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Bruno P, Micoli A, Corsi M, Pala D, Guariento S, Fiorelli C, Ronchi P, Fioni A, Gallo PM, Marenghi G, Bertolini S, Capacchi S, Mileo V, Biagetti M, Capelli AM. Discovery and Optimization of Pyridazinones as PI3Kδ Selective Inhibitors for Administration by Inhalation. J Med Chem 2024; 67:11103-11124. [PMID: 38907711 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.4c00610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/24/2024]
Abstract
A hit-to-lead campaign pursuing the identification of novel inhalant small-molecule phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitors for the treatment of inflammatory respiratory diseases is disclosed. A synthetically versatile pyridazin-3(2H)-one scaffold was designed, and three exit vectors on the core moiety were used to explore chemical diversity and optimize pharmacological and absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) properties. Desired modulation of PI3Kδ selectivity and cellular potency as well as ADME properties in view of administration by inhalation was achieved. Intratracheal administration of lead compound 26 resulted in a promising pharmacokinetic profile, thus demonstrating that the optimization strategy of in vitro profiles successfully translated to an in vivo setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Bruno
- Medicinal Chemistry and Drug Design Technologies Department, Chiesi Farmaceutici S.p.A, Nuovo Centro Ricerche, Largo Belloli 11/a, 43122 Parma, Italy
| | - Alessandra Micoli
- Drug Discovery Chemistry Department, Aptuit, an Evotec Company, Via A. Fleming 4, 37135 Verona, Italy
| | - Mauro Corsi
- In Vitro Biology Department, Aptuit, an Evotec Company, Via A. Fleming 4, 37135 Verona, Italy
| | - Daniele Pala
- Medicinal Chemistry and Drug Design Technologies Department, Chiesi Farmaceutici S.p.A, Nuovo Centro Ricerche, Largo Belloli 11/a, 43122 Parma, Italy
| | - Sara Guariento
- Medicinal Chemistry and Drug Design Technologies Department, Chiesi Farmaceutici S.p.A, Nuovo Centro Ricerche, Largo Belloli 11/a, 43122 Parma, Italy
| | - Claudio Fiorelli
- Medicinal Chemistry and Drug Design Technologies Department, Chiesi Farmaceutici S.p.A, Nuovo Centro Ricerche, Largo Belloli 11/a, 43122 Parma, Italy
| | - Paolo Ronchi
- Medicinal Chemistry and Drug Design Technologies Department, Chiesi Farmaceutici S.p.A, Nuovo Centro Ricerche, Largo Belloli 11/a, 43122 Parma, Italy
| | - Alessandro Fioni
- Pharmacokinetics Biochemistry Metabolism Department, Chiesi Farmaceutici S.p.A, Nuovo Centro Ricerche, Largo Belloli 11/a, 43122 Parma, Italy
| | - Paola Maria Gallo
- Pharmacokinetics Biochemistry Metabolism Department, Chiesi Farmaceutici S.p.A, Nuovo Centro Ricerche, Largo Belloli 11/a, 43122 Parma, Italy
| | - Giulia Marenghi
- Pharmacokinetics Biochemistry Metabolism Department, Chiesi Farmaceutici S.p.A, Nuovo Centro Ricerche, Largo Belloli 11/a, 43122 Parma, Italy
| | - Serena Bertolini
- Pharmacology Department, Chiesi Farmaceutici S.p.A, Nuovo Centro Ricerche, Largo Belloli 11/a, 43122 Parma, Italy
| | - Silvia Capacchi
- Medicinal Chemistry and Drug Design Technologies Department, Chiesi Farmaceutici S.p.A, Nuovo Centro Ricerche, Largo Belloli 11/a, 43122 Parma, Italy
| | - Valentina Mileo
- Analytics & Early Formulations Department, Chiesi Farmaceutici S.p.A, Nuovo Centro Ricerche, Largo Belloli 11/a, 43122 Parma, Italy
| | - Matteo Biagetti
- Pipeline Innovation Department, Chiesi Farmaceutici S.p.A, Nuovo Centro Ricerche, Largo Belloli 11/a, 43122 Parma, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Capelli
- AIR Franchise, Chiesi Farmaceutici S.p.A, Nuovo Centro Ricerche, Largo Belloli 11/a, 43122 Parma, Italy
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Dong L, Zhuang X. Insights into Inhalation Drug Disposition: The Roles of Pulmonary Drug-Metabolizing Enzymes and Transporters. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4671. [PMID: 38731891 PMCID: PMC11083391 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25094671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2024] [Revised: 04/14/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
The past five decades have witnessed remarkable advancements in the field of inhaled medicines targeting the lungs for respiratory disease treatment. As a non-invasive drug delivery route, inhalation therapy offers numerous benefits to respiratory patients, including rapid and targeted exposure at specific sites, quick onset of action, bypassing first-pass metabolism, and beyond. Understanding the characteristics of pulmonary drug transporters and metabolizing enzymes is crucial for comprehending efficient drug exposure and clearance processes within the lungs. These processes are intricately linked to both local and systemic pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of drugs. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the literature on lung transporters and metabolizing enzymes while exploring their roles in exogenous and endogenous substance disposition. Additionally, we identify and discuss the principal challenges in this area of research, providing a foundation for future investigations aimed at optimizing inhaled drug administration. Moving forward, it is imperative that future research endeavors to focus on refining and validating in vitro and ex vivo models to more accurately mimic the human respiratory system. Such advancements will enhance our understanding of drug processing in different pathological states and facilitate the discovery of novel approaches for investigating lung-specific drug transporters and metabolizing enzymes. This deeper insight will be crucial in developing more effective and targeted therapies for respiratory diseases, ultimately leading to improved patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Xiaomei Zhuang
- Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, China;
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Wang B, Wang L, Yang Q, Zhang Y, Qinglai T, Yang X, Xiao Z, Lei L, Li S. Pulmonary inhalation for disease treatment: Basic research and clinical translations. Mater Today Bio 2024; 25:100966. [PMID: 38318475 PMCID: PMC10840005 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2024.100966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary drug delivery has the advantages of being rapid, efficient, and well-targeted, with few systemic side effects. In addition, it is non-invasive and has good patient compliance, making it a highly promising drug delivery mode. However, there have been limited studies on drug delivery via pulmonary inhalation compared with oral and intravenous modes. This paper summarizes the basic research and clinical translation of pulmonary inhalation drug delivery for the treatment of diseases and provides insights into the latest advances in pulmonary drug delivery. The paper discusses the processing methods for pulmonary drug delivery, drug carriers (with a focus on various types of nanoparticles), delivery devices, and applications in pulmonary diseases and treatment of systemic diseases (e.g., COVID-19, inhaled vaccines, diagnosis of the diseases, and diabetes mellitus) with an updated summary of recent research advances. Furthermore, this paper describes the applications and recent progress in pulmonary drug delivery for lung diseases and expands the use of pulmonary drugs for other systemic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Wang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, China
| | - Lin Wang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Binzhou People's Hospital, Binzhou, 256610, Shandong, China
| | - Qian Yang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, China
| | - Yuming Zhang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, China
| | - Tang Qinglai
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, China
| | - Xinming Yang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, China
| | - Zian Xiao
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, China
| | - Lanjie Lei
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Zhejiang Shuren University, Hangzhou, 310015, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shisheng Li
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410011, China
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Hitl M, Pavlović N, Brkić S, Dragović G, Srđenović-Čonić B, Kladar N. Plasma Concentrations of Rosmarinic Acid in Patients on Antiretroviral Therapy: In Silico Exploration Based on Clinical Data. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2230. [PMID: 38396908 PMCID: PMC10888967 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25042230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Rosmarinic acid (RA) is a phenolic compound with antiviral properties, often encountered in dietary supplements and herbal drugs. Data on the pharmacokinetics of RA are lacking in cases of the chronic use of supplements containing this compound, and only limited data on the metabolism and distribution of RA are available. The aim of the study was to investigate the plasma levels of RA after 12 weeks of use and determine potential interactions of RA and selected antiretroviral drugs. Patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus took a supplement containing RA for 12 weeks, after which the RA concentrations in the plasma samples were analyzed. A detailed in silico analysis was conducted in order to elucidate the potential interactions between RA and the drugs efavirenz, darunavir and raltegravir. It was found that RA can be detected in patients' plasma samples, mainly in the form of sulphoglucuronide. The potential interactions are suggested on the level of liver metabolizing enzymes and efflux P-glycoprotein, with RA competing with antiretroviral drugs as a substrate in metabolism and distribution systems. The present study suggests that the simultaneous use of RA and antiretroviral therapy (containing efavirenz, darunavir or raltegravir) may affect the plasma levels of RA after prolonged supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja Hitl
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia; (N.P.); (B.S.-Č.); (N.K.)
- Center for Medical and Pharmaceutical Investigations and Quality Control, Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Nebojša Pavlović
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia; (N.P.); (B.S.-Č.); (N.K.)
- Center for Medical and Pharmaceutical Investigations and Quality Control, Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Snežana Brkić
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia;
- Clinic for Infectious Diseases, Clinical Centre of Vojvodina, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Gordana Dragović
- Department of Pharmacology, Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia;
| | - Branislava Srđenović-Čonić
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia; (N.P.); (B.S.-Č.); (N.K.)
- Center for Medical and Pharmaceutical Investigations and Quality Control, Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Nebojša Kladar
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia; (N.P.); (B.S.-Č.); (N.K.)
- Center for Medical and Pharmaceutical Investigations and Quality Control, Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
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Mairinger S, Hernández-Lozano I, Filip T, Löbsch M, Stanek J, Zeitlinger M, Hacker M, Tournier N, Wanek T, Ehrhardt C, Langer O. Influence of P-glycoprotein on pulmonary disposition of the model substrate [ 11C]metoclopramide assessed by PET imaging in rats. Eur J Pharm Sci 2023; 183:106404. [PMID: 36773747 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2023.106404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
In the lungs, the membrane transporter P-glycoprotein (P-gp) is expressed in the apical (i.e. lumen-facing) membrane of airway epithelial cells and in the luminal (blood-facing) membrane of pulmonary capillary endothelial cells. To better understand the influence of P-gp on the pulmonary disposition of inhaled P-gp substrate drugs, we measured the intrapulmonary pharmacokinetics of the intratracheally (i.t.) aerosolized model P-gp substrate [11C]metoclopramide in presence and absence of P-gp activity by means of positron emission tomography (PET) imaging in rats. Data were compared to data previously acquired with the model P-gp substrates (R)-[11C]verapamil and [11C]N-desmethyl-loperamide, using the same experimental set-up. Groups of wild-type rats, either untreated or treated with the P-gp inhibitor tariquidar, and Abcb1a/b(-/-) rats underwent 90-min dynamic PET scans after i.t. aerosolization of [11C]metoclopramide. Lung exposure to [11C]metoclopramide was expressed as the area under the right lung concentration-time curve (AUClung). AUClung values were significantly higher in Abcb1a/b(-/-) rats (1.8-fold, p ≤ 0.0001) and in tariquidar-treated wild-type rats (1.6-fold, p ≤ 0.01) than in untreated wild-type rats. This differed from previously obtained results with (R)-[11C]verapamil and [11C]N-desmethyl-loperamide, which showed decreased exposure in the rat lung in absence of P-gp activity. Our results suggest that transepithelial transfer of [11C]metoclopramide was not or only to a small extent affected by P-gp activity, presumably due to the compound's high passive permeability. The increased lung retention of [11C]metoclopramide may be due to decreased P-gp-mediated clearance into the blood in absence of P-gp activity in capillary endothelial cells. The overall effect of P-gp on the lung exposure to inhaled P-gp substrate drugs may, thus, be determined by a balance of opposing effects at the pulmonary epithelium and endothelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Severin Mairinger
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Thomas Filip
- Core Facility Laboratory Animal Breeding and Husbandry, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; Center for Biomedical Research, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Mathilde Löbsch
- Core Facility Laboratory Animal Breeding and Husbandry, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Johann Stanek
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Markus Zeitlinger
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Marcus Hacker
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Nicolas Tournier
- Laboratoire d'Imagerie Biomédicale Multimodale (BIOMAPS), Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Inserm, Service Hospitalier Frédéric Joliot, 91401 Orsay, France
| | - Thomas Wanek
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Carsten Ehrhardt
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Oliver Langer
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
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[11C]glyburide PET imaging for quantitative determination of the importance of Organic Anion-Transporting Polypeptide transporter function in the human liver and whole-body. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 156:113994. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Mairinger S, Hernández-Lozano I, Zeitlinger M, Ehrhardt C, Langer O. Nuclear medicine imaging methods as novel tools in the assessment of pulmonary drug disposition. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2022; 19:1561-1575. [PMID: 36255136 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2022.2137143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Drugs for the treatment of respiratory diseases are commonly administered by oral inhalation. Yet surprisingly little is known about the pulmonary pharmacokinetics of inhaled molecules. Nuclear medicine imaging techniques (i.e. planar gamma scintigraphy, single-photon emission computed tomography [SPECT] and positron emission tomography [PET]) enable the noninvasive dynamic measurement of the lung concentrations of radiolabeled drugs or drug formulations. This review discusses the potential of nuclear medicine imaging techniques in inhalation biopharmaceutical research. AREAS COVERED (i) Planar gamma scintigraphy studies with radiolabeled inhalation formulations to assess initial pulmonary drug deposition; (ii) imaging studies with radiolabeled drugs to assess their intrapulmonary pharmacokinetics; (iii) receptor occupancy studies to quantify the pharmacodynamic effect of inhaled drugs. EXPERT OPINION Imaging techniques hold potential to bridge the knowledge gap between animal models and humans with respect to the pulmonary disposition of inhaled drugs. However, beyond the mere assessment of the initial lung deposition of inhaled formulations with planar gamma scintigraphy, imaging techniques have rarely been employed in pulmonary drug development. This may be related to several technical challenges encountered with such studies. Considering the wealth of information that can be obtained with imaging studies their use in inhalation biopharmaceutics should be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Severin Mairinger
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Markus Zeitlinger
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Carsten Ehrhardt
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Oliver Langer
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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