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Ortega Martínez E, Morales Hernández ME, Castillo-González J, González-Rey E, Ruiz Martínez MA. Dopamine-loaded chitosan-coated solid lipid nanoparticles as a promise nanocarriers to the CNS. Neuropharmacology 2024; 249:109871. [PMID: 38412889 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2024.109871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
Dopamine is unable to access the central nervous system through the bloodstream. Only its precursor can do so, and with an effectiveness below 100% of the dose administered, as it is metabolized before crossing the blood-brain barrier. In this study, we describe a new solid lipid nanocarrier system designed and developed for dopamine. The nanoparticles were prepared by the melt-emulsification method and then coated with chitosan. The nanocarriers developed had a droplet size of about 250 nm, a polydispersity index of 0.2, a positive surface charge (+30 mV), and a percentage encapsulation efficiency of 36.3 ± 5.4. Transmission and scanning electron microscopy verified uniformity of particle size with spherical morphology. Various types of tests were performed to confirm that the nanoparticles designed are suitable for carrying dopamine through the blood-brain barrier. In vitro tests demonstrated the ability of these nanocarriers to pass through endothelial cell monolayers without affecting their integrity. This study shows that the formulation of dopamine in chitosan-coated solid lipid nanoparticles is a potentially viable formulation strategy to achieve the bioavailability of the drug for the treatment of Parkinson's disease in the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Ortega Martínez
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, University of Granada, Campus de Cartuja s/n, 18071, Granada, Spain
| | - Ma Encarnación Morales Hernández
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, University of Granada, Campus de Cartuja s/n, 18071, Granada, Spain.
| | - Julia Castillo-González
- Institute of Parasitology and Biomedicine "Lopez-Neyra", CSIC, Avenida del Conocimiento s/n, 18016, Granada, Spain
| | - Elena González-Rey
- Institute of Parasitology and Biomedicine "Lopez-Neyra", CSIC, Avenida del Conocimiento s/n, 18016, Granada, Spain
| | - Ma Adolfina Ruiz Martínez
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, University of Granada, Campus de Cartuja s/n, 18071, Granada, Spain
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Salmina AB, Alexandrova OP, Averchuk AS, Korsakova SA, Saridis MR, Illarioshkin SN, Yurchenko SO. Current progress and challenges in the development of brain tissue models: How to grow up the changeable brain in vitro? J Tissue Eng 2024; 15:20417314241235527. [PMID: 38516227 PMCID: PMC10956167 DOI: 10.1177/20417314241235527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
In vitro modeling of brain tissue is a promising but not yet resolved problem in modern neurobiology and neuropharmacology. Complexity of the brain structure and diversity of cell-to-cell communication in (patho)physiological conditions make this task almost unachievable. However, establishment of novel in vitro brain models would ultimately lead to better understanding of development-associated or experience-driven brain plasticity, designing efficient approaches to restore aberrant brain functioning. The main goal of this review is to summarize the available data on methodological approaches that are currently in use, and to identify the most prospective trends in development of neurovascular unit, blood-brain barrier, blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier, and neurogenic niche in vitro models. The manuscript focuses on the regulation of adult neurogenesis, cerebral microcirculation and fluids dynamics that should be reproduced in the in vitro 4D models to mimic brain development and its alterations in brain pathology. We discuss approaches that are critical for studying brain plasticity, deciphering the individual person-specific trajectory of brain development and aging, and testing new drug candidates in the in vitro models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alla B Salmina
- Brain Science Institute, Research Center of Neurology, Moscow, Russia
- Bauman Moscow State Technical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Olga P Alexandrova
- Brain Science Institute, Research Center of Neurology, Moscow, Russia
- Bauman Moscow State Technical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Anton S Averchuk
- Brain Science Institute, Research Center of Neurology, Moscow, Russia
- Bauman Moscow State Technical University, Moscow, Russia
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Patabendige A. An Improved In Vitro Porcine Blood-Brain Barrier Model for Permeability Screening and Functional Studies. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2492:131-142. [PMID: 35733042 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2289-6_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The availability of good in vitro blood-brain barrier (BBB) models that closely mimic in vivo BBB features are essential for central nervous system (CNS) drug permeability screening and BBB functionality studies. Of the currently available monoculture primary BBB models, porcine brain endothelial cell models have the best barrier properties, which make them highly suitable for CNS drug permeability screening. In addition, they retain major BBB features such as BBB transporters, receptors, and enzymes and express BBB tight junctions. Therefore, porcine BBB models are also suitable for BBB functionality studies. This paper describes a procedure for extraction of brain microvessels from fresh porcine brains and the culture of pure primary porcine brain endothelial cells. In addition, techniques to improve culture purity and quality, and increase barrier tightness without using co-cultures are given. Using this method, a robust and reproducible in vitro BBB model can be established for CNS permeability screening and studying BBB functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adjanie Patabendige
- Department of Biology, Edge Hill University, Ormskirk, UK.
- School of Biomedical Sciences & Pharmacy, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia.
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Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is formed by brain capillary endothelial cells (BECs) supported by pericytes and astrocytes. The BBB maintains homeostasis and protects the brain against toxic substances circulating in the blood, meaning that only a few drugs can pass the BBB. Thus, for drug screening, understanding cell interactions, and pathology, in vitro BBB models have been developed using BECs from various animal sources. When comparing models of different species, differences exist especially in regards to the transendothelial electrical resistance (TEER). Thus, we compared primary mice, rat, and porcine BECs (mBECs, rBECs, and pBECs) cultured in mono- and co-culture with astrocytes, to identify species-dependent differences that could explain the variations in TEER and aid to the selection of models for future BBB studies. The BBB models based on primary mBECs, rBECs, and pBECs were evaluated and compared in regards to major BBB characteristics. The barrier integrity was evaluated by the expression of tight junction proteins and measurements of TEER and apparent permeability (Papp). Additionally, the cell size, the functionality of the P-glycoprotein (P-gp) efflux transporter, and the expression of the transferrin receptor were evaluated and compared. Expression and organization of tight junction proteins were in all three species influenced by co-culturing, supporting the findings, that TEER increases after co-culturing with astrocytes. All models had functional polarised P-gp efflux transporters and expressed the transferrin receptor. The most interesting discovery was that even though the pBECs had higher TEER than rBECs and mBECs, the Papp did not show the same variation between species, which could be explained by a significantly larger cell size of pBECs. In conclusion, our results imply that the choice of species for a given BBB study should be defined from its purpose, instead of aiming to reach the highest TEER, as the models studied here revealed similar BBB properties.
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Wünsch A, Mulac D, Langer K. Lipoprotein imitating nanoparticles: Lecithin coating binds ApoE and mediates non-lysosomal uptake leading to transcytosis over the blood-brain barrier. Int J Pharm 2020; 589:119821. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.119821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Christensen B, Toth AE, Nielsen SSE, Scavenius C, Petersen SV, Enghild JJ, Rasmussen JT, Nielsen MS, Sørensen ES. Transport of a Peptide from Bovine α s1-Casein across Models of the Intestinal and Blood-Brain Barriers. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12103157. [PMID: 33081105 PMCID: PMC7602804 DOI: 10.3390/nu12103157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 10/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of food components on brain growth and development has attracted increasing attention. Milk has been shown to contain peptides that deliver important signals to the brains of neonates and infants. In order to reach the brain, milk peptides have to resist proteolytic degradation in the gastrointestinal tract, cross the gastrointestinal barrier and later cross the highly selective blood–brain barrier (BBB). To investigate this, we purified and characterized endogenous peptides from bovine milk and investigated their apical to basal transport by using human intestinal Caco-2 cells and primary porcine brain endothelial cell monolayer models. Among 192 characterized milk peptides, only the αS1-casein peptide 185PIGSENSEKTTMPLW199, and especially fragments of this peptide processed during the transport, could cross both the intestinal barrier and the BBB cell monolayer models. This peptide was also shown to resist simulated gastrointestinal digestion. This study demonstrates that a milk derived peptide can cross the major biological barriers in vitro and potentially reach the brain, where it may deliver physiological signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Christensen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark; (B.C.); (C.S.); (J.J.E.); (J.T.R.)
- iFood Center, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Andrea E. Toth
- Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark; (A.E.T.); (S.S.E.N.); (S.V.P.); (M.S.N.)
| | - Simone S. E. Nielsen
- Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark; (A.E.T.); (S.S.E.N.); (S.V.P.); (M.S.N.)
| | - Carsten Scavenius
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark; (B.C.); (C.S.); (J.J.E.); (J.T.R.)
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Steen V. Petersen
- Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark; (A.E.T.); (S.S.E.N.); (S.V.P.); (M.S.N.)
| | - Jan J. Enghild
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark; (B.C.); (C.S.); (J.J.E.); (J.T.R.)
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jan T. Rasmussen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark; (B.C.); (C.S.); (J.J.E.); (J.T.R.)
| | - Morten S. Nielsen
- Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark; (A.E.T.); (S.S.E.N.); (S.V.P.); (M.S.N.)
| | - Esben S. Sørensen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark; (B.C.); (C.S.); (J.J.E.); (J.T.R.)
- iFood Center, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +45-87155461
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Bhalerao A, Sivandzade F, Archie SR, Chowdhury EA, Noorani B, Cucullo L. In vitro modeling of the neurovascular unit: advances in the field. Fluids Barriers CNS 2020; 17:22. [PMID: 32178700 PMCID: PMC7077137 DOI: 10.1186/s12987-020-00183-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The blood–brain barrier (BBB) is a fundamental component of the central nervous system. Its functional and structural integrity is vital in maintaining the homeostasis of the brain microenvironment. On the other hand, the BBB is also a major hindering obstacle for the delivery of effective therapies to treat disorders of the Central Nervous System (CNS). Over time, various model systems have been established to simulate the complexities of the BBB. The development of realistic in vitro BBB models that accurately mimic the physiological characteristics of the brain microcapillaries in situ is of fundamental importance not only in CNS drug discovery but also in translational research. Successful modeling of the Neurovascular Unit (NVU) would provide an invaluable tool that would aid in dissecting out the pathological factors, mechanisms of action, and corresponding targets prodromal to the onset of CNS disorders. The field of BBB in vitro modeling has seen many fundamental changes in the last few years with the introduction of novel tools and methods to improve existing models and enable new ones. The development of CNS organoids, organ-on-chip, spheroids, 3D printed microfluidics, and other innovative technologies have the potential to advance the field of BBB and NVU modeling. Therefore, in this review, summarize the advances and progress in the design and application of functional in vitro BBB platforms with a focus on rapidly advancing technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditya Bhalerao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jerry H. Hodge School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 1300 S. Coulter Street, Amarillo, TX, 79106, USA
| | - Farzane Sivandzade
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jerry H. Hodge School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 1300 S. Coulter Street, Amarillo, TX, 79106, USA
| | - Sabrina Rahman Archie
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jerry H. Hodge School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 1300 S. Coulter Street, Amarillo, TX, 79106, USA
| | - Ekram Ahmed Chowdhury
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jerry H. Hodge School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 1300 S. Coulter Street, Amarillo, TX, 79106, USA
| | - Behnam Noorani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jerry H. Hodge School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 1300 S. Coulter Street, Amarillo, TX, 79106, USA
| | - Luca Cucullo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jerry H. Hodge School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 1300 S. Coulter Street, Amarillo, TX, 79106, USA. .,Center for Blood-Brain Barrier Research, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX, 79106, USA.
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Abstract
Knowledge about the transport of active compounds across the blood-brain barrier is of essential importance for drug development. Systemically applied drugs for the central nervous system (CNS) must be able to cross the blood-brain barrier in order to reach their target sites, whereas drugs that are supposed to act in the periphery should not permeate the blood-brain barrier so that they do not trigger any adverse central adverse effects. A number of approaches have been pursued, and manifold in silico, in vitro, and in vivo animal models were developed in order to be able to make a better prediction for humans about the possible penetration of active substances into the CNS. In this particular case, however, in vitro models play a special role, since the data basis for in silico models is usually in need of improvement, and the predictive power of in vivo animal models has to be checked for possible species differences. The blood-brain barrier is a dynamic, highly selective barrier formed by brain capillary endothelial cells. One of its main tasks is the maintenance of homeostasis in the CNS. The function of the barrier is regulated by cells of the microenvironment and the shear stress mediated by the blood flow, which makes the model development most complex. In general, one could follow the credo "as easy as possible, as complex as necessary" for the usage of in vitro BBB models for drug development. In addition to the description of the classical cell culture models (transwell, hollow fiber) and guidance how to apply them, the latest developments (spheroids, microfluidic models) will be introduced in this chapter, as it is attempted to get more in vivo-like and to be applicable for high-throughput usage with these models. Moreover, details about the development of models based on stem cells derived from different sources with a special focus on human induced pluripotent stem cells are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Winfried Neuhaus
- Competence Unit Molecular Diagnostics, Center Health and Bioresources, AIT - Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Vienna, Austria.
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Jiang L, Li S, Zheng J, Li Y, Huang H. Recent Progress in Microfluidic Models of the Blood-Brain Barrier. MICROMACHINES 2019; 10:mi10060375. [PMID: 31195652 PMCID: PMC6630552 DOI: 10.3390/mi10060375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Revised: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 06/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a critical physical and chemical barrier that maintains brain homeostasis. Researchers in academia and industry are highly motivated to develop experimental models that can accurately mimic the physiological characteristics of the BBB. Microfluidic systems, which manipulate fluids at the micrometer scale, are ideal tools for simulating the BBB microenvironment. In this review, we summarized the progress in the design and evaluation of microfluidic in vitro BBB models, including advances in chip materials, porous membranes, the use of endothelial cells, the importance of shear stress, the detection specific markers to monitor tight junction formation and integrity, measurements of TEER and permeability. We also pointed out several shortcomings of the current microfluidic models. The purpose of this paper is to let the readers understand the characteristics of different types of model design, and select appropriate design parameters according to the research needs, so as to obtain the best experimental results. We believe that the microfluidics BBB models will play an important role in neuroscience and pharmaceutical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Jiang
- Department of Clinical and Military Laboratory Medicine, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China.
| | - Shu Li
- Department of Microbiology, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China.
| | - Junsong Zheng
- Department of Clinical and Military Laboratory Medicine, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China.
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Clinical and Military Laboratory Medicine, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China.
| | - Hui Huang
- Department of Clinical and Military Laboratory Medicine, Army Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China.
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You Q, Hopf T, Hintz W, Rannabauer S, Voigt N, van Wachem B, Henrich-Noack P, Sabel BA. Major effects on blood-retina barrier passage by minor alterations in design of polybutylcyanoacrylate nanoparticles. J Drug Target 2018; 27:338-346. [DOI: 10.1080/1061186x.2018.1531416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Qing You
- Institute of Medical Psychology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Talea Hopf
- Institute of Process Engineering, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Werner Hintz
- Institute of Process Engineering, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Rannabauer
- Institute of Materials and Joining Technology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Nadine Voigt
- Institute of Medical Psychology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - B. van Wachem
- Institute of Process Engineering, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Petra Henrich-Noack
- Institute of Medical Psychology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Bernhard A. Sabel
- Institute of Medical Psychology, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
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