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Wang Y, Chang L, Gao H, Yu C, Gao Y, Peng Q. Nanomaterials-based advanced systems for photothermal / photodynamic therapy of oral cancer. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 272:116508. [PMID: 38761583 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2024.116508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2024] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/20/2024]
Abstract
The traditional clinical approaches for oral cancer consist of surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, immunotherapy, and so on. However, these treatments often induce side effects and exhibit limited efficacy. Photothermal therapy (PTT) emerges as a promising adjuvant treatment, utilizing photothermal agents (PTAs) to convert light energy into heat for tumor ablation. Another innovative approach, photodynamic therapy (PDT), leverages photosensitizers (PSs) and specific wavelength laser irradiation to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS), offering an effective and non-toxic alternative. The relevant combination therapies have been reported in the field of oral cancer. Simultaneously, the advancement of nanomaterials has propelled the clinical application of PTT and PDT. Therefore, a comprehensive understanding of PTT and PDT is required for better application in oral cancer treatment. Here, we review the use of PTT and PDT in oral cancer, including noble metal materials (e.g., Au nanoparticles), carbon materials (e.g., graphene oxide), organic dye molecules (e.g., indocyanine green), organic molecule-based agents (e.g., porphyrin-analog phthalocyanine) and other inorganic materials (e.g., MXenes), exemplify the advantages and disadvantages of common PTAs and PSs, and summarize the combination therapies of PTT with PDT, PTT/PDT with chemotherapy, PTT with radiotherapy, PTT/PDT with immunotherapy, and PTT/PDT with gene therapy in the treatment of oral cancer. The challenges related to the PTT/PDT combination therapy and potential solutions are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Lili Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Hongyu Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Chenhao Yu
- Department of Periodontology, National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, No. 22, Zhongguancun South Avenue, Haidian District, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Yujie Gao
- Department of Stomatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, 610500, China.
| | - Qiang Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Center for Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
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2
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Saidi D, Obeidat M, Alsotari S, Ibrahim AA, Al-Buqain R, Wehaibi S, Alqudah DA, Nsairat H, Alshaer W, Alkilany AM. Formulation optimization of lyophilized aptamer-gold nanoparticles: Maintained colloidal stability and cellular uptake. Heliyon 2024; 10:e30743. [PMID: 38774322 PMCID: PMC11107208 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e30743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Revised: 05/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Anti-nucleolin (NCL) aptamer AS1411 is the first anticancer aptamer tested in clinical trials. Gold nanoparticles (AuNP) have been widely exploited for various biomedical applications due to their unique functional properties. In this study, we evaluated the colloidal stability and targeting capacity of AS1411-funtionalized AuNP (AuNP/NCL-Apt) against MCF-7 breast cancer cell line before and after lyophilization. Trehalose, mannitol, and sucrose at various concentrations were evaluated to determine their cryoprotection effects. Our results indicate that sucrose at 10 % (w/v) exhibits the best cryoprotection effect and minimal AuNP/NCL-Apt aggregation as confirmed by UV-Vis spectroscopy and dynamic light scattering (DLS) measurements. Moreover, the lyophilized AuNP/NCL-Apt at optimized formulation maintained its targeting and cytotoxic functionality against MCF-7 cells as proven by the cellular uptake assays utilizing flow cytometry and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). Quantitative PCR (qPCR) analysis of nucleolin-target gene expression also confirmed the effectiveness of AuNP/NCL-Apt. This study highlights the importance of selecting the proper type and concentration of cryoprotectant in the typical nanoparticle lyophilization process and contributes to our understanding of the physical and biological properties of functionalized nanoparticles upon lyophilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalya Saidi
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, 22110, Jordan
| | - Marya Obeidat
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, 22110, Jordan
| | - Shrouq Alsotari
- Cell Therapy Center, The University of Jordan, Amman, 11942, Jordan
| | - Abed-Alqader Ibrahim
- Department of Nanoscience, Joint School of Nanoscience and Nanoengineering, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, 2907 E. Gate City Blvd, Greensboro, NC, 27401, USA
| | - Rula Al-Buqain
- Cell Therapy Center, The University of Jordan, Amman, 11942, Jordan
| | - Suha Wehaibi
- Cell Therapy Center, The University of Jordan, Amman, 11942, Jordan
| | - Dana A. Alqudah
- Cell Therapy Center, The University of Jordan, Amman, 11942, Jordan
| | - Hamdi Nsairat
- Pharmacological and Diagnostic Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Ahliyya Amman University, Amman, 19328, Jordan
| | - Walhan Alshaer
- Cell Therapy Center, The University of Jordan, Amman, 11942, Jordan
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3
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Zhao C, Liu H, Huang S, Guo Y, Xu L. Metal-Organic Framework-Capped Gold Nanorod Hybrids for Combinatorial Cancer Therapy. Molecules 2024; 29:2384. [PMID: 38792244 PMCID: PMC11124105 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29102384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Revised: 05/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Recently, nanomaterials have attracted extensive attention in cancer-targeting therapy and as drug delivery vehicles owing to their unique surface and size properties. Multifunctional combinations of nanomaterials have become a research hotspot as researchers aim to provide a full understanding of their nanomaterial characteristics. In this study, metal-organic framework-capped gold nanorod hybrids were synthesized. Our research explored their ability to kill tumor cells by locally increasing the temperature via photothermal conclusion. The specific peroxidase-like activity endows the hybrids with the ability to disrupt the oxidative balance in vitro. Simultaneously, chemotherapeutic drugs are administered and delivered by loading and transportation for effective combinatorial cancer treatment, thereby enhancing the curative effect and reducing the unpredictable toxicity and side effects of large doses of chemotherapeutic drugs. These studies can improve combinatorial cancer therapy and enhance cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Yi Guo
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering, The Ministry of Education, National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China; (C.Z.); (H.L.); (S.H.)
| | - Li Xu
- Key Laboratory for Molecular Enzymology and Engineering, The Ministry of Education, National Engineering Laboratory for AIDS Vaccine, School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China; (C.Z.); (H.L.); (S.H.)
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Mendes de Almeida Junior A, Ferreira AS, Camacho SA, Gontijo Moreira L, de Toledo KA, Oliveira ON, Aoki PHB. Enhancing Phototoxicity in Human Colorectal Tumor Cells Through Nanoarchitectonics for Synergistic Photothermal and Photodynamic Therapies. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024. [PMID: 38652860 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c02247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Phototherapies are promising for noninvasive treatment of aggressive tumors, especially when combining heat induction and oxidative processes. Herein, we show enhanced phototoxicity of gold shell-isolated nanorods conjugated with toluidine blue-O (AuSHINRs@TBO) against human colorectal tumor cells (Caco-2) with synergic effects of photothermal (PTT) and photodynamic therapies (PDT). Mitochondrial metabolic activity tests (MTT) performed on Caco-2 cell cultures indicated a photothermal effect from AuSHINRs owing to enhanced light absorption from the localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR). The phototoxicity against Caco-2 cells was further increased with AuSHINRs@TBO where oxidative processes, such as hydroperoxidation, were also present, leading to a cell viability reduction from 85.5 to 39.0%. The molecular-level mechanisms responsible for these effects were investigated on bioinspired tumor membranes using Langmuir monolayers of Caco-2 lipid extract. Polarization-modulation infrared reflection-absorption spectroscopy (PM-IRRAS) revealed that the AuSHINRs@TBO incorporation is due to attractive electrostatic interactions with negatively charged groups of the Caco-2 lipid extract, resulting in the expansion of surface pressure isotherms. Upon irradiation, Caco-2 lipid extract monolayers containing AuSHINRs@TBO (1:1 v/v) exhibited ca. 1.0% increase in surface area. This is attributed to the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and their interaction with Caco-2 lipid extract monolayers, leading to hydroperoxide formation. The oxidative effects are facilitated by AuSHINRs@TBO penetration into the polar groups of the extract, allowing oxidative reactions with carbon chain unsaturations. These mechanisms are consistent with findings from confocal fluorescence microscopy, where the Caco-2 plasma membrane was the primary site of the cell death induction process.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - André Satoshi Ferreira
- School of Sciences, Humanities and Languages, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Assis, SP 19806-900, Brazil
| | - Sabrina Aléssio Camacho
- School of Sciences, Humanities and Languages, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Assis, SP 19806-900, Brazil
- São Carlos Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo (USP), São Carlos, SP 13566-590, Brazil
| | - Lucas Gontijo Moreira
- School of Sciences, Humanities and Languages, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Assis, SP 19806-900, Brazil
| | - Karina Alves de Toledo
- School of Sciences, Humanities and Languages, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Assis, SP 19806-900, Brazil
| | - Osvaldo N Oliveira
- São Carlos Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo (USP), São Carlos, SP 13566-590, Brazil
| | - Pedro Henrique Benites Aoki
- School of Sciences, Humanities and Languages, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Assis, SP 19806-900, Brazil
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5
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Ma J, Li Y, Ying Y, Wu B, Liu Y, Zhou J, Hu L. Progress of Mesoporous Silica Coated Gold Nanorods for Biological Imaging and Cancer Therapy. ChemMedChem 2024; 19:e202300374. [PMID: 37990850 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202300374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 11/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
For unique surface plasmon absorption and fluorescence characteristics, gold nanorods have been developed and widely employed in the biomedical field. However, limitations still exist due their low specific surface area, instability and tendency agglomerate in cytoplasm. Mesoporous silica materials have been broadly applied in field of catalysts, adsorbents, nanoreactors, and drug carriers due to its unique mesoporous structure, highly comparative surface area, good stability and biocompatibility. Therefore, coating gold nanorods with a dendritic mesopore channels can effectively prevent particle agglomeration, while increasing the specific surface area and drug loading efficiency. This review discusses the advancements of GNR@MSN in synthetic process, bio-imaging technique and tumor therapy. Additionally, the further application of GNR@MSN in imaging-guided treatment modalities is explored, while its promising superior application prospect is highlighted. Finally, the issues related to in vivo studies are critically examined for facilitating the transition of this promising nanoplatform into clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaying Ma
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, PR China
| | - Yongzhen Li
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, PR China
| | - Yunfei Ying
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, PR China
| | - Baibei Wu
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, PR China
| | - Yanmei Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, PR China
| | - Juan Zhou
- School of Mechanical Engineering, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, PR China
| | - Lidan Hu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, PR China
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Lansangan C, Khoobchandani M, Jain R, Rudensky S, Perry CC, Patil R. Designing Gold Nanoparticles for Precise Glioma Treatment: Challenges and Alternatives. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 17:1153. [PMID: 38473623 DOI: 10.3390/ma17051153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2023] [Revised: 02/24/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is a glioma and the most aggressive type of brain tumor with a dismal average survival time, despite the standard of care. One promising alternative therapy is boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT), which is a noninvasive therapy for treating locally invasive malignant tumors, such as glioma. BNCT involves boron-10 isotope capturing neutrons to form boron-11, which then releases radiation directly into tumor cells with minimal damage to healthy tissues. This therapy lacks clinically approved targeted blood-brain-barrier-permeating delivery vehicles for the central nervous system (CNS) entry of therapeutic boron-10. Gold nanoparticles (GNPs) are selective and effective drug-delivery vehicles because of their desirable properties, facile synthesis, and biocompatibility. This review discusses biomedical/therapeutic applications of GNPs as a drug delivery vehicle, with an emphasis on their potential for carrying therapeutic drugs, imaging agents, and GBM-targeting antibodies/peptides for treating glioma. The constraints of GNP therapeutic efficacy and biosafety are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cedric Lansangan
- Division of Cancer Science, Departments of Basic Sciences and Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University (LLU), 11175 Campus St., Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
| | - Menka Khoobchandani
- Division of Cancer Science, Departments of Basic Sciences and Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University (LLU), 11175 Campus St., Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
| | - Ruchit Jain
- Department of Surgery, Government Medical College, Miraj 416410, India
| | - Serge Rudensky
- Division of Cancer Science, Departments of Basic Sciences and Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University (LLU), 11175 Campus St., Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
| | - Christopher C Perry
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Basic Sciences, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University (LLU), 11175 Campus St., Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
| | - Rameshwar Patil
- Division of Cancer Science, Departments of Basic Sciences and Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University (LLU), 11175 Campus St., Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
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7
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Akbar NS, Habib MB, Rafiq M, Muhammad T, Alghamdi M. Biological structural study of emerging shaped nanoparticles for the blood flow in diverging tapered stenosed arteries to see their application in drug delivery. Sci Rep 2024; 14:1475. [PMID: 38233426 PMCID: PMC10794421 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-51848-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
The magnetic force effects and differently shaped nano-particles in diverging tapering arteries having stenoses are being studied in current research via blood flow model. There hasn't been any research done on using metallic nanoparticles of different shapes with water as the base fluid. A radially symmetric but axially non-symmetric stenosis is used to depict the blood flow. Another significant aspect of our research is the study of symmetrical distribution of wall shearing stresses in connection with resistive impedance, as well as the rise of these quantities with the progression of stenosis. Shaping nanoparticles in accordance with the understanding of blood flow in arteries offers numerous possibilities for improving drug delivery, targeted therapies, and diagnostic imaging in the context of cardiovascular and other vascular-related diseases. Exact solutions for different flow quantities namely velocity, temperature, resistance impedance, boundary shear stress, and shearing stress at the stenosis throat, have been assessed. For various parameters of relevance for Cu-water, the graphical results of several types of tapered arteries (i.e. diverging tapering) have been explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noreen Sher Akbar
- DBS&H, CEME, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
| | | | - Maimona Rafiq
- Department of Mathematics, COMSATS University Islamabad, Attock, 43600, Pakistan
| | - Taseer Muhammad
- Department of Mathematics, College of Science, King Khalid University, 61413, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Metib Alghamdi
- Department of Mathematics, College of Science, King Khalid University, 61413, Abha, Saudi Arabia
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8
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Gong Z, Peng S, Cao J, Tan H, Zhao H, Bai J. Advances in the variations and biomedical applications of stimuli-responsive nanodrug delivery systems. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2024; 35:132001. [PMID: 38198449 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ad170b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Chemotherapy is an important cancer treatment modality, but the clinical utility of chemotherapeutics is limited by their toxic side effects, inadequate distribution and insufficient intracellular concentrations. Nanodrug delivery systems (NDDSs) have shown significant advantages in cancer diagnosis and treatment. Variable NDDSs that respond to endogenous and exogenous triggers have attracted much research interest. Here, we summarized nanomaterials commonly used for tumor therapy, such as peptides, liposomes, and carbon nanotubes, as well as the responses of NDDSs to pH, enzymes, magnetic fields, light, and multiple stimuli. Specifically, well-designed NDDSs can change in size or morphology or rupture when induced by one or more stimuli. The varying responses of NDDSs to stimulation contribute to the molecular design and development of novel NDDSs, providing new ideas for improving drug penetration and accumulation, inhibiting tumor resistance and metastasis, and enhancing immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongying Gong
- College of Economics and Management, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266061, People's Republic of China
| | - Shan Peng
- School of Stomatology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, People's Republic of China
| | - Juanjuan Cao
- School of Bioscience and Technology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, People's Republic of China
| | - Haining Tan
- National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongxia Zhao
- College of Economics and Management, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266061, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingkun Bai
- School of Bioscience and Technology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, People's Republic of China
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9
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Pandey G, Phatale V, Khairnar P, Kolipaka T, Shah S, Famta P, Jain N, Srinivasarao DA, Rajinikanth PS, Raghuvanshi RS, Srivastava S. Supramolecular self-assembled peptide-engineered nanofibers: A propitious proposition for cancer therapy. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 256:128452. [PMID: 38042321 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.128452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/04/2023]
Abstract
Cancer is a devastating disease that causes a substantial number of deaths worldwide. Current therapeutic interventions for cancer include chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or surgery. These conventional therapeutic approaches are associated with disadvantages such as multidrug resistance, destruction of healthy tissues, and tissue toxicity. Therefore, there is a paradigm shift in cancer management wherein nanomedicine-based novel therapeutic interventions are being explored to overcome the aforementioned disadvantages. Supramolecular self-assembled peptide nanofibers are emerging drug delivery vehicles that have gained much attention in cancer management owing to their biocompatibility, biodegradability, biomimetic property, stimuli-responsiveness, transformability, and inherent therapeutic property. Supramolecules form well-organized structures via non-covalent linkages, the intricate molecular arrangement helps to improve tissue permeation, pharmacokinetic profile and chemical stability of therapeutic agents while enabling targeted delivery and allowing efficient tumor imaging. In this review, we present fundamental aspects of peptide-based self-assembled nanofiber fabrication their applications in monotherapy/combinatorial chemo- and/or immuno-therapy to overcome multi-drug resistance. The role of self-assembled structures in targeted/stimuli-responsive (pH, enzyme and photo-responsive) drug delivery has been discussed along with the case studies. Further, recent advancements in peptide nanofibers in cancer diagnosis, imaging, gene therapy, and immune therapy along with regulatory obstacles towards clinical translation have been deliberated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giriraj Pandey
- Pharmaceutical Innovation and Translational Research Lab (PITRL), Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, India
| | - Vivek Phatale
- Pharmaceutical Innovation and Translational Research Lab (PITRL), Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, India
| | - Pooja Khairnar
- Pharmaceutical Innovation and Translational Research Lab (PITRL), Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, India
| | - Tejaswini Kolipaka
- Pharmaceutical Innovation and Translational Research Lab (PITRL), Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, India
| | - Saurabh Shah
- Pharmaceutical Innovation and Translational Research Lab (PITRL), Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, India
| | - Paras Famta
- Pharmaceutical Innovation and Translational Research Lab (PITRL), Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, India
| | - Naitik Jain
- Pharmaceutical Innovation and Translational Research Lab (PITRL), Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, India
| | - Dadi A Srinivasarao
- Pharmaceutical Innovation and Translational Research Lab (PITRL), Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, India
| | - P S Rajinikanth
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow, India
| | - Rajeev Singh Raghuvanshi
- Central Drugs Standard Control Organization (CDSCO), Directorate General of Health Services, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Government of India, India
| | - Saurabh Srivastava
- Pharmaceutical Innovation and Translational Research Lab (PITRL), Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, India.
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10
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Zhao Y, Wang X, Li Y, Liu Y, Hou J, Guo Y. Preparation and photothermal therapy of gold nanorods modified by Belamcanda chinensis (L.) DC polysaccharide. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 255:127854. [PMID: 37935290 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.127854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, the application of nanoparticles formed by coupling metal nanomaterials of photothermal therapy with polysaccharides as modified carriers in the targeted treatment of liver cancer has attracted extensive attention. In the present work, an undescribed homogeneous polysaccharide BCP50-2 was obtained from Belamcanda chinensis (L.) DC. The structural analysis displayed that BCP50-2 contained galactose and a small amount of arabinose, and was mainly composed of six monosaccharide residues: →3,5)-α-l-Araf-(1→, →4)-β-d-Galp-(1→, →4,6)-β-d-Galp-(1→, →3)-α-l-Galp-(1→, terminal α-l-Araf, and terminal β-d-Galp. To enhance the antitumor activity of BCP50-2, BCP50-2-AuNRs were prepared by coupling BCP50-2 with gold nanorods for the treatment of liver cancer. BCP50-2-AuNRs were rod-shaped with a long diameter of 26.8 nm and had good photothermal conversion effects. Under near-infrared (NIR) light irradiation, BCP50-2-AuNRs possessed photothermal effects and suppressed the growth of HepG2, A549, and MCF-7 cells. In addition, BCP50-2-AuNRs inhibited the development of liver cancer by inducing cell apoptosis, arresting the cell cycle in G2/M phases, and inhibiting cell migration. Moreover, BCP50-2-AuNRs inhibited tumor proliferation, migration, and angiogenesis in zebrafish. In summary, BCP50-2-AuNRs may be potentially useful for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuelian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, People's Republic of China
| | - Yeling Li
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuhui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiantong Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanqiang Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Pharmacy, and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Drug Research, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, People's Republic of China.
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Bharathi D, Ranjithkumar R, Nandagopal JGT, Djearamane S, Lee J, Wong LS. Green synthesis of chitosan/silver nanocomposite using kaempferol for triple negative breast cancer therapy and antibacterial activity. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 238:117109. [PMID: 37696324 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.117109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis of polymer-encapsulated metal nanoparticles is a growing field of area due to their long-term uses in the development of new technologies. The present study describes the synthesis of chitosan/silver nanocomposite using kaempferol for anticancer and bactericidal activity. The formation of Kf-CS/Ag nanocomposite was confirmed by the development of a brown color and UV-absorbance around 438 nm. The IR study was utilized to determine the existence of Kf and CS in the synthesized nanocomposite. TEM analysis demonstrated that the synthesized nanocomposite have a predominantly uniform spherical shape and size ranges 7-10 nm. EDX spectrum showed the existence of Ag, C, and N elements in the nanocomposite material. Further, Kf-CS/Ag nanocomposite exhibited potential in vitro inhibitory property against triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) cells and their IC50 values was found to be 53 μg/mL. Moreover, fluorescent assays such as DAPI and AO/EtBr confirmed the apoptosis induction ability of Kf-CS/Ag nanocomposite in MDA-MB-231 cells. The synthesized Kf-CS/Ag nanocomposite showed significant and dose-depended antibacterial property against S. aureus and P. aeruginosa. Thus, the obtained findings demonstrated that the synthesized nanocomposite can be potentially used to improve human health as biocidal nanocomposite in biomedical sectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devaraj Bharathi
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, 280 Daehak-Ro, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea.
| | - Rajamani Ranjithkumar
- Viyen Biotech LLP, Coimbatore-641034, Tamil Nadu, India; Department of Biotechnology, Sri Ramakrishna College of Arts & Science, Nava India, Coimbatore-641006, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | - Sinouvassane Djearamane
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Science, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Kampar, 31900, Malaysia
| | - Jintae Lee
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, 280 Daehak-Ro, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Ling Shing Wong
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, INTI International University, Nilai, 71800, Malaysia
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12
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Zhang A, Gao L. The Refined Application and Evolution of Nanotechnology in Enhancing Radiosensitivity During Radiotherapy: Transitioning from Gold Nanoparticles to Multifunctional Nanomaterials. Int J Nanomedicine 2023; 18:6233-6256. [PMID: 37936951 PMCID: PMC10626338 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s436268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Radiotherapy is a pivotal method for treating malignant tumors, and enhancing the therapeutic gain ratio of radiotherapy through physical techniques is the direction of modern precision radiotherapy. Due to the inherent physical properties of high-energy radiation, enhancing the therapeutic gain ratio of radiotherapy through radiophysical techniques inevitably encounters challenges. The combination of hyperthermia and radiotherapy can enhance the radiosensitivity of tumor cells, reduce their radioresistance, and holds significant clinical utility in radiotherapy. Multifunctional nanomaterials with excellent biocompatibility and safety have garnered widespread attention in tumor hyperthermia research, demonstrating promising potential. Utilizing nanotechnology as a sensitizing carrier in conjunction with radiotherapy, and high atomic number nanomaterials can also serve independently as radiosensitizing carriers. This synergy between tumor hyperthermia and radiotherapy may overcome many challenges currently limiting tumor radiotherapy, offering new opportunities for its further advancement. In recent years, the continuous progress in the synthesis and design of novel nanomaterials will propel the future development of medical imaging and cancer treatment. This article summarizes the radiosensitizing mechanisms and effects based on gold nanotechnology and provides an overview of the advancements of other nanoparticles (such as bismuth-based nanomaterials, magnetic nanomaterials, selenium nanomaterials, etc.) in the process of radiation therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anqi Zhang
- Oncology Department, Huabei Petroleum Administration Bureau General Hospital, Renqiu, Hebei, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lei Gao
- Medical Imaging Department, Huabei Petroleum Administration Bureau General Hospital, Renqiu, Hebei, People’s Republic of China
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Dai J, Chen C, Yin M, Li H, Li W, Zhang Z, Wang Q, Du Z, Xu X, Wang Y. Interactions between gold nanoparticles with different morphologies and human serum albumin. Front Chem 2023; 11:1273388. [PMID: 37927561 PMCID: PMC10620604 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2023.1273388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Three different shapes of gold nanoparticles were synthesized in this experiment. At the same time, studies compared their effects with human serum albumin (HSA). Methods: Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) with three different morphologies, such as, nanospheres (AuNSs), nanorods (AuNRs), and nanoflowers (AuNFs) were synthesized via a seeding method and their characteristic absorption peaks were detected using ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) absorption spectroscopy, Telectron microscopy (TEM), Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) and Zeta potential measurements, circular dichroism (CD), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) to study the interactions between them and HSA. By comparing the thermodynamic parameters and quenching mechanism of the three materials, similarities and differences were determined in their interactions with HSA. Results: The results showed that with an increase in the concentration of the AuNPs with the three different morphologies, the UV-vis absorption peak intensity of the mixed solution increased, but its fluorescence intensity was quenched. This indicates that the three types of AuNPs interact with HSA, and that the interactions between them represent a static quenching process, which is consistent with the conclusions derived from three-dimensional fluorescence experiments. Through variable-temperature fluorescence experiments, the binding constants, number of binding sites, and thermodynamic parameters of the interactions between the three types of AuNPs and HSA were determined. The Gibbs free energy changes were <0, indicating that the reactions of the three types of AuNPs with HSA are spontaneous, resulting in associated matter. Binding constant measurements indicated that the strongest binding took place between the AuNFs and HSA. In addition, the results of fluorescence, CD spectroscopy, and FTIR showed that three different shapes of AuNPs can induce conformational changes in HSA and reduce the α-helix content. Among them, AuNFs have the smallest ability to induce conformational changes. Discussion: According to studies, AuNFs interact more favorably with HSA. This can be used as a reference for the administration of drugs containing AuNPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahui Dai
- Clinical Medical College, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong, China
| | - Chao Chen
- Clinical Medical College, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong, China
| | - Man Yin
- Clinical Medical College, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong, China
| | - Huixing Li
- Program for Scientific Research Innovation Team in Precision Medicine of Gynecologic Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong, China
| | - Wenbo Li
- Laboratory of New Antitumor Drug Molecular Design and Synthesis, College of Basic Medical, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong, China
| | - Zhaowei Zhang
- Laboratory of New Antitumor Drug Molecular Design and Synthesis, College of Basic Medical, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong, China
| | - Qian Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhongyu Du
- Laboratory of New Antitumor Drug Molecular Design and Synthesis, College of Basic Medical, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong, China
| | - Xiangyu Xu
- Laboratory of New Antitumor Drug Molecular Design and Synthesis, College of Basic Medical, Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong, China
| | - Yunfei Wang
- Program for Scientific Research Innovation Team in Precision Medicine of Gynecologic Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining, Shandong, China
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Etemad L, Salmasi Z, Moosavian Kalat SA, Moshiri M, Zamanian J, Kesharwani P, Sahebkar A. An overview on nanoplatforms for statins delivery: Perspectives for safe and effective therapy. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 234:116572. [PMID: 37429398 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.116572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
Statins are the most widely used pharmacological agents for reducing blood cholesterol levels and treating atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases. Most of the statins' derivatives have been limited by water solubility, bioavailability, and oral absorption, which has led to adverse effects on several organs, especially at high doses. As an approach to reducing statin intolerance, achieving a stable formulation with improved efficacy and bioavailability at low doses has been suggested. Nanotechnology-based formulations may provide a therapeutic benefit over traditional formulations in terms of potency and biosafety. Nanocarriers can provide tailored delivery platforms for statins, thereby enhancing the localized biological effects and lowering the risk of undesired side effects while boosting statin's therapeutic index. Furthermore, tailored nanoparticles can deliver the active cargo to the desired site, which culminates in reducing off-targeting and toxicity. Nanomedicine could also provide opportunities for therapeutic methods by personalized medicine. This review delves into the existing data on the potential improvement of statin therapy using nano-formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Etemad
- International UNESCO Center for Health-Related Basic Sciences and Human Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Zahra Salmasi
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Seyedeh Alia Moosavian Kalat
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohammad Moshiri
- Medical Toxicology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Clinical Toxicology, Imam Reza Hospital, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Javad Zamanian
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Targeted Drug Delivery Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Prashant Kesharwani
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, 110062, India; Department of Pharmacology, Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, India.
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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15
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Li X, Li B, Zhang W, Chen Z, Liu J, Shi Y, Xu H, Shan L, Liu X, Dong L. NIR-II responsive PEGylated MoO 2 nanocrystals with LSPR for efficient photothermal and photodynamic performance enhancement. Dalton Trans 2023; 52:11458-11464. [PMID: 37551454 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt01868g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
Phototherapy, including photothermal and photodynamic therapy, has gained extensive attention in the tumor treatment field recently, while synergistic therapy can significantly improve curative effects. However, a complicated photo-responsive nanosystem, different excitation wavelengths, and low tissue depth hindered its actual application. Herein, single near-infrared responsive PEGylated defective MoO2 nanocrystals were fabricated by a green hydrothermal method. The photothermal and photodynamic performances of the samples were presented in detail under a safe power of 1064 nm (NIR-II, 1.0 W cm-2). Interestingly, the photodynamic properties were prompted by the localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) photothermal effect obviously, and the collaborative enhancement mechanism was explored in depth. Subsequently, the in vitro cytotoxicity was evaluated on the 4T1 cancer cells under NIR-II irradiation. This work may provide guidance for the facile fabrication of TMOs for NIR-II responsive and enhanced dual-modal phototherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuejiao Li
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of CO2 Resource Utilization and Energy Catalytic Materials, School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Harbin University of Science and Technology, Harbin, 150040, PR China.
| | - Bo Li
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of CO2 Resource Utilization and Energy Catalytic Materials, School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Harbin University of Science and Technology, Harbin, 150040, PR China.
| | - Wenbo Zhang
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of CO2 Resource Utilization and Energy Catalytic Materials, School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Harbin University of Science and Technology, Harbin, 150040, PR China.
| | - Zimo Chen
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of CO2 Resource Utilization and Energy Catalytic Materials, School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Harbin University of Science and Technology, Harbin, 150040, PR China.
| | - Jinping Liu
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of CO2 Resource Utilization and Energy Catalytic Materials, School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Harbin University of Science and Technology, Harbin, 150040, PR China.
| | - Yu Shi
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of CO2 Resource Utilization and Energy Catalytic Materials, School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Harbin University of Science and Technology, Harbin, 150040, PR China.
| | - Huanyan Xu
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of CO2 Resource Utilization and Energy Catalytic Materials, School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Harbin University of Science and Technology, Harbin, 150040, PR China.
| | - Lianwei Shan
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of CO2 Resource Utilization and Energy Catalytic Materials, School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Harbin University of Science and Technology, Harbin, 150040, PR China.
| | - Xin Liu
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of CO2 Resource Utilization and Energy Catalytic Materials, School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Harbin University of Science and Technology, Harbin, 150040, PR China.
| | - Limin Dong
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of CO2 Resource Utilization and Energy Catalytic Materials, School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Harbin University of Science and Technology, Harbin, 150040, PR China.
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16
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Gupta D, Roy I, Gandhi S. Metallic nanoparticles for CT-guided imaging of tumors and their therapeutic applications. OPENNANO 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.onano.2023.100146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
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17
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Sekar R, Basavegowda N, Thathapudi JJ, Sekhar MR, Joshi P, Somu P, Baek KH. Recent Progress of Gold-Based Nanostructures towards Future Emblem of Photo-Triggered Cancer Theranostics: A Special Focus on Combinatorial Phototherapies. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15020433. [PMID: 36839754 PMCID: PMC9963714 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15020433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer is one of the most dangerous health problems in the millennium and it is the third foremost human cause of death in the universe. Traditional cancer treatments face several disadvantages and cannot often afford adequate outcomes. It has been exhibited that the outcome of several therapies can be improved when associated with nanostructures. In addition, a modern tendency is being developed in cancer therapy to convert single-modal into multi-modal therapies with the help of existing various nanostructures. Among them, gold is the most successful nanostructure for biomedical applications due to its flexibility in preparation, stabilization, surface modifications, less cytotoxicity, and ease of bio-detection. In the past few decades, gold-based nanomaterials rule cancer treatment applications, currently, gold nanostructures were the leading nanomaterials for synergetic cancer therapies. In this review article, the synthesis, stabilization, and optical properties of gold nanostructures have been discussed. Then, the surface modifications and targeting mechanisms of gold nanomaterials will be described. Recent signs of progress in the application of gold nanomaterials for synergetic cancer therapies such as photodynamic and photo-thermal therapies in combination with other common interventions such as radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and will be reviewed. Also, a summary of the pharmacokinetics of gold nanostructures will be delivered. Finally, the challenges and outlooks of the gold nanostructures in the clinics for applications in cancer treatments are debated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajkumar Sekar
- Department of Chemistry, Karpaga Vinayaga College of Engineering and Technology, GST Road, Chinna Kolambakkam, Chengalpattu 603308, India
| | - Nagaraj Basavegowda
- Department of Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Jesse Joel Thathapudi
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Agriculture and Biosciences, Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences (Deemed-to-be University), Karunya Nagar, Coimbatore 641114, India
- Correspondence: (J.J.T.); (K.-H.B.); Tel.: +82-52-810-3029 (K.-H.B.)
| | - Medidi Raja Sekhar
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Kebri Dehar University, Korahe Zone, Somali Region, Kebri Dehar 3060, Ethiopia
| | - Parinita Joshi
- SDM College of Medical Science and Hospital, Manjushree Nagar, Sattur, Dharwad 580009, India
| | - Prathap Somu
- Department of Bioengineering, Institute of Biotechnology, Saveetha School of Engineering, SIMATS, Chennai 600124, India
| | - Kwang-Hyun Baek
- Department of Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea
- Correspondence: (J.J.T.); (K.-H.B.); Tel.: +82-52-810-3029 (K.-H.B.)
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