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Spadin FS, Gergely LP, Kämpfer T, Frenz M, Vermathen M. Fluorescence lifetime imaging and phasor analysis of intracellular porphyrinic photosensitizers applied with different polymeric formulations. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY. B, BIOLOGY 2024; 254:112904. [PMID: 38579534 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2024.112904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
The fluorescence lifetime of a porphyrinic photosensitizer (PS) is an important parameter to assess the aggregation state of the PS even in complex biological environments. Aggregation-induced quenching of the PS can significantly reduce the yield of singlet oxygen generation and thus its efficiency as a medical drug in photodynamic therapy (PDT) of diseased tissues. Hydrophobicity and the tendency to form aggregates pose challenges on the development of efficient PSs and often require carrier systems. A systematic study was performed to probe the impact of PS structure and encapsulation into polymeric carriers on the fluorescence lifetime in solution and in the intracellular environment. Five different porphyrinic PSs including chlorin e6 (Ce6) derivatives and tetrakis(m-hydroxyphenyl)-porphyrin and -chlorin were studied in free form and combined with polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) or micelles composed of triblock-copolymers or Cremophor. Following incubation of HeLa cells with these systems, fluorescence lifetime imaging combined with phasor analysis and image segmentation was applied to study the lifetime distribution in the intracellular surrounding. The data suggest that for free PSs, the structure-dependent cell uptake pathways determine their state and emission lifetimes. PS localization in the plasma membrane yielded mostly monomers with long fluorescence lifetimes whereas the endocytic pathway with subsequent lysosomal deposition adds a short-lived component for hydrophilic anionic PSs. Prolonged incubation times led to increasing contributions from short-lived components that derive from aggregates mainly localized in the cytoplasm. Encapsulation of PSs into polymeric carriers led to monomerization and mostly fluorescence emission decays with long fluorescence lifetimes in solution. However, the efficiency depended on the binding strength that was most pronounced for PVP. In the cellular environment, PVP was able to maintain monomeric long-lived species over prolonged incubation times. This was most pronounced for Ce6 derivatives with a logP value around 4.5. Micellar encapsulation led to faster release of the PSs resulting in multiple components with long and short fluorescence lifetimes. The hydrophilic hardly aggregating PS exhibited a mostly stable invariant lifetime distribution over time with both carriers. The presented data are expected to contribute to optimized PDT treatment protocols and improved PS-carrier design for preventing intracellular fluorescence quenching. In conclusion, amphiphilic and concurrent hydrophobic PSs with high membrane affinity as well as strong binding to the carrier have best prospects to maintain their photophysical properties in vivo and serve thus as efficient photodynamic diagnosis and PDT drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florentin S Spadin
- Institute of Applied Physics, University of Bern, Sidlerstrasse 5, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Lea P Gergely
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Freiestrasse 3, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Tobias Kämpfer
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Freiestrasse 3, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Martin Frenz
- Institute of Applied Physics, University of Bern, Sidlerstrasse 5, 3012 Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Martina Vermathen
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Freiestrasse 3, 3012 Bern, Switzerland.
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2
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Moura NMM, Moreira X, Da Silva ES, Faria JL, Neves MGPMS, Almeida A, Faustino MAF, Gomes ATPC. Efficient Strategies to Use β-Cationic Porphyrin-Imidazolium Derivatives in the Photoinactivation of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15970. [PMID: 37958951 PMCID: PMC10647407 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242115970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial resistance to antibiotics is a critical global health issue and the development of alternatives to conventional antibiotics is of the upmost relevance. Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) is considered a promising and innovative approach for the photoinactivation of microorganisms, particularly in cases where traditional antibiotics may be less effective due to resistance or other limitations. In this study, two β-modified monocharged porphyrin-imidazolium derivatives were efficiently incorporated into polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) formulations and supported into graphitic carbon nitride materials. Both porphyrin-imidazolium derivatives displayed remarkable photostability and the ability to generate cytotoxic singlet oxygen. These properties, which have an important impact on achieving an efficient photodynamic effect, were not compromised after incorporation/immobilization. The prepared PVP-porphyrin formulations and the graphitic carbon nitride-based materials displayed excellent performance as photosensitizers to photoinactivate methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) (99.9999% of bacteria) throughout the antimicrobial photodynamic therapy. In each matrix, the most rapid action against S. aureus was observed when using PS 2. The PVP-2 formulation needed 10 min of exposure to white light at 5.0 µm, while the graphitic carbon nitride hybrid GCNM-2 required 20 min at 25.0 µm to achieve a similar level of response. These findings suggest the potential of graphitic carbon nitride-porphyrinic hybrids to be used in the environmental or clinical fields, avoiding the use of organic solvents, and might allow for their recovery after treatment, improving their applicability for bacteria photoinactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuno M. M. Moura
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (X.M.); (M.G.P.M.S.N.); (M.A.F.F.)
| | - Xavier Moreira
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (X.M.); (M.G.P.M.S.N.); (M.A.F.F.)
- Department of Biology and CESAM, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal;
| | - Eliana Sousa Da Silva
- LSRE-LCM—Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering-Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias s/n, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal; (E.S.D.S.); (J.L.F.)
- ALiCE—Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Joaquim Luís Faria
- LSRE-LCM—Laboratory of Separation and Reaction Engineering-Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias s/n, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal; (E.S.D.S.); (J.L.F.)
- ALiCE—Associate Laboratory in Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria G. P. M. S. Neves
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (X.M.); (M.G.P.M.S.N.); (M.A.F.F.)
| | - Adelaide Almeida
- Department of Biology and CESAM, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal;
| | - Maria A. F. Faustino
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (X.M.); (M.G.P.M.S.N.); (M.A.F.F.)
| | - Ana T. P. C. Gomes
- Department of Biology and CESAM, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal;
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3
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Eng YJ, Nguyen TM, Luo HK, Chan JMW. Antifouling polymers for nanomedicine and surfaces: recent advances. NANOSCALE 2023; 15:15472-15512. [PMID: 37740391 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr03164k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
Antifouling polymers are materials that can resist nonspecific interactions with cells, proteins, and other biomolecules. Typically, they are hydrophilic polymers with polar or charged moieties that are capable of strong nonbonding interactions with water molecules. This propensity to bind water generates a surface hydration layer that reduces nonspecific interactions with other molecules and is paramount to the antifouling behavior. This property is especially useful for nanoscale applications such as nanomedicine and surface modifications at the molecular level. In nanomedicine, antifouling polymers such as poly(ethylene glycol) and its alternatives play a key role in shielding drug molecules and therapeutic proteins/genes from the immune system within nanoassemblies, thereby enabling effective delivery to target tissues. For coatings, antifouling polymers help to prevent adhesion of cells and molecules to surfaces and are thus valued in marine and biomedical device applications. In this Review, we survey recent advances in antifouling polymers in the context of nanomedicine and coatings, while shining the spotlight on the major polymer classes such as PEG, polyzwitterions, poly(oxazoline)s, and other nonionic hydrophilic polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Jie Eng
- Institute of Sustainability for Chemicals, Energy and Environment (ISCE2), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 1 Pesek Road, Jurong Island, Singapore 627833, Republic of Singapore.
| | - Tuan Minh Nguyen
- Institute of Sustainability for Chemicals, Energy and Environment (ISCE2), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 1 Pesek Road, Jurong Island, Singapore 627833, Republic of Singapore.
| | - He-Kuan Luo
- Institute of Sustainability for Chemicals, Energy and Environment (ISCE2), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 1 Pesek Road, Jurong Island, Singapore 627833, Republic of Singapore.
| | - Julian M W Chan
- Institute of Sustainability for Chemicals, Energy and Environment (ISCE2), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 1 Pesek Road, Jurong Island, Singapore 627833, Republic of Singapore.
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4
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Vermathen M, Kämpfer T, Nuoffer JM, Vermathen P. Intracellular Fate of the Photosensitizer Chlorin e4 with Different Carriers and Induced Metabolic Changes Studied by 1H NMR Spectroscopy. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2324. [PMID: 37765292 PMCID: PMC10537485 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15092324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Porphyrinic photosensitizers (PSs) and their nano-sized polymer-based carrier systems are required to exhibit low dark toxicity, avoid side effects, and ensure high in vivo tolerability. Yet, little is known about the intracellular fate of PSs during the dark incubation period and how it is affected by nanoparticles. In a systematic study, high-resolution magic angle spinning NMR spectroscopy combined with statistical analyses was used to study the metabolic profile of cultured HeLa cells treated with different concentrations of PS chlorin e4 (Ce4) alone or encapsulated in carrier systems. For the latter, either polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) or the micelle-forming polyethylene glycol (PEG)-polypropylene glycol triblock copolymer Kolliphor P188 (KP) were used. Diffusion-edited spectra indicated Ce4 membrane localization evidenced by Ce4 concentration-dependent chemical shift perturbation of the cellular phospholipid choline resonance. The effect was also visible in the presence of KP and PVP but less pronounced. The appearance of the PEG resonance in the cell spectra pointed towards cell internalization of KP, whereas no conclusion could be drawn for PVP that remained NMR-invisible. Multivariate statistical analyses of the cell spectra (PCA, PLS-DA, and oPLS) revealed a concentration-dependent metabolic response upon exposure to Ce4 that was attenuated by KP and even more by PVP. Significant Ce4-concentration-dependent alterations were mainly found for metabolites involved in the tricarboxylic acid cycle and the phosphatidylcholine metabolism. The data underline the important protective role of the polymeric carriers following cell internalization. Moreover, to our knowledge, for the first time, the current study allowed us to trace intracellular PS localization on an atomic level by NMR methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Vermathen
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland;
| | - Tobias Kämpfer
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland;
- Department of BioMedical Research, University of Bern, 3008 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Marc Nuoffer
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry, Bern University Hospital, 3010 Bern, Switzerland;
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, University Children’s Hospital of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Peter Vermathen
- Department of BioMedical Research, University of Bern, 3008 Bern, Switzerland
- University Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
- Translational Imaging Center (TIC), Swiss Institute for Translational and Entrepreneurial Medicine, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
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5
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Gergely LP, Yüceel Ç, İşci Ü, Spadin FS, Schneider L, Spingler B, Frenz M, Dumoulin F, Vermathen M. Comparing PVP and Polymeric Micellar Formulations of a PEGylated Photosensitizing Phthalocyanine by NMR and Optical Techniques. Mol Pharm 2023; 20:4165-4183. [PMID: 37493236 PMCID: PMC10410667 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.3c00306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023]
Abstract
Phthalocyanines are ideal candidates as photosensitizers for photodynamic therapy (PDT) of cancer due to their favorable chemical and photophysical properties. However, their tendency to form aggregates in water reduces PDT efficacy and poses challenges in obtaining efficient forms of phthalocyanines for therapeutic applications. In the current work, polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) and micellar formulations were compared for encapsulating and monomerizing a water-soluble zinc phthalocyanine bearing four non-peripheral triethylene glycol chains (Pc1). 1H NMR spectroscopy combined with UV-vis absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy revealed that Pc1 exists as a mixture of regioisomers in monomeric form in dimethyl sulfoxide but forms dimers in an aqueous buffer. PVP, polyethylene glycol castor oil (Kolliphor RH40), and three different triblock copolymers with varying proportions of polyethylene and polypropylene glycol units (termed P188, P84, and F127) were tested as micellar carriers for Pc1. 1H NMR chemical shift analysis, diffusion-ordered spectroscopy, and 2D nuclear Overhauser enhancement spectroscopy was applied to monitor the encapsulation and localization of Pc1 at the polymer interface. Kolliphor RH40 and F127 micelles exhibited the highest affinity for encapsulating Pc1 in the micellar core and resulted in intense Pc1 fluorescence emission as well as efficient singlet oxygen formation along with PVP. Among the triblock copolymers, efficiency in binding and dimer dissolution decreased in the order F127 > P84 > P188. PVP was a strong binder for Pc1. However, Pc1 molecules are rather surface-attached and exist as monomer and dimer mixtures. The results demonstrate that NMR combined with optical spectroscopy offer powerful tools to assess parameters like drug binding, localization sites, and dynamic properties that play key roles in achieving high host-guest compatibility. With the corresponding adjustments, polymeric micelles can offer simple and easily accessible drug delivery systems optimizing phthalocyanines' properties as efficient photosensitizers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lea P. Gergely
- Department
of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern 3012, Switzerland
| | - Çiğdem Yüceel
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Gebze Technical
University, Gebze 41400 Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Ümit İşci
- Department
of Chemistry, Gebze Technical University, Gebze 41400 Kocaeli, Turkey
- Marmara
University, Faculty of Technology, Department
of Metallurgical & Materials Engineering, Istanbul 34722, Turkey
| | | | - Lukas Schneider
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Zurich 8057, Switzerland
| | - Bernhard Spingler
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Zurich 8057, Switzerland
| | - Martin Frenz
- Institute
of Applied Physics, University of Bern, Bern 3012, Switzerland
| | - Fabienne Dumoulin
- Faculty
of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Biomedical Engineering Department, Acıbadem Mehmet Ali Aydınlar University, Ataşehir, Istanbul 34752, Turkey
| | - Martina Vermathen
- Department
of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern 3012, Switzerland
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6
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Arredondo-Ochoa T, Silva-Martínez GA. Microemulsion Based Nanostructures for Drug Delivery. FRONTIERS IN NANOTECHNOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fnano.2021.753947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Most of the active pharmaceutical compounds are often prone to display low bioavailability and biological degradation represents an important drawback. Due to the above, the development of a drug delivery system (DDS) that enables the introduction of a pharmaceutical compound through the body to achieve a therapeutic effect in a controlled manner is an expanding application. Henceforth, new strategies have been developed to control several parameters considered essential for enhancing delivery of drugs. Nanostructure synthesis by microemulsions (ME) consist of enclosing a substance within a wall material at the nanoscale level, allowing to control the size and surface area of the resulting particle. This nanotechnology has shown the importance on targeted drug delivery to improve their stability by protecting a bioactive compound from an adverse environment, enhanced bioavailability as well as controlled release. Thus, a lower dose administration could be achieved by minimizing systemic side effects and decreasing toxicity. This review will focus on describing the different biocompatible nanostructures synthesized by ME as controlled DDS for therapeutic purposes.
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7
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Pigareva VA, Alekhina YA, Grozdova ID, Zhu X, Spiridonov VV, Sybachin AV. Magneto‐sensitive and enzymatic hydrolysis‐resistant systems for the targeted delivery of paclitaxel based on polylactide micelles with an external polyethylene oxide corona. POLYM INT 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.6306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Yulia A Alekhina
- Physics Department Lomonosov Moscow State University Moscow Russia
| | - Irina D Grozdova
- Chemistry Department Lomonosov Moscow State University Moscow Russia
| | - Xiaomin Zhu
- DWI – Leibniz‐Institute for Interactive Materials e.V. and Institute for Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry of RWTH Aachen University Aachen Germany
| | | | - Andrey V Sybachin
- Chemistry Department Lomonosov Moscow State University Moscow Russia
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8
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Redox-responsive micelles integrating catalytic nanomedicine and selective chemotherapy for effective tumor treatment. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2021.03.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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9
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Photodynamic therapy of prostate cancer using porphyrinic formulations. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2021; 223:112301. [PMID: 34492530 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2021.112301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 08/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is the second most frequent cancer diagnosed in men worldwide. Among the common treatment options, photodynamic therapy (PDT) is being considered a promising local therapy to treat this cancer. Although PDT is an established treatment modality approved for several types of cancer, the low solubility, the reduced tumor selectivity, the absorption in the therapeutic window and the poor clearance from the body of the currently approved photosensitizers (PS) hampers its wide clinical application. In this regard, herein we synthesized three fluorinated porphyrinoid derivatives and entrapped them into polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) to prevent their aggregation and preserve their desirable photophysical properties under the physiological environment. In vitro studies revealed the negligible dark cytotoxicity of all PVP formulations (PS1@PVP, PS2@PVP and PS3@PVP) at the tested concentrations (5.0 to 20 μM), but also confirmed the significant photodynamic effect of PS2@PVP and PS3@PVP towards the PCa cell line PC-3, upon red light irradiation at an irradiance of 17.6 mW.cm-2. To provide insight into the underlying mechanisms of cell death under PDT treatment induced by PS2@PVP and PS3@PVP, their intracellular localization in PC-3 cells was firstly investigated by confocal microscopy. Since both PS2@PVP and PS3@PVP nanoparticles were mainly localized in mitochondria, the involvement of this organelle in PDT-induced apoptosis mediated by both formulations was further explored. Western blot analysis revealed that PDT treatment of PC-3 cells with either PS2@PVP or PS3@PVP resulted in the reduction of the expression level of the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2. As the photodamage to Bcl-2 after PDT with PS2@PVP and PS3@PVP was accompanied by the further activation of pro-caspase-3, we assumed that upon irradiation the photogenerated reactive oxygen species (ROS) were able to activate a caspase-dependent apoptotic response as a consequence of a post-mitochondrial event. Taken together, these findings demonstrate that among the tested fluorinated porphyrinoids, PS2@PVP and, particularly, PS3@PVP, are significantly more effective in overall PC-3 cell killing than PS1@PVP, thus highlighting their great potential as therapeutic agents for PCa.
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10
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Cisneros J, Chain CY, Rivas Aiello MB, Parisi J, Castrogiovanni DC, Bosio GN, Mártire DO, Vela ME. Pectin-Coated Plasmonic Nanoparticles for Photodynamic Therapy: Inspecting the Role of Serum Proteins. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:12567-12576. [PMID: 34056407 PMCID: PMC8154119 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c00542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Plasmonic metal nanoparticles (NPs) can be used as enhancers of the efficiency of standard photosensitizers (PSs) in photodynamic therapy (PDT). Protein corona, the adsorption layer that forms spontaneously around NPs once in contact with biological fluids, determines to a great extent the efficiency of PDT. In this work, we explore the possibility that pectin-coated Au NPs (Au@Pec NPs) could act as adjuvants in riboflavin (Rf)-based PDT by comparing the photodamage in HeLa cells cultured in the presence and in the absence of the NPs. Moreover, we investigate the impact that the preincubation of Rf and Au@Pec NPs (or Ag@Pec NPs) at two very different serum concentrations could have on cell's photodamage. Because reactive oxygen species (ROS) precursors are the excited states of the PS, the effect of proteins on the photophysics of Rf and Rf/plasmonic NPs was studied by transient absorption experiments. The beneficial effect of Au@Pec NPs in Rf-based PDT on HeLa cells cultured under standard serum conditions was demonstrated for the first time. However, the preincubation of Rf and Au@Pec NPs (or Ag@Pec NPs) with serum has undesirable results regarding the enhancement of Rf-based PDT. In this sense, we also verified that more concentrated protein conditions result in lower amounts of the triplet excited state of Rf and thus an expected lower production of ROS, which are the key elements for PDT's efficacy. These findings point out the relevance of serum concentration in the design of in vitro cell culture experiments carried out to determine the best way to combine and use potential sensitizers with plasmonic NPs to develop more effective PDTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- José
S. Cisneros
- Instituto
de Investigaciones Fisicoquímicas Teóricas y Aplicadas
(Facultad de Ciencias Exactas-UNLP-CONICET), Diagonal 113 esquina 64 S/N, 1900 La Plata, Argentina
| | - Cecilia Y. Chain
- Instituto
de Investigaciones Fisicoquímicas Teóricas y Aplicadas
(Facultad de Ciencias Exactas-UNLP-CONICET), Diagonal 113 esquina 64 S/N, 1900 La Plata, Argentina
| | - María B. Rivas Aiello
- Instituto
de Investigaciones Fisicoquímicas Teóricas y Aplicadas
(Facultad de Ciencias Exactas-UNLP-CONICET), Diagonal 113 esquina 64 S/N, 1900 La Plata, Argentina
| | - Julieta Parisi
- Instituto
Multidisciplinario de Biología Celular (CICPBA-CONICET-UNLP), Calle 526 y Camino General Belgrano, B1906APO La Plata, Argentina
| | - Daniel C. Castrogiovanni
- Instituto
Multidisciplinario de Biología Celular (CICPBA-CONICET-UNLP), Calle 526 y Camino General Belgrano, B1906APO La Plata, Argentina
| | - Gabriela N. Bosio
- Instituto
de Investigaciones Fisicoquímicas Teóricas y Aplicadas
(Facultad de Ciencias Exactas-UNLP-CONICET), Diagonal 113 esquina 64 S/N, 1900 La Plata, Argentina
| | - Daniel O. Mártire
- Instituto
de Investigaciones Fisicoquímicas Teóricas y Aplicadas
(Facultad de Ciencias Exactas-UNLP-CONICET), Diagonal 113 esquina 64 S/N, 1900 La Plata, Argentina
| | - María E. Vela
- Instituto
de Investigaciones Fisicoquímicas Teóricas y Aplicadas
(Facultad de Ciencias Exactas-UNLP-CONICET), Diagonal 113 esquina 64 S/N, 1900 La Plata, Argentina
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11
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Gjuroski I, Furrer J, Vermathen M. Probing the Interactions of Porphyrins with Macromolecules Using NMR Spectroscopy Techniques. Molecules 2021; 26:1942. [PMID: 33808335 PMCID: PMC8037866 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26071942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Porphyrinic compounds are widespread in nature and play key roles in biological processes such as oxygen transport in blood, enzymatic redox reactions or photosynthesis. In addition, both naturally derived as well as synthetic porphyrinic compounds are extensively explored for biomedical and technical applications such as photodynamic therapy (PDT) or photovoltaic systems, respectively. Their unique electronic structures and photophysical properties make this class of compounds so interesting for the multiple functions encountered. It is therefore not surprising that optical methods are typically the prevalent analytical tool applied in characterization and processes involving porphyrinic compounds. However, a wealth of complementary information can be obtained from NMR spectroscopic techniques. Based on the advantage of providing structural and dynamic information with atomic resolution simultaneously, NMR spectroscopy is a powerful method for studying molecular interactions between porphyrinic compounds and macromolecules. Such interactions are of special interest in medical applications of porphyrinic photosensitizers that are mostly combined with macromolecular carrier systems. The macromolecular surrounding typically stabilizes the encapsulated drug and may also modify its physical properties. Moreover, the interaction with macromolecular physiological components needs to be explored to understand and control mechanisms of action and therapeutic efficacy. This review focuses on such non-covalent interactions of porphyrinic drugs with synthetic polymers as well as with biomolecules such as phospholipids or proteins. A brief introduction into various NMR spectroscopic techniques is given including chemical shift perturbation methods, NOE enhancement spectroscopy, relaxation time measurements and diffusion-ordered spectroscopy. How these NMR tools are used to address porphyrin-macromolecule interactions with respect to their function in biomedical applications is the central point of the current review.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Martina Vermathen
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, 3012 Bern, Switzerland; (I.G.); (J.F.)
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12
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Yang L, Zhang Y, Xie J, Zhong C, He D, Wang T, Li K, Li Y, Shi D, Abagyan R, Yang L, Zhang J. Biomimetic polysaccharide-cloaked lipidic nanovesicles/microassemblies for improving the enzymatic activity and prolonging the action time for hyperuricemia treatment. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:15222-15235. [PMID: 32639489 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr02651d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The improvement and maintenance of enzymatic activities represent major challenges. However, to address these we developed novel biomimetic polysaccharide hyaluronan (Hn)-cloaked lipidic nanovesicles (BHLN) and microassemblies (BHLNM) as enzyme carriers that function by entrapping enzymes in the core or by tethering them to the inner/outer surfaces via covalent interactions. The effectiveness of these enzyme carriers was demonstrated through an evaluation of the enzymatic activity and anti-hyperuricemia bioactivity of urate oxidase (also called uricase, Uase). We showed that Uase was effectively loaded within the BHLN/BHLNM (UHLN/UHLNM) and maintained good enzymatic bioactivity through a range of effects, including isolation from the external environment due to the vesicle-carrying (shielding effect), avoidance of recognition by the reticuloendothelial system due to Hn-cloaking (long-term effect), production of beneficial conformational changes (allosteric effect) due to a favorable internal microenvironment of construction and vesicle loading, and stabilization due to the reversible conjugation of Uase or vesicle and serum albumin (deposit effect). UHLN/UHLNM had significantly increased bioavailability (∼533% and ∼331% compared to Uase) and demonstrated greatly improved efficacy, whereby the time required for UHLN/UHLNM to lower the plasma uric acid concentration to a normal level was much shorter than that for free Uase. The interactions of the therapeutic enzyme (Uase), biomimetic membrane components (Hn and phospholipid), and serum albumin were investigated with a fluorescent probe and computational simulations to help understand the superior properties of UHLN/UHLNM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Yang
- Chongqing Research Center for Pharmaceutical Engineering, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China.
| | - Yonghong Zhang
- Chongqing Research Center for Pharmaceutical Engineering, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China.
| | - Jiangchuan Xie
- Chongqing Research Center for Pharmaceutical Engineering, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China.
| | - Cailing Zhong
- Chongqing Research Center for Pharmaceutical Engineering, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China.
| | - Dan He
- Chongqing Research Center for Pharmaceutical Engineering, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China.
| | - Tingting Wang
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Laboratory, Experimental Teaching and Management Center, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Kailing Li
- Chongqing Research Center for Pharmaceutical Engineering, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China.
| | - Yao Li
- Division of Infectious Disease, Chongqing Public Health Medical Center, Chongqing 400036, China
| | - Da Shi
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Ruben Abagyan
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Lin Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, Chongqing Medical and Pharmaceutical College, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Jingqing Zhang
- Chongqing Research Center for Pharmaceutical Engineering, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China.
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13
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Rukhlya EG, Nikulina ME, Volynskii AL. Production of Nanocomposites of Polypropylene with Polyethylene Glycol. DOKLADY PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s001250162004003x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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14
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Meng K, Chen D, Yang F, Zhang A, Tao Y, Qu W, Pan Y, Hao H, Xie S. Intracellular delivery, accumulation, and discrepancy in antibacterial activity of four enrofloxacin-loaded fatty acid solid lipid nanoparticles. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2020; 194:111196. [PMID: 32599504 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2020.111196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 06/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Four fatty acid-solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) were formulated and evaluated for intracellular delivery, accumulation, as well as discrepancy in antimicrobial efficacy of their loaded enrofloxacin by using RAW 264.7 cells. The delivery efficacy of enrofloxacin into the macrophages by docosanoic acid SLNs (DAS), octadecanoic acid SLNs (OAS), hexadecanoic acid SLNs (HAS), and tetradecanoic acid SLNs (TAS) were 26.1-29.0, 9.3-10.3, 4.7-5.3 and 4.5-5.0 folds, respectively, compared to free drug when co-incubation for 0.25-4 h. The longer fatty acid prepared nanoparticles loaded enrofloxacin eliminated more slowly and accumulated in the cells for a longer time.The confocal microscopy also demonstrated that higher amount of fatty acid SLNs entered the cells with stronger accumulation performance and less amount SLNs absorbed on the cytomembrane as the carbon chain of fatty acids increased. The bactericidal activity of the four fatty acid SLNs against intracellular Salmonella CVCC541 significantly enhanced compared to the free enrofloxacin. These results revealed that fatty acid SLNs, especially docosanoic acid nanoparticles, might be effective nanocarriers to ferry enrofloxacin or other lipid soluble drugs into cells for intracellular bacterial infection treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuiyu Meng
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Dongmei Chen
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China; MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Fei Yang
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Aoxue Zhang
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Yanfei Tao
- MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Wei Qu
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Yuanhu Pan
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Haihong Hao
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Shuyu Xie
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China.
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15
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Pfister S, Sauser L, Gjuroski I, Furrer J, Vermathen M. Monitoring the encapsulation of chlorin e6 derivatives into polymer carriers by NMR spectroscopy. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2020. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424619501815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The encapsulation of five derivatives of chlorin e6 with different hydrophobicity and aggregation properties into a series of five poloxamer-type triblock copolymer micelles (BCMs) with varying numbers of polyethylene and polypropylene glycol (PEG, PPG) units was monitored using 1H NMR spectroscopy. NMR chemical shift and line shape analysis, as well as dynamic methods including diffusion ordered spectroscopy (DOSY) and T1 and T2 relaxation time measurements of the chlorin and the polymer resonances, proved useful to assess the chlorin–BCM compatibility. The poloxamers had high capability to break up aggregates formed by chlorins up to intermediate hydrophobicity. Physically entrapped chlorins were always localized in the BCM core region. The loading capacity correlated with chlorin polarity for all poloxamers among which those with the lowest number of PPG units were most efficient. DOSY data revealed that relatively weakly aggregating chlorins partition between the aqueous bulk and micellar environment whereas more hydrophobic chlorins are well retained in the BCM core region, rendering these systems more stable. T1 and T2 relaxation time measurements indicated that motional freedom in the BCM core region contributes to encapsulation efficiency. The BCM corona dynamics were rather insensitive towards chlorin entrapment except for the poloxamers with short PEG chains. The presented data demonstrate that 1H NMR spectroscopy is a powerful complementary tool for probing the compatibility of porphyrinic compounds with polymeric carriers such as poloxamer BCMs, which is a prerequisite in the development of stable and highly efficient drug delivery systems suitable for medical applications like photodynamic therapy of tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Pfister
- University of Bern, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freiestrasse 3, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Luca Sauser
- University of Bern, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freiestrasse 3, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Ilche Gjuroski
- University of Bern, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freiestrasse 3, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Julien Furrer
- University of Bern, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freiestrasse 3, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Martina Vermathen
- University of Bern, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freiestrasse 3, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
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Kim D, Byun J, Park J, Lee Y, Shim G, Oh YK. Biomimetic polymeric nanoparticle-based photodynamic immunotherapy and protection against tumor rechallenge. Biomater Sci 2020; 8:1106-1116. [DOI: 10.1039/c9bm01704f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we sought to design a bionanomaterial that could exert anticancer effects against primary tumors and protect against rechallenged tumorsviaphotodynamic immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongyoon Kim
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Seoul National University
- Seoul 08826
- Republic of Korea
| | - Junho Byun
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Seoul National University
- Seoul 08826
- Republic of Korea
| | - Jinwon Park
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Seoul National University
- Seoul 08826
- Republic of Korea
| | - Yeon Lee
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Seoul National University
- Seoul 08826
- Republic of Korea
| | - Gayong Shim
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Seoul National University
- Seoul 08826
- Republic of Korea
| | - Yu-Kyoung Oh
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Seoul National University
- Seoul 08826
- Republic of Korea
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