fiorica C, Giammona G, Castelli F. Interaction between Drug Loaded Polyaspartamide-Polylactide-Polysorbate Based Micelles and Cell Membrane Models: A Calorimetric Study. Mol Pharm 2011; 8:642-50. [DOI: 10.1021/mp100445k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Grazia Sarpietro
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Catania, Viale A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Giovanna Pitarresi
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Molecolari e Biomolecolari, Sezione di Chimica e Tecnologie Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Via Archirafi 32, 90123, Palermo, Italy
- IBIM-CNR, Via Ugo La Malfa 153, 90143 Palermo, Italy
| | - Sara Ottimo
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Catania, Viale A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Maria Chiara Giuffrida
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Catania, Viale A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy
| | - Maria Chiara Ognibene
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Molecolari e Biomolecolari, Sezione di Chimica e Tecnologie Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Via Archirafi 32, 90123, Palermo, Italy
| | - Calogero Fiorica
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Molecolari e Biomolecolari, Sezione di Chimica e Tecnologie Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Via Archirafi 32, 90123, Palermo, Italy
| | - Gaetano Giammona
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Molecolari e Biomolecolari, Sezione di Chimica e Tecnologie Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Via Archirafi 32, 90123, Palermo, Italy
- Institute of Biophysics at Palermo, Italian National Research Council, Via Ugo La Malfa 153, 90143 Palermo, Italy
| | - Francesco Castelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Catania, Viale A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
LoPresti C, Vetri V, Ricca M, Foderà V, Tripodo G, Spadaro G, Dispenza C. Pulsatile protein release and protection using radiation-crosslinked polypeptide hydrogel delivery devices. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2010.11.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
23
|
Wong L, Kavallaris M, Bulmus V. Doxorubicin conjugated, crosslinked, PEGylated particles prepared via one-pot thiol-ene modification of a homopolymer scaffold: synthesis and in vitro evaluation. Polym Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c0py00256a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
24
|
Ting SRS, Min EH, Zetterlund PB, Stenzel MH. Controlled/Living ab Initio Emulsion Polymerization via a Glucose RAFTstab: Degradable Cross-Linked Glyco-Particles for Concanavalin A/FimH Conjugations to Cluster E. coli Bacteria. Macromolecules 2010. [DOI: 10.1021/ma1004937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. R. Simon Ting
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design, School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Eun Hee Min
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design, School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Per B. Zetterlund
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design, School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Martina H. Stenzel
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design, School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney NSW 2052, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Licciardi M, Grassi M, Di Stefano M, Feruglio L, Giuliani G, Valenti S, Cappelli A, Giammona G. PEG-benzofulvene copolymer hydrogels for antibody delivery. Int J Pharm 2010; 390:183-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2010.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2009] [Revised: 01/29/2010] [Accepted: 02/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
26
|
Polysaccharide/polyaminoacid composite scaffolds for modified DNA release. Int J Pharm 2009; 382:7-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2009.07.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2008] [Revised: 07/28/2009] [Accepted: 07/28/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
27
|
Bauhuber S, Hozsa C, Breunig M, Göpferich A. Delivery of nucleic acids via disulfide-based carrier systems. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2009; 21:3286-3306. [PMID: 20882498 DOI: 10.1002/adma.200802453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 220] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Nucleic acids are not only expected to assume a pivotal position as "drugs" in the treatment of genetic and acquired diseases, but could also act as molecular cues to control the microenvironment during tissue regeneration. Despite this promise, the efficient delivery of nucleic acids to their side of action is still the major hurdle. One among many prerequisites for a successful carrier system for nucleic acids is high stability in the extracellular environment, accompanied by an efficient release of the cargo in the intracellular compartment. A promising strategy to create such an interactive delivery system is to exploit the redox gradient between the extra- and intracellular compartments. In this review, emphasis is placed on the biological rationale for the synthesis of redox sensitive, disulfide-based carrier systems, as well as the extra- and intracellular processing of macromolecules containing disulfide bonds. Moreover, the basic synthetic approaches for introducing disulfide bonds into carrier molecules, together with examples that demonstrate the benefit of disulfides at the individual stages of nucleic acid delivery, will be presented.
Collapse
|
28
|
Bar J, Herbst RS, Onn A. Targeted drug delivery strategies to treat lung metastasis. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2009; 6:1003-16. [PMID: 19663628 DOI: 10.1517/17425240903167926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
|
29
|
Yockman JW, Kim SW, Bull DA. Women and heart disease--physiologic regulation of gene delivery and expression: bioreducible polymers and ischemia-inducible gene therapies for the treatment of ischemic heart disease. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2009; 61:863-70. [PMID: 19422868 PMCID: PMC2719296 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2009.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2008] [Accepted: 04/28/2009] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Ischemic heart disease (IHD) is the leading cause of death in the United States today. This year over 750,000 women will have a new or recurrent myocardial infarction. Currently, the mainstay of therapy for IHD is revascularization. Increasing evidence, however, suggests that revascularization alone is insufficient for the longer-term management of many patients with IHD. To address these issues, innovative therapies that extend beyond revascularization to protection of the myocyte and preservation of ventricular function are required. The emergence of gene therapy and proteomics offers the potential for innovative prophylactic and treatment strategies for IHD. The goal of our research is to develop therapeutic gene constructs for the treatment of myocardial ischemia that are clinically safe and effective. Toward this end, we describe the development of physiologic regulation of gene delivery and expression using bioreducible polymers and ischemia-inducible gene therapies for the potential treatment of ischemic heart disease in women.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James W Yockman
- Dept of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Muthu MS, Rajesh CV, Mishra A, Singh S. Stimulus-responsive targeted nanomicelles for effective cancer therapy. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2009; 4:657-67. [DOI: 10.2217/nnm.09.44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging nanotechnology has already developed various innovative nanomedicines. Nanomicelles, self-assemblies of block copolymers, are promising nanomedicines for targeted drug delivery and imaging. Stimulus-responsive targeted nanomicelles are designed to release drugs based on stimuli such as pH, temperature, redox potential, magnetism and ultrasound. This article will focus on recent advancements in the design of stimulus-responsive targeted nanomicelles loaded with anticancer drugs to fulfill the challenges associated with cancer cells (e.g., multidrug resistance) for the effective treatment of cancer. The significant toxicity issues and a possible future perspective associated with nanomicelles are also discussed here.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Madaswamy S Muthu
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi – 221005, India
| | - Chellappa V Rajesh
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Institute of Technology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi – 221005, India
| | - Amit Mishra
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Institute of Technology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi – 221005, India
| | - Sanjay Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Institute of Technology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi – 221005, India
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Gao X, Kuruba R, Damodaran K, Day BW, Liu D, Li S. Polyhydroxylalkyleneamines: A class of hydrophilic cationic polymer-based gene transfer agents. J Control Release 2009; 137:38-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2009.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2008] [Revised: 02/22/2009] [Accepted: 03/08/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
32
|
Lin C, Engbersen JFJ. The role of the disulfide group in disulfide-based polymeric gene carriers. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2009; 6:421-39. [DOI: 10.1517/17425240902878010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
|
33
|
Meng F, Hennink WE, Zhong Z. Reduction-sensitive polymers and bioconjugates for biomedical applications. Biomaterials 2009; 30:2180-98. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2009.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 939] [Impact Index Per Article: 62.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2008] [Accepted: 01/13/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
34
|
Cavallaro G, Licciardi M, Scirè S, Giammona G. Microwave-assisted synthesis of PHEA–oligoamine copolymers as potential gene delivery systems. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2009; 4:291-303. [DOI: 10.2217/nnm.09.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims: To prepare new copolymers, useful for gene delivery, based on α, β-poly-(N-2-hydroxyethyl)-D, L-aspartamide (PHEA) as a polymeric backbone and bearing an oligoamine such as diethylenetriamine in the side chain. Moreover, in order to reduce solvent volume and make the reaction faster, microwave-assisted heating was used. Materials & methods: PHEA copolymers bearing different amounts of diethylenetriamine were prepared using bis(4-nitrophenyl) carbonate as a condensing agent with the use of microwaves. Chemical, physico–chemical and biological characterization of PHEA–diethylenetriamine copolymers and their complexes obtained with DNA were performed. Results: Copolymers showed good DNA complexing and condensing abilities depending on the oligoamine derivatization degree and good hemocompatibility. Moreover, plasmid DNA/copolymer polyplexes showed very good cytocompatibility on B16F10 and N2A cell lines. Conclusion: Results support the use of these copolymers as gene delivery systems in the future. Finally, the use of microwaves makes the proposed synthetic method advantageous as time and solvents are saved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G Cavallaro
- Dipartimento di Chimica & Tecnologie Farmaceutiche, Via Archirafi 32, 90123, Palermo, Italy
| | - M Licciardi
- Dipartimento di Chimica & Tecnologie Farmaceutiche, Via Archirafi 32, 90123, Palermo, Italy
| | - S Scirè
- Dipartimento di Chimica & Tecnologie Farmaceutiche, Via Archirafi 32, 90123, Palermo, Italy
| | - G Giammona
- Dipartimento di Chimica & Tecnologie Farmaceutiche, Via Archirafi 32, 90123, Palermo, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Craparo EF, Ognibene MC, Casaletto MP, Pitarresi G, Teresi G, Giammona G. Biocompatible polymeric micelles with polysorbate 80 for use in brain targeting. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2008; 19:485603. [PMID: 21836304 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/19/48/485603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, the synthesis and characterization of novel amphiphilic graft copolymers based on an α,β-poly(N-2-hydroxyethyl)-D,L-aspartamide (PHEA) backbone and D,L-polylactic acid (PLA) hydrophobic side chains are reported. These copolymers were obtained starting from PHEA-ethylenediamine (PHEA-EDA), which was functionalized with polysorbate 80 (PS(80)) and/or PLA in order to obtain the PHEA-EDA-PS(80)-PLA and PHEA-EDA-PLA samples, respectively. The degrees of derivatization, DD(PS80) and DD(PLA), of PHEA-EDA-PS(80)-PLA, calculated by (1)H-NMR, resulted in being 1.2 ± 0.03 mol% and 0.54 ± 0.05 mol%, respectively, while that of PHEA-EDA-PLA was found to be 0.60 ± 0.05 mol%. Size exclusion chromatography (SEC) analysis confirmed the occurrence of derivatization, the molecular weight values being close to the theoretical ones. Polymeric micelles from PHEA-EDA-PLA and PHEA-EDA-PS(80)-PLA copolymers were obtained by using the dialysis method and were characterized in terms of mean size, zeta potential, critical aggregation concentration (CAC), and surface composition by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis, which demonstrated the presence of PS(80) onto the PHEA-EDA-PS(80)-PLA micelle surface. In vitro experiments demonstrated that these systems had no cytotoxic effects on 16 HBE, Caco2, HuDe and K562 cell lines, and no haemolytic activity. Moreover, both PHEA-EDA-PS(80)-PLA and PHEA-EDA-PLA micelles were able to penetrate into Neuro2a cells and, in the case of PS(80) decorated micelles, to escape from phagocytosis by the J774 A1 macrophages.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E F Craparo
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Tecnologie Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Via Archirafi, 32, 90123 Palermo, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Torchilin V. Multifunctional and stimuli-sensitive pharmaceutical nanocarriers. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2008; 71:431-44. [PMID: 18977297 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2008.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 441] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2007] [Revised: 08/29/2008] [Accepted: 09/02/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Currently used pharmaceutical nanocarriers, such as liposomes, micelles, and polymeric nanoparticles, demonstrate a broad variety of useful properties, such as longevity in the body; specific targeting to certain disease sites; enhanced intracellular penetration; contrast properties allowing for direct carrier visualization in vivo; stimuli-sensitivity, and others. Some of those pharmaceutical carriers have already made their way into clinic, while others are still under preclinical development. In certain cases, the pharmaceutical nanocarriers combine several of the listed properties. Long-circulating immunoliposomes capable of prolonged residence in the blood and specific target recognition represent one of the examples of this kind. The engineering of multifunctional pharmaceutical nanocarriers combining several useful properties in one particle can significantly enhance the efficacy of many therapeutic and diagnostic protocols. This paper considers the current status and possible future directions in the emerging area of multifunctional nanocarriers with primary attention on the combination of such properties as longevity, targetability, intracellular penetration, contrast loading, and stimuli-sensitivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Torchilin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Center for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Nanomedicine, Northeastern University, MA 02115, USA
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Zhang L, Liu W, Lin L, Chen D, Stenzel MH. Degradable Disulfide Core-Cross-Linked Micelles as a Drug Delivery System Prepared from Vinyl Functionalized Nucleosides via the RAFT Process. Biomacromolecules 2008; 9:3321-31. [DOI: 10.1021/bm800867n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ling Zhang
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD), School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney NSW 2052, Australia, Cooperative Research Centre (CRC) for Polymers, 8 Redwood Drive, Notting Hill Vic 3168, Australia, and School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Wenguang Liu
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD), School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney NSW 2052, Australia, Cooperative Research Centre (CRC) for Polymers, 8 Redwood Drive, Notting Hill Vic 3168, Australia, and School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Lin Lin
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD), School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney NSW 2052, Australia, Cooperative Research Centre (CRC) for Polymers, 8 Redwood Drive, Notting Hill Vic 3168, Australia, and School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Dayong Chen
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD), School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney NSW 2052, Australia, Cooperative Research Centre (CRC) for Polymers, 8 Redwood Drive, Notting Hill Vic 3168, Australia, and School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Martina H. Stenzel
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD), School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney NSW 2052, Australia, Cooperative Research Centre (CRC) for Polymers, 8 Redwood Drive, Notting Hill Vic 3168, Australia, and School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Cavallaro G, Scirè S, Licciardi M, Ogris M, Wagner E, Giammona G. Polyhydroxyethylaspartamide-spermine copolymers: Efficient vectors for gene delivery. J Control Release 2008; 131:54-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2008.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2008] [Revised: 06/24/2008] [Accepted: 07/03/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
39
|
Yockman JW, Kastenmeier A, Erickson HM, Brumbach JG, Whitten MG, Albanil A, Li DY, Kim SW, Bull DA. Novel polymer carriers and gene constructs for treatment of myocardial ischemia and infarction. J Control Release 2008; 132:260-6. [PMID: 18662730 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2008.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2008] [Accepted: 06/25/2008] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The number one cause of mortality in the US is cardiovascular related disease. Future predictions do not see a reduction in this rate especially with the continued rise in obesity [P. Poirier, et al., Obesity and cardiovascular disease: pathophysiology, evaluation, and effect of weight loss, Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 26(5), (2006) 968-976.; K. Obunai, S. Jani, G.D. Dangas, Cardiovascular morbidity and mortality of the metabolic syndrome, Med.Clin. North Am., 91(6), (2007) 1169-1184]. Even so, potential molecular therapeutic targets for cardiac gene delivery are in no short supply thanks to continuing advances in molecular cardiology. However, efficient and safe delivery remains a bottleneck in clinical gene therapy [O.J. Muller, H.A. Katus, R. Bekeredjian, Targeting the heart with gene therapy-optimized gene delivery methods, Cardiovasc Res, 73(3), (2007) 453-462]. Viral vectors are looked upon favorably for their high transduction efficiency, although their ability to elicit toxic immune responses remains [C.F. McTiernan, et al., Myocarditis following adeno-associated viral gene expression of human soluble TNF receptor (TNFRII-Fc) in baboon hearts, Gene Ther, 14(23), (2007) 1613-1622]. However, this high transduction does not necessarily translate into improved efficacy [X. Hao, et al., Myocardial angiogenesis after plasmid or adenoviral VEGF-A(165) gene transfer in rat myocardial infarction model, Cardiovasc Res., 73(3), (2007) 481-487]. Naked DNA remains the preferred method of DNA delivery to cardiac myocardium and has been explored extensively in clinical trials. The results from these trials have demonstrated efficacy in regard to secondary end-points of reduced symptomatology and perfusion, but have failed to establish significant angiogenesis or an increase in myocardial function [P.B. Shah, D.W. Losordo, Non-viral vectors for gene therapy: clinical trials in cardiovascular disease, Adv Genet, 54, (2005) 339-361]. This may be due in part to reduced transfection efficiency but can also be attributed to use of suboptimal candidate genes. Currently, polymeric non-viral gene delivery to cardiac myocardium remains underrepresented. In the past decade several advances in non-viral vector development has demonstrated increased transfection efficiency [O.J. Muller, H.A. Katus, R. Bekeredjian, Targeting the heart with gene therapy-optimized gene delivery methods, Cardiovasc Res, 73(3), (2007) 453-462]. Of these polymers, those that employ lipid modifications to improve transfection or target cardiovascular tissues have proven themselves to be extremely beneficial. Water-soluble lipopolymer (WSLP) consists of a low molecular weight branched PEI (1800) and cholesterol. The cholesterol moiety adds extra condensation by forming stable micellular complexes and was later employed for myocardial gene therapy to exploit the high expression of lipoprotein lipase found within cardiac tissue. Use of WSLP to deliver hypoxia-responsive driven expression of hVEGF to ischemic rabbit myocardium has proven to provide for even better expression in cardiovascular cells than Terplex and has demonstrated a significant reduction in infarct size (13+/-4%, p<0.001) over constitutive VEGF expression (32+/-7%, p=0.007) and sham-injected controls (48+/-7%). A significant reduction in apoptotic values and an increase in capillary growth were also seen in surrounding tissue. Recently, investigations have begun using bioreducible polymers made of poly(amido polyethylenimines) (SS-PAEI). SS-PAEIs breakdown within the cytoplasm through inherent redox mechanisms and provide for high transfection efficiencies (upwards to 60% in cardiovascular cell types) with little to no demonstrable toxicity. In vivo transfections in normoxic and hypoxic rabbit myocardium have proven to exceed those results of WSLP transfections by 2-5 fold [L.V. Christensen, et al., Reducible poly(amido ethylenediamine) for hypoxia-inducible VEGF delivery, J Control Release, 118(2), (2007) 254-261]. This new breed of polymer(s) may allow for decreased doses and use of new molecular mechanisms not previously available due to low transfection efficiencies. Little development has been seen in the use of new gene agents for treatment of myocardial ischemia and infarction. Current treatment consists of using mitogenic factors, described decades earlier, alone or in combination to spur angiogenesis or modulating intracellular Ca2+ homeostasis through SERCA2a but to date, failed to demonstrate clinical efficacy. Recent data suggests that axonal guidance cues also act on vasculature neo-genesis and provide a new means of investigation for treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James W Yockman
- Center for Controlled Chemical Delivery, Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Utah Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Gupte A, Wadhwa S, Mumper RJ. Enhanced intracellular delivery of the reactive oxygen species (ROS)-generating copper chelator D-penicillamine via a novel gelatin--D-penicillamine conjugate. Bioconjug Chem 2008; 19:1382-8. [PMID: 18570451 DOI: 10.1021/bc800042s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
D-Penicillamine (D-pen) is an established copper chelator. We have recently shown that the copper-catalyzed D-pen oxidation generates concentration-dependent hydrogen peroxide (H 2O 2). Additionally, D-pen coincubated with cupric sulfate resulted in cytotoxicity in human leukemia and breast cancer cells due to the extracellular generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The inherent physicochemical properties of D-pen such as its short in vivo half-life, low partition coefficient, and rapid metal catalyzed oxidation limit its intracellular uptake and the potential utility as an anticancer agent in vivo. Therefore, to enhance the intracellular delivery and to protect the thiol moiety of D-pen, we designed, synthesized, and evaluated a novel gelatin-D-pen conjugate. D-pen was covalently coupled to gelatin with a biologically reversible disulfide bond with the aid of a heterobifunctional cross-linker ( N-succinimidyl-3-(2-pyridyldithio)-propionate) (SPDP). Additionally, fluorescein-labeled gelatin-D-pen conjugate was synthesized for cell uptake studies. D-pen alone was shown not to enter leukemia cells. In contrast, the qualitative intracellular uptake of the conjugate in human leukemia cells (HL-60) was shown with confocal microscopy. The conjugate exhibited slow cell uptake (over the period of 48 to 72 h). A novel HPLC assay was developed to simultaneously quantify both D-pen and glutathione in a single run. The conjugate was shown to completely release D-pen in the presence of glutathione (1 mM) in approximately 3 h in PBS buffer, pH 7.4. The gelatin-D-pen conjugate resulted in significantly greater cytotoxicity compared to free D-pen, gelatin alone, and a physical mixture of gelatin and D-pen in human leukemia cells. Further studies are warranted to assess the potential of D-pen conjugate in the delivery of D-pen as a ROS generating anticancer agent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anshul Gupte
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40536-0082, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Ganta S, Devalapally H, Shahiwala A, Amiji M. A review of stimuli-responsive nanocarriers for drug and gene delivery. J Control Release 2008; 126:187-204. [PMID: 18261822 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2007.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1533] [Impact Index Per Article: 95.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2007] [Accepted: 12/03/2007] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Nanotechnology has shown tremendous promise in target-specific delivery of drugs and genes in the body. Although passive and active targeted-drug delivery has addressed a number of important issues, additional properties that can be included in nanocarrier systems to enhance the bioavailability of drugs at the disease site, and especially upon cellular internalization, are very important. A nanocarrier system incorporated with stimuli-responsive property (e.g., pH, temperature, or redox potential), for instance, would be amenable to address some of the systemic and intracellular delivery barriers. In this review, we discuss the role of stimuli-responsive nanocarrier systems for drug and gene delivery. The advancement in material science has led to design of a variety of materials, which are used for development of nanocarrier systems that can respond to biological stimuli. Temperature, pH, and hypoxia are examples of "triggers" at the diseased site that could be exploited with stimuli-responsive nanocarriers. With greater understanding of the difference between normal and pathological tissues and cells and parallel developments in material design, there is a highly promising role of stimuli-responsive nanocarriers for drug and gene delivery in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Srinivas Ganta
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Northeastern University, 110 Mugar Life Sciences Building, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Fiore GL, Edwards JM, Payne SJ, Klinkenberg JL, Gioeli DG, Demas JN, Fraser CL. Ruthenium(II) Tris(bipyridine)-Centered Poly(ethylenimine) for Gene Delivery. Biomacromolecules 2007; 8:2829-35. [PMID: 17663530 DOI: 10.1021/bm700481h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Ruthenium(II) tris(bipyridine)-centered poly(ethylenimine) (Ru PEI) was synthesized via acid hydrolysis of Ru tris(bipyridine)-centered poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline) (Ru PEOX), and the luminescence, DNA entrapment, and transfection efficiencies were evaluated. Emission maxima for Ru PEI samples are red-shifted compared to Ru PEOX precursors, and the luminescence lifetimes are shorter in both methanol and aqueous solutions. Slower oxygen quenching of Ru PEOX and Ru PEI luminescence versus [Ru(bpy)3]Cl2 (bpy = bipyridine) is attributed to polymer shielding effects. Ru PEI luminescence is similar in the presence and absence of DNA. Ru PEI (7900 Da) and linear PEI (L-PEI; 22,000 Da) fully entrapped DNA (5.4 kb; pcDNA) at an N/P ratio of 2. LNCaP prostate cancer cells were transfected with a plasmid encoding for green fluorescent protein using Ru PEI and L-PEI vectors for comparison. For N/P = 48, the transfection efficiency for Ru PEI was approximately 50% relative to that of L-PEI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gina L Fiore
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, McCormick Road, P.O. Box 400319, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Loretz B, Thaler M, Bernkop-Schnürch A. Role of sulfhydryl groups in transfection? A case study with chitosan-NAC nanoparticles. Bioconjug Chem 2007; 18:1028-35. [PMID: 17552491 DOI: 10.1021/bc0603079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the use of chitosan-N-acetylcysteine (NAC) as a non-viral gene carrier. In particular, we aimed to elucidate whether the advantage of thiolation was more pronounced in the stabilization of particles or in the effect of nonspecific sulfhydryl reduction of the target cells. Low-viscosity chitosan was modified by covalent binding of NAC. The resulting conjugate displayed 1.35 mM SH/g polymer. Particles produced via self-assembly of chitosan conjugate and pDNA had a mean particle size of 113.7 nm and a positive zeta-potential. Sulfhydryl group content on the particle surface was investigated by Ellman's test and papain reactivation assay, with the result of about 100 nM SH groups/mL nanoparticle suspension. An oxidation step was performed to stabilize polyplexes via disulfide bonds. The enhanced stability of oxidized particles against both polyanion heparin and alkaline pH was proven by a gel retardation assay. The stabilization was demonstrated to be reversible by treatment with glutathione. Further, the effect of immobilized SH groups and of supplementation with free NAC on transfection efficacy on Caco-2 cells was investigated. The expression of the transgene was raised 2.5-fold and 10-fold with nonoxidized thiomer polyplexes in comparison to polyplexes of unmodified chitosan and oxidized chitosan-NAC, respectively. The impact of sulfhydryl reduction on transfection was assessed via thiol group inactivation with 5,5'-dithiobis-(2-nitrobenzoic acid) (DNTB). This inactivation resulted in a decrease of transfection efficacy. In conclusion, chitosan-NAC conjugate was demonstrated to be beneficial for transfection, either for stabilization via disulfide bonds or for raising the expression of transgene via shifting the redox potential of the target cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brigitta Loretz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, Leopold-Franzens-University Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Douglas KL, Piccirillo CA, Tabrizian M. Effects of alginate inclusion on the vector properties of chitosan-based nanoparticles. J Control Release 2006; 115:354-61. [PMID: 17045691 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2006.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2006] [Revised: 08/22/2006] [Accepted: 08/28/2006] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Chitosan nanoparticles have shown considerable promise as gene vectors but do not mediate transfection with satisfactory efficiency. To improve upon the transfection efficiency of chitosan, we approached the development of alginate-chitosan nanoparticles with the goals of maintaining low toxicity and biocompatibility. Through ionic gelation, particles were formed with a mean Z-average diameter of 157 nm and a zeta potential of +32 mV. Competition binding assays indicated that the presence of alginate reduces the strength of interaction between chitosan and DNA, contributing to improved transfection. Cell viability assays indicated that nanoparticles exhibit the same low toxicity as chitosan, and significantly reduced toxicity compared to a commercial liposome formulation. As well, complexation with nanoparticles maintained DNA integrity and protected it from nuclease degradation better than chitosan alone. Alginate-chitosan nanoparticles were able to mediate transfection of 293T cells four times that achieved by chitosan nanoparticles; at 48 h, the transfection efficiency was as high as with Lipofectamine, with significantly reduced cytotoxicity. Overall, alginate inclusion improved the vector properties of chitosan-based nanoparticles, demonstrating superior transfection ability while maintaining biocompatibility and low toxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly L Douglas
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, McGill University, 3775 University St., Montreal, QC, Canada H3A 2B4
| | | | | |
Collapse
|