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Casamián-Sorrosal D, Barrera-Chacón R, Fonfara S, Cristobal-Verdejo JI, Talavera-López J, Belinchón-Lorenzo S, Miró-Corrales G, Caro-Vadillo A, Duque FJ. Evaluation of heart fatty acid-binding protein as a biomarker for canine leishmaniosis. Vet Rec 2023; 192:e2683. [PMID: 36755402 DOI: 10.1002/vetr.2683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Myocarditis frequently occurs in canine leishmaniosis (CanL). Heart fatty acid-binding protein (HFABP) is a biomarker of myocardial damage. METHODS This study aimed to compare HFABP concentration (HFABPc) in healthy dogs and dogs at different stages of CanL and evaluate the correlation of this biomarker with several clinicopathological and echocardiographic variables. Thirty-one dogs diagnosed with CanL and 10 healthy dogs were included. RESULTS HFABPc was not statistically different (p > 0.05) between groups of dogs at different LeishVet stages of CanL or between groups with high versus low to intermediate serology titres. In 70% of CanL dogs, HFABPc was within the 95% confidence interval limits of the mean of healthy dogs. A moderate negative correlation with globulin (r = -0.519; p = 0.03) and haematocrit (HCT) (r = -0.538; p = 0.02) was observed. No other significant correlation (p > 0.05) was observed with any other variable. LIMITATIONS Many statistical tests were performed, and therefore, type I error cannot be ruled out. CONCLUSION HFABPc is not consistently elevated in dogs with CanL and is not associated with the severity of the disease, or most echocardiographic or clinicopathological variables studied. The correlation with globulin and HCT was not strong and not considered clinically significant. HFABPc lacks sufficient predictive capacity in dogs with CanL, discouraging further research or clinical use of this biomarker in this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domingo Casamián-Sorrosal
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital & Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery, School of Veterinary Science, Universidad Católica de Valencia San Vicente Mártir, Valencia, Spain
| | - Rafael Barrera-Chacón
- Department of Animal Medicine & LeishmanCeres Laboratory, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Universidad de Extremadura, Caceres, Spain
| | - Sonja Fonfara
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - José Ignacio Cristobal-Verdejo
- Department of Animal Medicine & LeishmanCeres Laboratory, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Universidad de Extremadura, Caceres, Spain
| | - Jesús Talavera-López
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery & Teaching Veterinary Hospital, Veterinary School, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Silvia Belinchón-Lorenzo
- Department of Animal Medicine & LeishmanCeres Laboratory, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Universidad de Extremadura, Caceres, Spain
| | - Guadalupe Miró-Corrales
- Department of Animal Health & Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alicia Caro-Vadillo
- Department of Animal Medicine and Surgery & Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Javier Duque
- Department of Animal Medicine & LeishmanCeres Laboratory, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Universidad de Extremadura, Caceres, Spain
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2
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Machida N, Sasaki T, Kimura Y, Hirakawa A. The anatomical basis of third-degree atrioventricular block in dogs with atrioventricular valve endocardiosis. J Comp Pathol 2023; 201:63-69. [PMID: 36709730 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2022.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The cardiac conduction system was examined histologically in 13 canine cases of atrioventricular (AV) valve endocardiosis with third-degree AV block. In all cases, gross examination revealed marked thickening and distortion of the base of the central fibrous body (CFB) and varying degrees of endocardial thickening of the upper portion of the ventricular septum (VS) as well as marked thickening of the mitral and tricuspid valve leaflets due to myxomatous degeneration. Microscopically, the thickened and distorted CFB had encased or trapped, either partly or totally, the underlying penetrating and branching portions of the AV bundle. The myxomatous and/or fibrofatty tissue, which had proliferated at the base of the extensive CFB, protruded into or encroached on the AV bundle, causing severe (51-75%) to very severe (76% or more) reduction of the conduction fibres. The upper portions of the left and right bundle branches were involved in the endocardial thickening due to degenerative and fibrotic changes at the uppermost VS; however, both bundle branches were much less severely affected than the AV bundle, the degree of reduction of the conduction fibres ranging from mild (25% or less) to moderate (26-50%). These observations suggest that the sites most vulnerable to lesions in the AV conduction system are the penetrating and branching portions of the AV bundle, which would represent the anatomical basis for third-degree AV block in canine cases of AV valve endocardiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noboru Machida
- Laboratory of Veterinary Clinical Oncology, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Takafumi Sasaki
- Laboratory of Veterinary Clinical Oncology, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yusuke Kimura
- Laboratory of Veterinary Clinical Oncology, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo, Japan
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3
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Herbert J, Todd J, Leeder D. Resolution of HCM phenotype and CHF following CMOP protocol in a cat with large cell lymphoma and suspected cardiac involvement. VETERINARY RECORD CASE REPORTS 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/vrc2.513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joe Herbert
- Small Animal Specialist Hospital Sydney New South Wales Australia
| | - Johanna Todd
- Small Animal Specialist Hospital Sydney New South Wales Australia
| | - Damon Leeder
- Veterinary Cardiac Imaging Sydney New South Wales Australia
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4
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Ohmori T, Matsumura Y, Yoshimura A, Morita S, Hasegawa H, Hirao D, Fukushima R. Efficacy of cilostazol in canine bradyarrhythmia. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:954295. [PMID: 36061105 PMCID: PMC9427924 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.954295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, cilostazol, a phosphodiesterase III inhibitor, has been described as alternative medical treatment for canine bradyarrhythmia in cases for which pacemaker implantation was not indicated or available. In this retrospective study, we investigated the use and efficacy of cilostazol in dogs with bradyarrhythmia in Japan. Dogs that had been brought to the Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology Animal Medical Center and 23 veterinary hospitals in Japan and been treated with cilostazol initially as the only therapeutic strategy for bradyarrhythmia between January 2010 and August 2021 were included in this study. Survival analyses were performed using Cox proportional hazards analysis, the log-rank test, and the generalized Wilcoxon test to evaluate the efficacy of cilostazol. Fifty-nine privately owned dogs were included in this study. In the survival time analysis, the risk of death was significantly lower and the survival rate was higher in cases in which cilostazol was administered at 10 mg/kg or more per dose. A third-degree atrioventricular block also significantly increased the risk of death and was associated with a lower survival rate. However, in some patients with a third-degree atrioventricular block, there was an increase in the ventricular rate and improvement in clinical symptoms without disappearance or decrease of the atrioventricular block. This study had several important findings that have not previously been reported concerning the use of cilostazol for canine bradyarrhythmia, including the appropriate dose in a clinical setting and the efficacy and prognosis according to the type of bradyarrhythmia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Ryuji Fukushima
- Animal Medical Center, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu-shi, Tokyo, Japan
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5
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Imai T, Ojiro R, Kimura Y, Machida N. Pathological Features of Persistent Atrial Standstill Syndrome in Three Dogs. J Comp Pathol 2020; 180:9-15. [PMID: 33222880 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2020.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2020] [Revised: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The hearts of three dogs, clinically diagnosed as having persistent atrial standstill syndrome (PAS), were studied post mortem. The most significant gross findings in the hearts of all three dogs were dilatation and marked reduction in the thickness of both atrial walls. Histopathologically, all three had widespread progressive loss of the atrial myocardium with replacement by fatty or fibrofatty tissue, consistent with atrial myopathy. The lesion mainly affected the upper half of both atria and was more severe in the epimyocardium and midmyocardium than in the endomyocardium. On the basis of these observations, it is proposed that the atrial myopathy commences in the upper regions of both atria and progresses downwards, as has been demonstrated electrophysiologically in PAS in humans, and extends from the epicardium towards the endocardium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoko Imai
- Laboratory of Veterinary Clinical Oncology, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryota Ojiro
- Laboratory of Veterinary Clinical Oncology, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yusuke Kimura
- Laboratory of Veterinary Clinical Oncology, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Noboru Machida
- Laboratory of Veterinary Clinical Oncology, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo, Japan.
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6
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Santilli RA, Grego E, Battaia S, Gianella P, Tursi M, Di Girolamo N, Biasato I, Perego M. Prevalence of selected cardiotropic pathogens in the myocardium of adult dogs with unexplained myocardial and rhythm disorders or with congenital heart disease. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2020; 255:1150-1160. [PMID: 31687895 DOI: 10.2460/javma.255.10.1150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the prevalence of nucleic acid from selected cardiotropic pathogens in endomyocardial biopsy samples from dogs with unexplained myocardial and rhythm disorders (UMRD) and compare prevalence with that for a group of control dogs with congenital heart disease (CHD). ANIMALS 47 client-owned dogs. PROCEDURES Right ventricular endomyocardial biopsy was performed in dogs with UMRD (dilated cardiomyopathy [n = 25], atrioventricular block [6], and nonfamilial ventricular [4] and supraventricular arrhythmias [2]) or CHD (10) that required right ventricular catheterization. Biopsy samples were evaluated histologically, and PCR assays were used for detection of nucleic acid from 12 pathogens. RESULTS 197 biopsy samples were collected from dogs with UMRD (n = 172) or CHD (25). At least 1 pathogen was detected in 21 of 37 (57%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 41% to 71%) dogs with UMRD, and canine coronavirus was detected in 1 of 10 (10%; 95% CI, 2% to 40%) dogs with CHD. Dogs with UMRD were significantly more likely than dogs with CHD to have pathogens detected in biopsy samples (OR, 11.8; 95% CI, 1.3 to 103.0). The most common pathogens in dogs with UMRD were canine distemper virus, canine coronavirus, canine parvovirus 2, and Bartonella spp. No pathogens were detected in available blood samples from dogs with pathogens detected in biopsy samples. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Detection of nucleic acids from selected cardiotropic pathogens in myocardial tissue from dogs with UMRD suggested a possible association between the 2. Further studies are needed to explore whether this association is causative or clinically important. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 2019;255:1150-1160).
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Sasaki T, Saeki C, Hirakawa A, Machida N. Pathological Features of Complete Atrioventricular Block in Dogs with Lymphocytic Myocarditis. J Comp Pathol 2019; 174:18-25. [PMID: 31955799 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2019.10.191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2019] [Revised: 10/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The cardiac conduction system was examined histologically in 12 canine cases of lymphocytic myocarditis with complete atrioventricular (AV) block. Histological analysis showed active myocarditis characterized by intense infiltration of mononuclear cells, primarily lymphoid, associated with degeneration and necrosis of the adjacent cardiomyocytes. Additionally, there was healing or healed myocarditis manifested by disappearance of cardiomyocytes and replacement fibrosis. This destructive inflammatory process of lymphocytic myocarditis involved the whole of the AV conduction system, resulting in loss and deletion of the conduction fibres, as well as the myocardium of all chambers. Such total or subtotal destruction of the AV conduction system caused by the inflammatory changes was thought to have set the stage for blocking AV conduction of cardiac impulses, but the aetiology of the lymphocytic myocarditis was not elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Sasaki
- Laboratory of Veterinary Clinical Oncology, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo
| | - C Saeki
- Laboratory of Veterinary Clinical Oncology, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo
| | - A Hirakawa
- Pet Clinic Hallelujah, 2544-1 Nakabaru, Kasuya, Kasuya-gun, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - N Machida
- Laboratory of Veterinary Clinical Oncology, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 3-5-8 Saiwai-cho, Fuchu, Tokyo.
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8
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Molesan A, Goodman L, Ford J, Lovering SJ, Kelly K. The Causes of Canine Myocarditis and Myocardial Fibrosis Are Elusive by Targeted Molecular Testing: Retrospective Analysis and Literature Review. Vet Pathol 2019; 56:761-777. [PMID: 31106678 PMCID: PMC10957289 DOI: 10.1177/0300985819839241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Myocarditis can cause death or permanent heart damage. As epidemiologic and etiopathologic data for canine myocarditis are lacking, we performed a retrospective study using nucleic acid extracted from archived (2007 to 2015) tissues from myocarditis cases and control dogs without myocardial lesions. Heart tissue from pediatric/juvenile and adult dogs was tested with a comprehensive panel of conventional and real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays targeting recognized agents of canine myocarditis based on a literature review and informed by the comparative epidemiology of human myocarditis. The PCR screen, which included canine parvovirus 2 (CPV-2), canine distemper virus, canine herpesvirus, Borrelia spp, West Nile virus, adenovirus, parainfluenza virus, pneumovirus, respiratory coronavirus, influenza virus, Bartonella spp, Rickettsia spp, Mycoplasma spp, and Neospora caninum, did not detect agents in 35 of 66 cases (53%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 41%-65%) and was frequently negative in adults (21/26); by comparison, agents were not detected in 27 of 57 controls (47%; 95% CI, 35%-60%). Canine distemper virus, herpesvirus, adenovirus, coronavirus, parainfluenza virus, Mycoplasma haemocanis, and N. caninum were occasionally detected in both cases and controls; thus, PCR detection was not considered to indicate causation. We previously reported that CPV-2 continues to be associated with myocarditis in young dogs despite widespread vaccination; in adults, CPV-2 was detected in 2 of 26 cases and 4 of 22 controls. As several agents were similarly detected in cases and controls, it is unclear if these are cardiopathogenic, incidental, or latent. West Nile virus was detected at the analytic limit in 1 adult case. We did not detect Borrelia spp, Bartonella spp, Rickettsia spp, or influenza A virus in the myocarditis cases. These data demonstrate the limitations of current targeted diagnostic tests and the need for additional research to identify unknown agents and develop testing strategies for canine myocarditis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Molesan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Laura Goodman
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Services, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Jordan Ford
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Samantha J. Lovering
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Kathleen Kelly
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
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9
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Santilli RA, Giacomazzi F, Porteiro Vázquez DM, Perego M. Indications for permanent pacing in dogs and cats. J Vet Cardiol 2019; 22:20-39. [PMID: 30709617 PMCID: PMC7185536 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2018.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Revised: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Pacemaker implantation is considered as a standard procedure for treatment of symptomatic bradycardia in both dogs and cats. Advanced second-degree and third-degree atrioventricular blocks, sick sinus syndrome, persistent atrial standstill, and vasovagal syncope are the most common rhythm disturbances that require pacing to either alleviate clinical signs or prolong survival. Most pacemakers are implanted transvenously, using endocardial leads, but rarely epicardial leads may be necessary. To decide whether a patient is a candidate for pacing, as well as which pacing modality should be used, the clinician must have a clear understanding of the etiology, the pathophysiology, and the natural history of the most common bradyarrhythmias, as well as what result can be achieved by pacing patients with different rhythm disturbances. The goal of this review was, therefore, to describe the indications for pacing by evaluating the available evidence in both human and veterinary medicine. We described the etiology of bradyarrhythmias, clinical signs and electrocardiographic abnormalities, and the choice of pacing modality, taking into account how different choices may have different physiological consequences to selected patients. It is expected that this review will assist veterinarians in recognizing arrhythmias that may require permanent pacing and the risk-benefit of each pacing modality and its impact on outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Santilli
- Clinica Veterinaria Malpensa, Viale Marconi 27, 21017 Samarate, Varese, Italy; Department of Clinical Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.
| | - F Giacomazzi
- Clinica Veterinaria Malpensa, Viale Marconi 27, 21017 Samarate, Varese, Italy
| | | | - M Perego
- Clinica Veterinaria Malpensa, Viale Marconi 27, 21017 Samarate, Varese, Italy
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10
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Wesselowski S, Cusack K, Gordon SG, Jeffery N, Saunders AB. Artificial cardiac pacemaker placement in dogs with a cohort of myocarditis suspects and association of ultrasensitive cardiac troponin I with survival. J Vet Cardiol 2018; 22:84-95. [PMID: 30573438 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2018.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Revised: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Artificial cardiac pacemakers (APs) are a common treatment for symptomatic bradyarrhythmias in dogs, some of which may be triggered by underlying myocarditis. Severely elevated cardiac troponin I (cTnI) concentrations support a diagnosis of myocarditis. The association of ultrasensitive-cTnI (US-cTnI) concentration with survival in a large cohort of dogs receiving APs is not described. ANIMALS, MATERIALS, AND METHODS The study included 110 dogs receiving APs over a 5-year period. Medical records were retrospectively reviewed to characterize the entire population receiving APs, with further analysis in dogs with preprocedural US-cTnI concentrations (n = 64) classified as normal/group 1 (n = 11), mildly to moderately elevated/group 2 (n = 27), and severely elevated/myocarditis suspects/group 3 (n = 26). RESULTS Median survival time was 1079 days for the entire population, 1167 days for group 2, 949 days for group 3, and not met in group 1. There was not a statistically significant difference in survival between group 2 and group 3. Overall, US-cTnI had a mild, negative association with survival. Age had a stronger negative association. Infectious etiologies were identified in a minority of group 3 cases. A possible association between severely elevated US-cTnI and a sudden death outcome was noted. CONCLUSIONS The negative association of US-cTnI with survival outcomes was mild, with age having a larger effect. Although a sudden death outcome may be seen more commonly in myocarditis suspects, group 3 survival time was similar to that of the entire canine population. Plausible infectious causes of myocarditis were infrequently identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Wesselowski
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, 4474 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843-4474, USA.
| | - K Cusack
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, 4474 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843-4474, USA
| | - S G Gordon
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, 4474 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843-4474, USA
| | - N Jeffery
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, 4474 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843-4474, USA
| | - A B Saunders
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, 4474 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843-4474, USA
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11
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Oxford EM, Giacomazzi FB, Moïse NS, Santilli RA. Clinical and electrocardiographic presentations of transient trifascicular block in three cats. J Vet Cardiol 2018; 20:204-212. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2018.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Revised: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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12
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Joseph JL, Oxford EM, Santilli RA. Transient myocardial thickening in a Bartonella henselae-positive cat. J Vet Cardiol 2018; 20:198-203. [PMID: 29730195 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2018.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Revised: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A 3-year-old castrated male domestic shorthair presented to the Cornell University Hospital for Animals for acute onset respiratory distress. Thoracic radiographs, echocardiogram, and electrocardiogram (ECG) revealed left-sided congestive heart failure, myocardial thickening with left atrial dilation, and sinus rhythm conducted with a left bundle branch block, respectively. Cardiac troponin I was elevated and continued to increase over 36 h (1.9 ng/mL, 3.1 ng/mL, and 3.5 ng/mL, sequentially every 12 h). The cat tested positive for Bartonella henselae and was treated with azithromycin (30 mg/kg by mouth (PO) every 24 h for 30 days), along with furosemide (1 mg/kg PO every 24 h), benazepril (0.4 mg/kg PO every 24 h), pimobendan (0.23 mg/kg PO every 12 h), and clopidogrel (18.75 mg PO every 24 h). Reevaluation at 6 weeks revealed normal respiratory rate on physical examination, normal cardiac structures and function on echocardiogram, resolution of left bundle branch block on ECG, and normal cardiac troponin I levels (0.06 ng/mL). All medications were discontinued at this time, and the cat continued to do well 5 months after reevaluation. Here, we report a case of transient myocardial thickening in a cat that was also positive for B. henselae.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Joseph
- Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, 930 Campus Road, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - E M Oxford
- Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, 930 Campus Road, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA; Veterinary Medical Center of Central New York, 5841 Bridge St, East Syracuse, NY 13057, USA.
| | - R A Santilli
- Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine, 930 Campus Road, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA; Clinica Veterinaria Malpensa, Viale Marconi 27, 21017 Samarate, Varese, Italy
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13
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Santilli RA, Battaia S, Perego M, Tursi M, Grego E, Marzufero C, Gianella P. Bartonella-associated inflammatory cardiomyopathy in a dog. J Vet Cardiol 2016; 19:74-81. [PMID: 27847165 PMCID: PMC7105015 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2016.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Revised: 07/23/2016] [Accepted: 07/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A 6-year-old, male, mongrel dog was presented for acute onset of dyspnea and cough. At admission, the dog was cachectic and severely depressed. The electrocardiogram showed a sinus rhythm conducted with left bundle truncular branch block and interrupted by frequent multiform ventricular ectopic beats organized in allorhythmias. Thoracic radiographs revealed a marked cardiomegaly with perihilar edema, whereas transthoracic echocardiography revealed a dilated cardiomyopathy with segmental dyskinesis. Furosemide, enalapril, pimobendan, and mexiletine were prescribed, and a Holter was scheduled after resolution of congestive heart failure. Three days later, the dog died suddenly during sleep. Histopathology revealed diffuse myocyte hypertrophy with multifocal hemorrhages, alternating to areas of severe replacement fibrosis and lymphoplasmocytic infiltrates. Immunohystochemistry stains were strongly positive for T-lymphocyte infiltration (CD3) and weakly positive for B-lymphocytes (CD79). Polymerase chain reaction was positive for Bartonella spp. Based on these results, a post-mortem diagnosis of bacterial inflammatory cardiomyopathy was made.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Santilli
- Clinica Veterinaria Malpensa, Viale Marconi 27, Samarate, Varese, 21017, Italy.
| | - S Battaia
- Ospedale Veterinario I Portoni Rossi, Via Roma 57, Zola Predosa, Bologna, 40069, Italy
| | - M Perego
- Clinica Veterinaria Malpensa, Viale Marconi 27, Samarate, Varese, 21017, Italy
| | - M Tursi
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Viale da Vinci, Grugliasco, Torino, 10095, Italy
| | - E Grego
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Viale da Vinci, Grugliasco, Torino, 10095, Italy
| | - C Marzufero
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Viale da Vinci, Grugliasco, Torino, 10095, Italy
| | - P Gianella
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Viale da Vinci, Grugliasco, Torino, 10095, Italy
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14
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Menicagli F, Lanza A, Sbrocca F, Baldi A, Spugnini EP. A case of advanced second-degree atrioventricular block in a ferret secondary to lymphoma. Open Vet J 2016; 6:68-70. [PMID: 27200273 PMCID: PMC4833871 DOI: 10.4314/ovj.v6i1.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
A female ferret was referred as an emergency for severe respiratory distress symptoms. At presentation, the patient was listlessness, dyspnoeic, and hyper-responsive. The clinical examination evidenced dyspnea with cyanosis, altered cardiac rhythm, and hepatomegaly. Electrocardiography showed an advanced second-degree atrioventricular (AV) block. The liver aspirate was diagnostic for lymphoma. The patient did not respond to supportive therapy and rapidly died. Post-mortem exams confirmed the presence of lymphoma with hepatic involvement. Moreover, a pericardial lymphocytic infiltration and a widespread myocardial nodular localization of lymphoma were evidenced as well. This condition was probably the cause of the cardiac arrhythmia. To the best of our knowledge, ours is the first report of cardiac lymphoma causing heart block in ferrets.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Menicagli
- Gianicolense Veterinary Centre, Via Lorenzo Valla 25/b, 00152 Rome, Italy
| | - A Lanza
- Gianicolense Veterinary Centre, Via Lorenzo Valla 25/b, 00152 Rome, Italy
| | - F Sbrocca
- Gianicolense Veterinary Centre, Via Lorenzo Valla 25/b, 00152 Rome, Italy
| | - A Baldi
- Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - E P Spugnini
- SAFU, Regina Elena Cancer Institute, Via delle Messi d' Oro 156, 00158 Rome, Italy
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15
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Santilli RA, Porteiro Vázquez DM, Vezzosi T, Perego M. Long-term Intrinsic Rhythm Evaluation in Dogs with Atrioventricular Block. J Vet Intern Med 2015; 30:58-62. [PMID: 26572234 PMCID: PMC4913642 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.13661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2015] [Revised: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Atrioventricular block (AVB) is a conduction abnormality along the atrioventricular node that, depending on etiology, may lead to different outcomes. Objectives To evaluate variations of intrinsic rhythm (IR) in dogs that underwent pacemaker implantation (PMI). Animals Medical records of 92 dogs affected by 3rd degree atrioventricular block (3AVB), advanced 2nd degree AVB (2AVB), paroxysmal 3AVB, 2:1 2AVB, or 3AVB with atrial fibrillation (AF) were retrospectively reviewed. Method The patient IR was documented with telemetry on the day of 1 – (95% CI, 1–2), 33 – (95% CI, 28–35), 105 – (95%CI, 98–156), and 275 days (95%CI, 221–380) after PMI. According to AVB grade at different examinations, AVB was defined as progressed, regressed, or unchanged. Results In 48 dogs, 3AVB remained unchanged, whereas in 7 it regressed. Eight cases of 2AVB progressed, 3 regressed and 2 remained unchanged. Eight cases of paroxysmal 3AVB progressed and 3 remained unchanged. Four dogs affected by 2:1 2AVB progressed, 2 regressed, and 1 remained unchanged. All cases with 3AVB with AF remained unchanged. Regression occurred within 30 days after PMI, whereas progression was documented at any time. Variations in IR were associated with type of AVB (P < .03) and time of follow‐up (P < .0001). Conclusions and clinical importance The degree of AVB assessed at the time of PMI should not be considered definitive because more than one‐third of the cases in this study either progressed or regressed. Additional studies would be necessary to elucidate possible causes for transient AVB in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Santilli
- Clinica Veterinaria Malpensa, Samarate, Varese, Italy
| | | | - T Vezzosi
- Ospedale Didattico Veterinario "Mario Modenato", Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università di Pisa, San Piero a Grado (Pisa), Italy
| | - M Perego
- Clinica Veterinaria Malpensa, Samarate, Varese, Italy
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16
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Janus I, Noszczyk-Nowak A, Nowak M, Cepiel A, Ciaputa R, Pasławska U, Dzięgiel P, Jabłońska K. Myocarditis in dogs: etiology, clinical and histopathological features (11 cases: 2007-2013). Ir Vet J 2014; 67:28. [PMID: 25642323 PMCID: PMC4311452 DOI: 10.1186/s13620-014-0028-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2014] [Accepted: 12/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Myocarditis is a disease caused by numerous etiological factors and characterized by a non-specific course. The only method allowing for precise characterization of inflammatory changes is the histopathological examination of heart muscle specimens. The study was conducted on heart muscle preparations from 11 dogs with ante-mortem diagnosis of cardiac disease. Animals presented with a poor response to an applied treatment or had suspected sudden cardiac death. The heart specimens were taken post-mortem, preserved and stained with haematoxylin and eosin. Subsequently, the presence and intensity of changes, i.e. inflammatory infiltration, the amount of connective tissue and features of cardiomyocyte degeneration were estimated. The specimens from dogs suspected of having a myocarditis of bacteriological etiology underwent additional bacteriological and immunohistochemical examination. Results The examination revealed an inflammatory infiltration of variable intensity combined with the degenerative changes in all dogs. There were vegetative and abnormal cystic forms of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in 6 dogs. A Staphylococcus aureus infection was confirmed in one dog and an acute coronary syndrome with neutrophil infiltration was revealed in another one. Conclusions Although the clinical pattern in patients with myocarditis is diverse, the definitive morphological diagnosis is made based on the histopathological examination. This examination can lead to a better understanding of the pathogenesis of the disease. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first description of myocarditis combined with the presence of spore forms of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in the heart specimens of dogs. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13620-014-0028-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izabela Janus
- Division of Pathomorphology and Veterinary Forensics, Department of Pathology, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wroclaw, 50375 Poland
| | - Agnieszka Noszczyk-Nowak
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinic of Diseases of Horses, Dogs and Cats Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wroclaw, 50366 Poland
| | - Marcin Nowak
- Division of Pathomorphology and Veterinary Forensics, Department of Pathology, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wroclaw, 50375 Poland
| | - Alicja Cepiel
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinic of Diseases of Horses, Dogs and Cats Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wroclaw, 50366 Poland
| | - Rafał Ciaputa
- Division of Pathomorphology and Veterinary Forensics, Department of Pathology, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wroclaw, 50375 Poland
| | - Urszula Pasławska
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinic of Diseases of Horses, Dogs and Cats Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wroclaw, 50366 Poland
| | - Piotr Dzięgiel
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, 50368 Poland ; Department of Physiotherapy, University School of Physical Education, Wroclaw, 51612 Poland
| | - Karolina Jabłońska
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, 50368 Poland
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To review indications, procedures, and prognosis for common cardiovascular emergencies requiring intervention in small animals. ETIOLOGY Pericardial effusion, symptomatic bradycardia, and heartworm-induced caval syndrome are examples of clinical scenarios commonly requiring intervention. Pericardial effusion in small animals occurs most frequently from cardiac neoplasia, idiopathic pericarditis, or congestive heart failure. Indications for temporary pacing include transient bradyarrhythmias, ingestions resulting in chronotropic incompetence, and emergency stabilization of critical bradyarrhythmias. Caval syndrome results from a large dirofilarial worm burden, pulmonary hypertension, and mechanical obstruction of right-sided cardiac output with resultant hemolysis and organ dysfunction. DIAGNOSIS The diagnosis of pericardial effusion is suspected from signalment and physical findings and confirmed with cardiac ultrasound. Symptomatic bradycardias often present for syncope and definitive diagnosis derives from an ECG. Caval syndrome is diagnosed upon clinical, hematologic, and ultrasonographic evidence of severe heartworm infestation, cardiovascular compromise, and/or mechanical hemolysis. THERAPY Pericardial effusion is alleviated by pericardiocentesis in the emergency setting, though may require further intervention for long-term palliation. Temporary transvenous pacing can be performed emergently to stabilize the symptomatic patient with a bradyarrhythmia. Dirofilariasis leading to caval syndrome requires urgent heartworm extraction. PROGNOSIS The prognosis for pericardial effusion is dependent upon the underlying etiology; the prognosis for cardiac pacing is favorable, and the prognosis for caval syndrome is grave if untreated and guarded to fair if heartworm extraction is performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian A Scansen
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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18
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Trafny DJ, Oyama MA, Wormser C, Reynolds CA, Singletary GE, Peddle GD. Cardiac troponin-I concentrations in dogs with bradyarrhythmias before and after artificial pacing. J Vet Cardiol 2010; 12:183-90. [PMID: 21030328 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvc.2010.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2010] [Revised: 07/22/2010] [Accepted: 07/23/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To quantify cardiac troponin-I (cTnI) concentration in dogs with symptomatic bradyarrhythmias before and after artificial pacing and to correlate cTnI concentration with diagnosis, echocardiographic parameters, serology, and outcome. ANIMALS, MATERIALS AND METHODS Medical records from the University of Pennsylvania from 2006 to 2009 were reviewed, and 14 dogs with cTnI assay results before and after pacemaker were identified. The ECG diagnosis included complete atrioventricular block (AVB), sick sinus syndrome, 2nd degree AVB, and atrial standstill. Serology, presence of premature beats, echocardiographic measurements, and pacing modality were recorded. RESULTS Mean cTnI concentration was elevated both pre- and post-pacing, and was significantly higher pre-pacing vs. post-pacing. Post-pacing cTnI concentration in 9 of 14 dogs (64%) remained above the reference range. Four dogs yielded high serum titers for Bartonella spp. Four dogs with markedly increased cTnI concentration had progressive left ventricular enlargement and myocardial failure as compared to pre-pacing examination. CONCLUSIONS Elevated cTnI concentration suggests that cardiac injury persists after artificial pacing in dogs with bradyarrhythmias. Myocarditis secondary to Bartonella spp. or other causes may be an important cause of AVB in dogs. Prospective studies investigating the correlation of cTnI to potential etiology and development of post-pacing LV dysfunction and outcome are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis J Trafny
- Department of Clinical Studies-Philadelphia, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, MJR-VHUP-Cardiology, 3900 Delancey St., Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
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Fonfara S, Loureiro JF, Swift S, James RA, Pereira YM, Lopez-Alvarez J, Summerfield N, Dukes-McEwan J. English springer spaniels with significant bradyarrhythmias-presentation, troponin I and follow-up after pacemaker implantation. J Small Anim Pract 2010; 51:155-61. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1748-5827.2009.00867.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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20
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Kitulwatte ID, Kim PJH, Pollanen MS. Sudden death related myocarditis: a study of 56 cases. Forensic Sci Med Pathol 2009; 6:13-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s12024-009-9125-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/23/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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