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Zhao XL, Cao ZJ, Li KD, Tang F, Xu LY, Zhang JN, Liu D, Peng C, Ao H. Gallic acid: a dietary metabolite's therapeutic potential in the management of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Front Pharmacol 2025; 15:1515172. [PMID: 39840111 PMCID: PMC11747375 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1515172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2024] [Accepted: 12/20/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2025] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) causes significant morbidity and mortality globally. Most of the chemicals specifically target certain pathways and minimally impact other diseases associated with ASCVD. Moreover, interactions of these drugs can cause toxic reactions. Consequently, the exploration of multi-targeted and safe medications for treating and preventing ASCVD has become an increasingly popular trend. Gallic acid (GA), a natural secondary metabolite found in various fruits, plants, and nuts, has demonstrated potentials in preventing and treating ASCVD, in addition to its known antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. It alleviates the entire process of atherosclerosis (AS) by reducing oxidative stress, improving endothelial dysfunction, and inhibiting platelet activation and aggregation. Additionally, GA can treat ASCVD-related diseases, such as coronary heart disease (CHD) and cerebral ischemia. However, the pharmacological actions of GA in the prevention and treatment of ASCVD have not been comprehensively reviewed, which limits its clinical development. This review primarily summarizes the in vitro and in vivo pharmacological actions of GA on the related risk factors of ASCVD, AS, and ASCVD. Additionally, it provides a comprehensive overview of the toxicity, extraction, synthesis, pharmacokinetics, and pharmaceutics of GA,aimed to enhance understanding of its clinical applications and further research and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Lan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhang-Jing Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Ke-Di Li
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Fei Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Li-Yue Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Jing-Nan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Dong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Cheng Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Hui Ao
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- Innovative Institute of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
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Aparicio-Blanco J, Pucci C, De Pasquale D, Marino A, Debellis D, Ciofani G. Development and characterization of lipid nanocapsules loaded with iron oxide nanoparticles for magnetic targeting to the blood-brain barrier. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2024; 14:3494-3511. [PMID: 38739319 PMCID: PMC11499457 DOI: 10.1007/s13346-024-01587-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
Brain drug delivery is severely hindered by the presence of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Its functionality relies on the interactions of the brain endothelial cells with additional cellular constituents, including pericytes, astrocytes, neurons, or microglia. To boost brain drug delivery, nanomedicines have been designed to exploit distinct delivery strategies, including magnetically driven nanocarriers as a form of external physical targeting to the BBB. Herein, a lipid-based magnetic nanocarrier prepared by a low-energy method is first described. Magnetic nanocapsules with a hydrodynamic diameter of 256.7 ± 8.5 nm (polydispersity index: 0.089 ± 0.034) and a ξ-potential of -30.4 ± 0.3 mV were obtained. Transmission electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy analysis revealed efficient encapsulation of iron oxide nanoparticles within the oily core of the nanocapsules. Both thermogravimetric analysis and phenanthroline-based colorimetric assay showed that the iron oxide percentage in the final formulation was 12 wt.%, in agreement with vibrating sample magnetometry analysis, as the specific saturation magnetization of the magnetic nanocapsules was 12% that of the bare iron oxide nanoparticles. Magnetic nanocapsules were non-toxic in the range of 50-300 μg/mL over 72 h against both the human cerebral endothelial hCMEC/D3 and Human Brain Vascular Pericytes cell lines. Interestingly, higher uptake of magnetic nanocapsules in both cell types was evidenced in the presence of an external magnetic field than in the absence of it after 24 h. This increase in nanocapsules uptake was also evidenced in pericytes after only 3 h. Altogether, these results highlight the potential for magnetic targeting to the BBB of our formulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Aparicio-Blanco
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Food Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, Plaza Ramón y Cajal, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
- Smart Bio- Interfaces, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Viale Rinaldo Piaggio 34, 56025, Pontedera, Italy.
- Institute of Industrial Pharmacy, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Carlotta Pucci
- Smart Bio- Interfaces, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Viale Rinaldo Piaggio 34, 56025, Pontedera, Italy
| | - Daniele De Pasquale
- Smart Bio- Interfaces, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Viale Rinaldo Piaggio 34, 56025, Pontedera, Italy
| | - Attilio Marino
- Smart Bio- Interfaces, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Viale Rinaldo Piaggio 34, 56025, Pontedera, Italy
| | - Doriana Debellis
- Electron Microscopy Facility, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163, Genova, Italy
| | - Gianni Ciofani
- Smart Bio- Interfaces, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Viale Rinaldo Piaggio 34, 56025, Pontedera, Italy.
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Qiu S, Liu J, Chen J, Li Y, Bu T, Li Z, Zhang L, Sun W, Zhou T, Hu W, Yang G, Yuan L, Duan Y, Xing C. Targeted delivery of MerTK protein via cell membrane engineered nanoparticle enhances efferocytosis and attenuates atherosclerosis in diabetic ApoE -/- Mice. J Nanobiotechnology 2024; 22:178. [PMID: 38614985 PMCID: PMC11015613 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-024-02463-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/15/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clearance of apoptotic cells by efferocytosis is crucial for prevention of atherosclerosis progress, and impaired efferocytosis contributes to the aggravated atherosclerosis. RESULTS In this study, we found that diabetic ApoE-/- mice showed aggravated atherosclerosis as hyperglycemia damaged the efferocytosis capacity at least partially due to decreased expression of Mer tyrosine kinase (MerTK) on macrophages. To locally restore MerTK in the macrophages in the plaque, hybrid membrane nanovesicles (HMNVs) were thus developed. Briefly, cell membrane from MerTK overexpressing RAW264.7 cell and transferrin receptor (TfR) overexpressing HEK293T cell were mixed with DOPE polymers to produce nanovesicles designated as HMNVs. HMNVs could fuse with the recipient cell membrane and thus increased MerTK in diabetic macrophages, which in turn restored the efferocytosis capacity. Upon intravenous administration into diabetic ApoE-/- mice, superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SMN) decorated HMNVs accumulated at the aorta site significantly under magnetic navigation, where the recipient macrophages cleared the apoptotic cells efficiently and thus decreased the inflammation. CONCLUSIONS Our study indicates that MerTK decrease in macrophages contributes to the aggravated atherosclerosis in diabetic ApoE-/- mice and regional restoration of MerTK in macrophages of the plaque via HMNVs could be a promising therapeutic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Qiu
- Department of Ultrasound Medicine, Tangdu Hospital, Air Force Medical University, No.569, Xinsi Road, Xi'an, 710038, China
| | - Jiahan Liu
- Department of Ultrasound Medicine, Tangdu Hospital, Air Force Medical University, No.569, Xinsi Road, Xi'an, 710038, China
| | - Jianmei Chen
- Department of Health Medicine, The Fourth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yangni Li
- Department of Ultrasound Medicine, Tangdu Hospital, Air Force Medical University, No.569, Xinsi Road, Xi'an, 710038, China
| | - Te Bu
- Department of Ultrasound Medicine, Tangdu Hospital, Air Force Medical University, No.569, Xinsi Road, Xi'an, 710038, China
| | - Zhelong Li
- Department of Ultrasound Medicine, Tangdu Hospital, Air Force Medical University, No.569, Xinsi Road, Xi'an, 710038, China
| | - Liang Zhang
- Department of Ultrasound Medicine, Tangdu Hospital, Air Force Medical University, No.569, Xinsi Road, Xi'an, 710038, China
| | - Wenqi Sun
- Department of Ultrasound Medicine, Tangdu Hospital, Air Force Medical University, No.569, Xinsi Road, Xi'an, 710038, China
| | - Tian Zhou
- Department of Ultrasound Medicine, Tangdu Hospital, Air Force Medical University, No.569, Xinsi Road, Xi'an, 710038, China
| | - Wei Hu
- Department of Ultrasound Medicine, Tangdu Hospital, Air Force Medical University, No.569, Xinsi Road, Xi'an, 710038, China
| | - Guodong Yang
- The State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Lijun Yuan
- Department of Ultrasound Medicine, Tangdu Hospital, Air Force Medical University, No.569, Xinsi Road, Xi'an, 710038, China.
| | - Yunyou Duan
- Department of Ultrasound Medicine, Tangdu Hospital, Air Force Medical University, No.569, Xinsi Road, Xi'an, 710038, China.
| | - Changyang Xing
- Department of Ultrasound Medicine, Tangdu Hospital, Air Force Medical University, No.569, Xinsi Road, Xi'an, 710038, China.
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Salatin S, Farhoudi M, Sadigh-Eteghad S, Mahmoudi J. Magnetic hybrid nanovesicles for the precise diagnosis and treatment of central nervous system disorders. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2024; 21:521-535. [PMID: 38555483 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2024.2336496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Central nervous system (CNS)-related disorders are increasingly being recognized as a global health challenge worldwide. There are significant challenges for effective diagnosis and treatment due to the presence of the CNS barriers which impede the management of neurological diseases. Combination of nanovesicles (NVs) and magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs), referred to as magnetic nanovesicles (MNVs), is now well suggested as a potential theranostic option for improving the management of neurological disorders with increased targeting efficiency and minimized side effects. AREAS COVERED This review provides a summary of major CNS disorders and the physical barriers limiting the access of imaging/therapeutic agents to the CNS environment. A special focus on the unique features of MNPs and NV is discussed which make them attractive candidates for neuro-nanomedicine. Furthermore, a deeper understanding of MNVs as a promising combined strategy for diagnostic and/or therapeutic purposes in neurological disorders is provided. EXPERT OPINION The multifunctionality of MNVs offers the ability to overcome the CNS barriers and can be used to monitor the effectiveness of treatment. The insights provided will guide future research toward better outcomes and facilitate the development of next-generation, innovative treatments for CNS disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Salatin
- Neurosciences Research Center (NSRC), Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mehdi Farhoudi
- Neurosciences Research Center (NSRC), Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Saeed Sadigh-Eteghad
- Neurosciences Research Center (NSRC), Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Javad Mahmoudi
- Neurosciences Research Center (NSRC), Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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Zolghadri S, Asad AG, Farzi F, Ghajarzadeh F, Habibi Z, Rahban M, Zolghadri S, Stanek A. Span 60/Cholesterol Niosomal Formulation as a Suitable Vehicle for Gallic Acid Delivery with Potent In Vitro Antibacterial, Antimelanoma, and Anti-Tyrosinase Activity. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:1680. [PMID: 38139807 PMCID: PMC10748266 DOI: 10.3390/ph16121680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2023] [Revised: 11/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural compounds such as gallic acid (GA) have attracted more attention in cosmetic and pharmaceutical skin care products. However, the low solubility and poor stability of GA have limited its application. This study aimed to synthesize and characterize the GA niosomal dispersion (GAN) and investigate the potential of an optimal formulation as a skin drug delivery system for GA. For this purpose, GAN formulations were synthesized using the thin layer evaporation method with different molar ratios of Tween 60/Span 60, along with a constant molar ratio of polyethylene glycol 4000 (PEG-4000) and cholesterol in a methanol and chloroform solvent (1:4 v/v). The physicochemical properties of nanosystems in terms of size, zeta potential, drug entrapment, drug release, morphology, and system-drug interaction were characterized using different methods. In addition, in vitro cytotoxicity, anti-tyrosinase activity, and antibacterial activity were evaluated by MTT assay, the spectrophotometric method, and micro-well dilution assay. All formulations revealed a size of 80-276 nm, polydispersity index (PDI) values below 0.35, and zeta potential values below-9.7 mV. F2 was selected as the optimal formulation due to its smaller size and high stability. The optimal formulation of GAN (F2) was as follows: a 1:1 molar ratio of Span 60 to cholesterol and 1.5 mM GA. The release of the F2 drug showed a biphasic pattern, which was fast in the first 12 h until 58% was released. Our results showed the high antibacterial activity of GAN against Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The MTT assay showed that GA encapsulation increased its effect on B6F10 cancer cells. The F2 formulation exhibited potent anti-tyrosinase activity and inhibited melanin synthesis. These findings suggest that it can be used in dermatological skin care products in the cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries due to its significant antibacterial, anti-melanoma, and anti-tyrosinase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Zolghadri
- Department of Chemistry, Jahrom Branch, Islamic Azad University, Jahrom 7414785318, Iran;
| | - Ali Ghanbari Asad
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa 7461686688, Iran;
| | - Fatemeh Farzi
- Department of Biology, Jahrom Branch, Islamic Azad University, Jahrom 7414785318, Iran; (F.F.); (F.G.); (Z.H.)
| | - Fatemeh Ghajarzadeh
- Department of Biology, Jahrom Branch, Islamic Azad University, Jahrom 7414785318, Iran; (F.F.); (F.G.); (Z.H.)
| | - Zeinab Habibi
- Department of Biology, Jahrom Branch, Islamic Azad University, Jahrom 7414785318, Iran; (F.F.); (F.G.); (Z.H.)
| | - Mahdie Rahban
- Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman 7616913555, Iran;
| | - Samaneh Zolghadri
- Department of Biology, Jahrom Branch, Islamic Azad University, Jahrom 7414785318, Iran; (F.F.); (F.G.); (Z.H.)
| | - Agata Stanek
- Department and Clinic of Internal Medicine, Angiology and Physical Medicine, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Zabrze, Medical University of Silesia, Batorego 15 St, 41-902 Bytom, Poland
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