Combined chemotherapy based on bioactive black phosphorus for pancreatic cancer therapy

Gestational Exposure to Black Phosphorus Nanoparticles Induces Placental Trophoblast Dysfunction by Triggering Reactive Oxygen Species-Regulated Mitophagy

As a type of two-dimensional nanomaterial, black phosphorus (BP) has attracted considerable interest for applications in various fields. Despite its advantages, including biodegradability and biocompatibility, recent studies have shown that BP exhibits cytotoxicity in different types of cells. However, no studies have investigated the effects of BP exposure during pregnancy. Herein, we first investigated the effect of gestational exposure to BP nanoparticles (BPNPs) in a mouse model. Our findings indicated that BPNPs exposure restricted fetal growth and hindered placental development. In HTR8/SVneo trophoblast cells, BPNPs inhibited cell proliferation, migration, and invasion and caused apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, BPNPs induced intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) overproduction and extensive mitochondrial damage. We further demonstrated that BPNPs promoted mitophagy via the PINK1/Parkin signaling pathway. Parkin siRNA knockdown rescued BPNPs-induced trophoblast dysfunction, while ROS inhibition attenuated BPNPs-induced cytotoxicity by reducing mitochondrial damage. Finally, treatment with mdivi-1, a mitophagy inhibitor, mitigated mitochondrial membrane potential reduction, excessive mtROS production, and the resulting trophoblast dysfunction. In vivo model investigation indicated that the application of mdivi-1 ameliorated embryonic resorption and fetal growth by alleviating placental damage. In summary, gestational exposure to BPNPs impairs fetal growth by inducing placental trophoblast dysfunction through ROS-regulated, PINK1/Parkin-dependent mitophagy.

Black phosphorus-based nanoplatforms for cancer therapy: chemistry, design, biological and therapeutic behaviors

Cancer, a significant threat to human lives, has been the target of research for several decades. Although conventional therapies have drawbacks, such as side effects, low efficacy, and weak targeting, they have been applied extensively due to a lack of effective alternatives. The emergence of nanotechnology in medicine has opened up new possibilities and offered promising solutions for cancer therapy. In recent years, 2D nanomaterials have attracted enormous attention in nanomedicine due to their large surface-to-volume ratio, photo-responsivity, excellent electrical conductivity, etc. Among them, black phosphorus (BP) is a 2D nanomaterial consisting of multiple layers weakly bonded together through van der Waals forces. Its distinct structure makes BP suitable for biomedical applications, such as drug/gene carriers, PTT/PDT, and imaging agents. BP has demonstrated remarkable potential since its introduction in cancer therapy in 2015, particularly due to its selective anticancer activity even without the aid of near-infrared (NIR) or anticancer drugs. The present review makes efforts to cover and discuss studies published on the anticancer activity of BP. Based on the type of cancer, the subcategories are organized to shed light on the potential of BP nanosheets and BP quantum dots (BPQDs) against breast, brain, skin, prostate, and bone cancers, and a section is devoted to other cancer types. Since extensive attention has been paid to breast cancer cells and in vivo models, various subsections, including mono-, dual, and triple therapeutic approaches are established for this cancer type. Furthermore, the review outlines various synthesis approaches employed to produce BP nanomaterials, providing insights into key synthesis parameters. This review provides an up-to-date platform for the potential reader to understand what has been done about BP cancer therapy based on each disease, and the conclusions and outlook cover the directions in which this approach is going to proceed in the future.

The Application of Nanomaterials in the Treatment of Pancreatic-Related Diseases

Pancreatic diseases, typically including pancreatic cancer, pancreatitis, and diabetes, pose enormous threats to people's lives and health. To date, therapeutics with high therapeutic efficacy and low side effects are still challenging. With the development of nanotechnology, nanomaterials have successfully been applied in pancretic disease treatment. Here, we first introduce the diversity of nanomaterials and the effects of their different physicochemical properties on pancreatic function. Following this, we analyze the potential of nanomaterials to enhance pancreatic targeting by overcoming the challenges of traditional delivery methods through surface modifications, structural adjustments, and optimized drug loading. Then, we introduce the application of structurally optimized nanomaterials to pancreatic-related diseases. For instance, on pancreatic cancer (as drug delivery platforms, for the promotion of radiation therapy, and as multifunctional tools), pancreatitis (as drug delivery systems, anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrotic agents), and diabetes (as insulin delivery carriers, for protecting pancreatic β cells, and for improving insulin resistance). Through analysis of the progress of current research, we summarize how nanomaterials can enhance treatment efficacy while minimizing side effects. Finally, we look forward to the prospects of nanomaterials in pancreatic disease treatment.

Effect of Bioactive Black Phosphorus Nanomaterials on Cancer-Associated Fibroblast Heterogeneity in Pancreatic Cancer

Tumor-stromal interactions and stromal heterogeneity in the tumor microenvironment are critical factors that influence the progression, metastasis, and chemoresistance of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). Here, we used spatial transcriptome technology to profile the gene expression landscape of primary PDAC and liver metastatic PDAC after bioactive black phosphorus nanomaterial (bioactive BP) treatment using a murine model of PDAC (LSL-KrasG12D/+; LSL-Trp53R172H/+; and Pdx-1-Cre mice). Bioinformatic and biochemical analyses showed that bioactive BP contributes to the tumor-stromal interplay by suppressing cancer-associated fibroblast (CAF) activation. Our results showed that bioactive BP contributes to CAF heterogeneity by decreasing the amount of inflammatory CAFs and myofibroblastic CAFs, two CAF subpopulations. Our study demonstrates the influence of bioactive BP on tumor-stromal interactions and CAF heterogeneity and suggests bioactive BP as a potential PDAC treatment.

Design and Characterization of a Novel Core-Shell Nano Delivery System Based on Zein and Carboxymethylated Short-Chain Amylose for Encapsulation of Curcumin

Curcumin is a naturally occurring hydrophobic polyphenolic compound with a rapid metabolism, poor absorption, and low stability, which severely limits its bioavailability. Here, we employed a starch-protein-based nanoparticle approach to improve the curcumin bioavailability. This study focused on synthesizing nanoparticles with a zein "core" and a carboxymethylated short-chain amylose (CSA) "shell" through anti-solvent precipitation for delivering curcumin. The zein@CSA core-shell nanoparticles were extensively characterized for physicochemical properties, structural integrity, ionic stability, in vitro digestibility, and antioxidant activity. Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy indicates nanoparticle formation through hydrogen-bonding, hydrophobic, and electrostatic interactions between zein and CSA. Zein@CSA core-shell nanoparticles exhibited enhanced stability in NaCl solution. At a zein-to-CSA ratio of 1:1.25, only 15.7% curcumin was released after 90 min of gastric digestion, and 66% was released in the intestine after 240 min, demonstrating a notable sustained release effect. Furthermore, these nanoparticles increased the scavenging capacity of the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH•) free radical compared to those composed solely of zein and were essentially nontoxic to Caco-2 cells. This research offers valuable insights into curcumin encapsulation and delivery using zein@CSA core-shell nanoparticles.

Recent Advances in Two-Dimensional Nanomaterials for Healthcare Monitoring

The development of advanced technologies for the fabrication of functional nanomaterials, nanostructures, and devices has facilitated the development of biosensors for analyses. Two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterials, with unique hierarchical structures, a high surface area, and the ability to be functionalized for target detection at the surface, exhibit high potential for biosensing applications. The electronic properties, mechanical flexibility, and optical, electrochemical, and physical properties of 2D nanomaterials can be easily modulated, enabling the construction of biosensing platforms for the detection of various analytes with targeted recognition, sensitivity, and selectivity. This review provides an overview of the recent advances in 2D nanomaterials and nanostructures used for biosensor and wearable-sensor development for healthcare and health-monitoring applications. Finally, the advantages of 2D-nanomaterial-based devices and several challenges in their optimal operation have been discussed to facilitate the development of smart high-performance biosensors in the future.

Biomimetic MDSCs membrane coated black phosphorus nanosheets system for photothermal therapy/photodynamic therapy synergized chemotherapy of cancer

Photothermal therapy is favored by cancer researchers due to its advantages such as controllable initiation, direct killing and immune promotion. However, the low enrichment efficiency of photosensitizer in tumor site and the limited effect of single use limits the further development of photothermal therapy. Herein, a photo-responsive multifunctional nanosystem was designed for cancer therapy, in which myeloid-derived suppressor cell (MDSC) membrane vesicle encapsulated decitabine-loaded black phosphorous (BP) nanosheets (BP@ Decitabine @MDSCs, named BDM). The BDM demonstrated excellent biosafety and biochemical characteristics, providing a suitable microenvironment for cancer cell killing. First, the BDM achieves the ability to be highly enriched at tumor sites by inheriting the ability of MDSCs to actively target tumor microenvironment. And then, BP nanosheets achieves hyperthermia and induces mitochondrial damage by its photothermal and photodynamic properties, which enhancing anti-tumor immunity mediated by immunogenic cell death (ICD). Meanwhile, intra-tumoral release of decitabine induced G2/M cell cycle arrest, further promoting tumor cell apoptosis. In vivo, the BMD showed significant inhibition of tumor growth with down-regulation of PCNA expression and increased expression of high mobility group B1 (HMGB1), calreticulin (CRT) and caspase 3. Flow cytometry revealed significantly decreased infiltration of MDSCs and M2-macrophages along with an increased proportion of CD4+, CD8+ T cells as well as CD103+ DCs, suggesting a potentiated anti-tumor immune response. In summary, BDM realizes photothermal therapy/photodynamic therapy synergized chemotherapy for cancer.

Recent advances in nano/micro systems for improved circulation stability, enhanced tumor targeting, penetration, and intracellular drug delivery: a review

In recent years, nanoparticles (NPs) have been extensively developed as drug carriers to overcome the limitations of cancer therapeutics. However, there are several biological barriers to nanomedicines, which include the lack of stability in circulation, limited target specificity, low penetration into tumors and insufficient cellular uptake, restricting the active targeting toward tumors of nanomedicines. To address these challenges, a variety of promising strategies were developed recently, as they can be designed to improve NP accumulation and penetration in tumor tissues, circulation stability, tumor targeting, and intracellular uptake. In this Review, we summarized nanomaterials developed in recent three years that could be utilized to improve drug delivery for cancer treatments.

Lipid-like gemcitabine diester-loaded liposomes for improved chemotherapy of pancreatic cancer

Gemcitabine (GEM) is a non-selective chemotherapeutic agent used in the treatment of pancreatic cancer. Its antitumor efficacy is limited by a short plasma half-life and severe adverse reactions. To overcome these shortcomings, four novel lipid-like GEM diesters were synthesized and encapsulated into liposomes. Through optimization, dimyristoyl GEM (dmGEM)-loaded liposomes (LipodmGEM) were successfully obtained with an almost complete encapsulation efficiency. Compared to free GEM, LipodmGEM showed enhanced cellular uptake and cell apoptosis, improved inhibition of cell migration on AsPC-1 cells and a greatly extended half-life (7.22 vs. 1.78 h). LipodmGEM succeeded in enriching the drug in the tumor (5.28 vs. 0.03 μmol/g at 8 h), overcoming a major shortcoming of GEM, showed excellent anticancer efficacy in vivo and negligible systemic toxicity, superior to GEM. Attractive as well, suspensions of LipodmGEM remained stable at 2-10 °C away from light for no <2 years. Our results suggest that LipodmGEM might become of high interest for treating pancreatic cancer while the simple strategy we reported might be explored as well for converting other antitumor drugs with high water-solubility and short plasma half-life into attractive nanomedicines.