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Gareis NC, Rodríguez FM, Cattaneo Moreyra ML, Stassi AF, Angeli E, Etchevers L, Salvetti NR, Ortega HH, Hein GJ, Rey F. Contribution of key elements of nutritional metabolism to the development of cystic ovarian disease in dairy cattle. Theriogenology 2023; 197:209-223. [PMID: 36525860 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2022.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The alteration of signaling molecules involved in the general metabolism of animals can negatively influence reproduction. In dairy cattle, the development of follicular cysts and the subsequent appearance of ovarian cystic disease (COD) often lead to decreased reproductive efficiency in the herd. The objective of this review is to summarize the contribution of relevant metabolic and nutritional sensors to the development of COD in dairy cows. In particular, we focus on the study of alterations of the insulin signaling pathway, adiponectin, and other sensors and metabolites relevant to ovarian functionality, which may be related to the development of follicular persistence and follicular formation of cysts in dairy cattle. The results of these studies support the hypothesis that systemic factors could alter the local scenario in the follicle, generating an adverse microenvironment for the resumption of ovarian activity and possibly leading to the persistence of follicles and to the development and recurrence of COD.
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Affiliation(s)
- N C Gareis
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular y Molecular Aplicada, ICiVet-Litoral (UNL-CONICET), Esperanza, Santa Fe, Argentina; Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias - Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Esperanza, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - F M Rodríguez
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular y Molecular Aplicada, ICiVet-Litoral (UNL-CONICET), Esperanza, Santa Fe, Argentina; Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias - Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Esperanza, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - M L Cattaneo Moreyra
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular y Molecular Aplicada, ICiVet-Litoral (UNL-CONICET), Esperanza, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - A F Stassi
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular y Molecular Aplicada, ICiVet-Litoral (UNL-CONICET), Esperanza, Santa Fe, Argentina; Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias - Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Esperanza, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - E Angeli
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular y Molecular Aplicada, ICiVet-Litoral (UNL-CONICET), Esperanza, Santa Fe, Argentina; Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias - Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Esperanza, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - L Etchevers
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular y Molecular Aplicada, ICiVet-Litoral (UNL-CONICET), Esperanza, Santa Fe, Argentina; Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias - Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Esperanza, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - N R Salvetti
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular y Molecular Aplicada, ICiVet-Litoral (UNL-CONICET), Esperanza, Santa Fe, Argentina; Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias - Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Esperanza, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - H H Ortega
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular y Molecular Aplicada, ICiVet-Litoral (UNL-CONICET), Esperanza, Santa Fe, Argentina; Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias - Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Esperanza, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - G J Hein
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular y Molecular Aplicada, ICiVet-Litoral (UNL-CONICET), Esperanza, Santa Fe, Argentina; Centro Universitario Gálvez (CUG-UNL), Gálvez, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - F Rey
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular y Molecular Aplicada, ICiVet-Litoral (UNL-CONICET), Esperanza, Santa Fe, Argentina; Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias - Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Esperanza, Santa Fe, Argentina.
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2
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Wang K, Cheng Y, Guo T, Guo X, Zhang H, Ma X, Pan Y, Kebreab E, Wang D, Lyu L. Analyzing the interactions of mRNAs, miRNAs and lncRNAs to predict ceRNA networks in bovine cystic follicular granulosa cells. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:1028867. [PMID: 36311668 PMCID: PMC9606814 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.1028867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Cross-talk between competitive endogenous RNAs (ceRNAs) may play a critical role in revealing potential mechanism of bovine follicular cysts. Ovarian cyst has always been an intractable scientific problem and has led to considerable economic losses to bovine breeding industry. However, its pathogenesis and molecular mechanisms are still not well understood. Here, this study aimed to investigate the role of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) and the ceRNA networks in bovine follicular cyst. Whole transcriptome sequencing of bovine follicular granulosa cells (GCs) was conducted to obtain the expression profiles of mRNAs, lncRNAs and miRNAs. The results for the identified expressions of 8,003 mRNAs, 579 lncRNAs and 205 miRNAs were often altered between cystic and normal follicular GCs. Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway analyses were performed on these differentially expressed mRNAs. Furthermore, the ceRNA network combining mRNAs, miRNAs, and lncRNAs using several bioinformatics methods based on co-expression analysis between the differentially expressed RNAs was conducted. Finally, the lncRNA NONBTAT027373.1-miR-664b-HSD17B7 pathway was verified by dual-luciferase reporting assay and RNA binding protein immunoprecipitation (RIP) assay. LncRNA NONBTAT027373.1 sponged miR-664b in GCs and prevented miR-664b from binding to the HSD17B7 3′-UTR. These results indicated that genes and lncRNAs related to steroid hormone synthesis and energy metabolism could play important roles in the formation of bovine cystic follicles through the ceRNA mechanism and represent candidate targets for further research. This can be used as a practical guideline for promoting healthy and highly efficient development in the bovine industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Wang
- College of Animal Science, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, China
| | - Ying Cheng
- College of Animal Science, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, China
| | - Tong Guo
- Department of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Vocational College of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Xiangqian Guo
- College of Animal Science, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, China
| | - Hongzhi Zhang
- College of Animal Science, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, China
| | - Xiaoyan Ma
- College of Animal Science, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, China
| | - Yangyang Pan
- College of Animal Science, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, China
| | - Ermias Kebreab
- Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Dong Wang
- Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China,Dong Wang
| | - Lihua Lyu
- College of Animal Science, Shanxi Agricultural University, Jinzhong, China,*Correspondence: Lihua Lyu
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3
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Roberts JF, Jeff Huang CC. Bovine models for human ovarian diseases. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2022; 189:101-154. [PMID: 35595347 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2022.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
During early embryonic development, late fetal growth, puberty, adult reproductive years, and advanced aging, bovine and human ovaries closely share molecular pathways and hormonal signaling mechanisms. Other similarities between these species include the size of ovaries, length of gestation, ovarian follicular and luteal dynamics, and pathophysiology of ovarian diseases. As an economically important agriculture species, cattle are a foundational species in fertility research with decades of groundwork using physiologic, genetic, and therapeutic experimental techniques. Many technologies used in modern reproductive medicine, such as ovulation induction using hormonal therapy, were first used in cows before human trials. Human ovarian diseases with naturally occurring bovine correlates include premature ovary insufficiency (POI), polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS), and sex-cord stromal tumors (SCSTs). This article presents an overview of bovine ovary research related to causes of infertility, ovarian diseases, diagnostics, and therapeutics, emphasizing where the bovine model can offer advantages over other lab animals for translational applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- John F Roberts
- Department of Comparative, Diagnostic & Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States.
| | - Chen-Che Jeff Huang
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
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4
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Rodríguez FM, Cattaneo Moreyra ML, Huber E, Gareis NC, Etchevers L, Ortega HH, Salvetti NR, Rey F. An altered expression of components of the IGF system could contribute to follicular persistence in Holstein cows. Res Vet Sci 2022; 143:99-106. [PMID: 34999441 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2021.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
In dairy cows, reproductive diseases such as cystic ovarian disease (COD) represent a major problem that impacts on dairy production. It has been postulated that the insulin-like growth factor (IGF) system may contribute to follicular persistence and development of COD. Thus, the aim of the present study was to analyze relevant members of the IGF system in a critical period immediately after the expected time of ovulation, to obtain information about their role in follicular persistence in dairy cows. Proteins of the IGF system were evaluated at 0 (expected day of ovulation), 5, 10 and 15 days of follicular persistence to determine whether the changes previously detected in cows with COD occur early in COD pathogenesis. The serum concentration of IGF1 was higher in cows with 10 and 15 days of follicular persistence than in control cows. IGF1 expression in granulosa cells was similar in the follicles analyzed. In contrast, in theca cells, persistent follicles of days 5 and 10 showed the lowest IGF1 expression. IGF binding protein (IGFBP) 2 and 3 expression was lower in persistent follicles than in dominant follicles of the control group. Although IGF receptor (IGFR) 1 expression was similar in the groups analyzed, p-IGFR1 expression was significantly higher in dominant follicles of the control group than in persistent follicles. These data suggest alterations in the IGF system at the early stages of follicular persistence. The evidences obtained allow supporting that the IGF system could plays a key role in dairy cattle reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Mariel Rodríguez
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular y Molecular Aplicada, Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral (ICiVet-Litoral), Universidad Nacional del Litoral (UNL)/Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral, Universidad Nacional del Litoral (UNL), Esperanza, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - María Lucía Cattaneo Moreyra
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular y Molecular Aplicada, Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral (ICiVet-Litoral), Universidad Nacional del Litoral (UNL)/Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral, Universidad Nacional del Litoral (UNL), Esperanza, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Emilia Huber
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular y Molecular Aplicada, Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral (ICiVet-Litoral), Universidad Nacional del Litoral (UNL)/Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral, Universidad Nacional del Litoral (UNL), Esperanza, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Natalia Carolina Gareis
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular y Molecular Aplicada, Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral (ICiVet-Litoral), Universidad Nacional del Litoral (UNL)/Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral, Universidad Nacional del Litoral (UNL), Esperanza, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Lucas Etchevers
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular y Molecular Aplicada, Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral (ICiVet-Litoral), Universidad Nacional del Litoral (UNL)/Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral, Universidad Nacional del Litoral (UNL), Esperanza, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Hugo Héctor Ortega
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular y Molecular Aplicada, Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral (ICiVet-Litoral), Universidad Nacional del Litoral (UNL)/Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral, Universidad Nacional del Litoral (UNL), Esperanza, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Natalia Raquel Salvetti
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular y Molecular Aplicada, Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral (ICiVet-Litoral), Universidad Nacional del Litoral (UNL)/Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral, Universidad Nacional del Litoral (UNL), Esperanza, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Florencia Rey
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular y Molecular Aplicada, Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral (ICiVet-Litoral), Universidad Nacional del Litoral (UNL)/Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral, Universidad Nacional del Litoral (UNL), Esperanza, Santa Fe, Argentina.
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5
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Phillips S, Timms P, Jelocnik M. Is Chlamydia to Blame for Koala Reproductive Cysts? Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10091140. [PMID: 34578173 PMCID: PMC8467779 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10091140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A significant threat to koala populations is infection from Chlamydia, which results in disease and death. Wild koalas with Chlamydia infections are admitted to wildlife hospitals and treated with antibiotics; however, up to 50% of koalas that present to wildlife hospitals do not survive. A major contributor to high mortality is the development of reproductive cysts, resulting in female infertility and euthanasia. However, the diagnosis of reproductive disease is limited to ultrasound with no further investigations. This communication highlights reports of histological and microbiological findings, the accuracy of ultrasound to necropsy reports and other possible causes for reproductive cyst development previously reported in other hosts. Our conclusions identify a significant knowledge gap in the aetiology of koala reproductive cysts and highlight the urgent need for future investigations.
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6
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Mendes MH, Pinto MH, Gimeno EJ, Barbeito CG, de Sant'Ana FJ. Lectin histochemical pattern on the normal and cystic ovaries of sows. Reprod Domest Anim 2019; 54:1366-1374. [PMID: 31348838 DOI: 10.1111/rda.13531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The lectin histochemical pattern (LHP) was characterized and compared in normal and cystic ovaries of sows. Six biotinylated lectins (PNA, SBA, WGA, RCA-1, DBA and UEA-1) were used on tissue sections. In the normal ovaries, the reaction to UEA-1 and SBA was mild to moderate in mesothelial and endothelial cells. RCA-1 staining was mild to moderate in theca interna of growing follicles, corpora luteum and mesothelium. In addition, this lectin presented strong reaction in endothelial cells, granulosa cells of atretic follicles, zona pellucida of growing follicles and plasma. DBA showed strong intensity in mesothelial and endothelial cells. There was mild to moderate reactivity to WGA in granulosa cells, corpus luteum and theca interna of follicles in development, and moderate in zona pellucida, in granulosa cells of atretic follicles and mesothelium. PNA staining was mild to moderate in oocytes and in the adventitia and media of medullary arteries. Changes in the LHP of the cystic ovaries were noted; however, there were no differences in these findings between the follicular and luteinized cysts. UEA-1 reactivity in the cystic ovaries was moderately reduced in the mesothelial and endothelial cells, whereas there was mild reduction in the DBA staining in the granulosa cells. Reaction to RCA-1 and WGA in the cysts also was decreased in theca interna, zona pellucida and granulosa cells of atretic follicles. Furthermore, endothelium and theca interna in the cystic ovaries presented mild reduction of marcation to SBA, whereas there was decreased reactivity to PNA in the oocytes and adventitia and media layers of the medullary arteries. The results of the current study show that cysts modify the LHP in swine ovaries. These changes of glycoconjugates in many ovarian structures could modify diverse process and may be one of the reasons for decreased fertility in sows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo Haf Mendes
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathologic Diagnosis, University of Brasília (UnB), Brasília, Brazil
| | - Maria Hb Pinto
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathologic Diagnosis, University of Brasília (UnB), Brasília, Brazil
| | - Eduardo J Gimeno
- School of Veterinary Sciences, National University of La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Claudio G Barbeito
- School of Veterinary Sciences, National University of La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Fabiano Jf de Sant'Ana
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathologic Diagnosis, University of Brasília (UnB), Brasília, Brazil
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7
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Animal Models for Human Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) Focused on the Use of Indirect Hormonal Perturbations: A Review of the Literature. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20112720. [PMID: 31163591 PMCID: PMC6600358 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20112720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Revised: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hormonal disturbances, such as hyperandrogenism, are considered important for developing polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) in humans. Accordingly, directly hormone-regulated animal models are widely used for studying PCOS, as they replicate several key PCOS features. However, the pathogenesis and treatment of PCOS are still unclear. In this review, we aimed to investigate animal PCOS models and PCOS-like phenotypes in animal experiments without direct hormonal interventions and determine the underlying mechanisms for a better understanding of PCOS. We summarized animal PCOS models that used indirect hormonal interventions and suggested or discussed pathogenesis of PCOS-like features in animals and PCOS-like phenotypes generated in other animals. We presented integrated physiological insights and shared cellular pathways underlying the pathogenesis of PCOS in reviewed animal models. Our review indicates that the hormonal and metabolic changes could be due to molecular dysregulations, such as upregulated PI3K-Akt and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) signalling, that potentially cause PCOS-like phenotypes in the animal models. This review will be helpful for considering alternative animal PCOS models to determine the cellular/molecular mechanisms underlying PCOS symptoms. The efforts to determine the specific cellular mechanisms of PCOS will contribute to novel treatments and control methods for this complex syndrome.
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8
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Gareis N, Huber E, Hein G, Rodríguez F, Salvetti N, Angeli E, Ortega H, Rey F. Impaired insulin signaling pathways affect ovarian steroidogenesis in cows with COD. Anim Reprod Sci 2018; 192:298-312. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2018.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Revised: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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9
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Rodríguez F, Gareis N, Hein G, Salvetti N, Amweg A, Huber E, Stassi A, Ortega H, Rey F. Role of Components of the Insulin-like Growth Factor System in the Early Stages of Ovarian Follicular Persistence in Cattle. J Comp Pathol 2017; 157:201-214. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2017.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Revised: 07/22/2017] [Accepted: 07/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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10
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Díaz PU, Hein GJ, Belotti EM, Rodríguez FM, Rey F, Amweg AN, Matiller V, Baravalle ME, Ortega HH, Salvetti NR. BMP2, 4 and 6 and BMPR1B are altered from early stages of bovine cystic ovarian disease development. Reproduction 2016; 152:333-50. [DOI: 10.1530/rep-15-0315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2015] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Cystic ovarian disease (COD) is an important cause of subfertility in dairy cattle. Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), mainly BMP2, BMP4 and BMP6, play a key role in female fertility. In this study, we hypothesized that an altered BMP system is associated with ovarian alterations contributing to COD pathogenesis. Therefore, we examined the expression of BMP2, BMP4 and BMP6 and BMP receptor 1B (BMPR1B) in the ovaries of animals with spontaneous or ACTH-induced COD, as well as during the development of the disease, in a model of follicular persistence induced by low doses of progesterone (at 5, 10 and 15 days of follicular persistence). Results showed changes in BMP2, BMP4 and BMP6 expression during folliculogenesis, in granulosa and theca cells in the COD groups, as well as at different stages of follicular persistence. Results also showed changes in BMPR1B expression in developing follicles in animals with COD, and at the initial stages of follicular persistence (P5). Comparison between groups showed significant differences, mainly in BMP4 and BMP6 expression, in granulosa and theca cells of different follicular categories. The expression of these BMPs also increased in cystic and persistent follicles, in relation to antral follicles of the control group. BMPR1B showed high expression in cystic follicles. Together, these results may indicate an alteration in BMPs, especially in BMP4 and BMP6, as well as in BMPR1B, which occurs early in folliculogenesis and incipiently during the development of COD, which could be a major cause of recurrence of this disease in cattle.
Free Spanish abstract: A Spanish translation of this abstract is freely available at http://www.reproduction-online.org/content/152/4/333.abstract.
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11
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Baravalle ME, Stassi AF, Velázquez MML, Belotti EM, Rodríguez FM, Ortega HH, Salvetti NR. Altered Expression of Pro-inflammatory Cytokines in Ovarian Follicles of Cows with Cystic Ovarian Disease. J Comp Pathol 2015; 153:116-30. [PMID: 26065705 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2015.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Revised: 04/14/2015] [Accepted: 04/22/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
A growing body of evidence suggests that ovulation shares many of the features of an inflammatory reaction and that cytokines play many diverse and important roles in reproductive biology. The aim of this study was to examine the expression of the pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-1α, IL-6 and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α in ovarian cells from cows with cystic ovarian disease (COD) as compared with that in ovarian structures from regularly cycling cows. Expression of genes encoding IL-1α, IL-6 and TNF-α was detected by real-time polymerase chain reaction in follicular cells from ovaries from healthy cows and cows with COD with no significant differences. However, immunohistochemistry showed increased expression of IL-1α, IL-6 and TNF-α in cystic follicles, suggesting that this expression may be related to the persistence of follicular cysts. The effect of COD was evident for IL-1α and TNF-α, and a follicular structure-disease interaction was observed in the expression of all the cytokines evaluated. Thus, altered expression of these proinflammatory cytokines may be related to ovulation failure and development of follicular cysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Baravalle
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular y Molecular Aplicada, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral, Esperanza, Santa Fe, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas, Esperanza, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - A F Stassi
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular y Molecular Aplicada, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral, Esperanza, Santa Fe, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas, Esperanza, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - M M L Velázquez
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular y Molecular Aplicada, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral, Esperanza, Santa Fe, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas, Esperanza, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - E M Belotti
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular y Molecular Aplicada, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral, Esperanza, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - F M Rodríguez
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular y Molecular Aplicada, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral, Esperanza, Santa Fe, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas, Esperanza, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - H H Ortega
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular y Molecular Aplicada, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral, Esperanza, Santa Fe, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas, Esperanza, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - N R Salvetti
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular y Molecular Aplicada, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral, Esperanza, Santa Fe, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas, Esperanza, Santa Fe, Argentina.
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12
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Rodríguez FM, Colombero M, Amweg AN, Huber E, Gareis NC, Salvetti NR, Ortega HH, Rey F. Involvement of PAPP-A and IGFR1 in Cystic Ovarian Disease in Cattle. Reprod Domest Anim 2015; 50:659-68. [PMID: 26031184 DOI: 10.1111/rda.12547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Accepted: 05/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Cystic ovarian disease (COD) is one of the main causes of infertility in dairy cattle. It has been shown that intra-ovarian factors, such as members of the insulin-like growth factor (IGF) system, may contribute to follicular persistence. The bioavailability of IGF to initiate its response by binding to specific receptors (IGFRs) depends on interactions with related compounds, such as pregnancy-associated plasma protein A (PAPP-A). The aim of this study was to determine IGFR1 and PAPP-A expression both in follicles at different stages of development and in cysts, to evaluate the roles in the etiopathogenesis of COD in cattle. The mRNA expression of PAPP-A was higher in granulosa cells of large tertiary follicles than in cysts, whereas the protein PAPP-A present in the follicular fluid from these follicles showed no differences. Although no PAPP-A mRNA expression was detected in smaller tertiary follicles, in their follicular fluid, this protease was detected in lesser concentration than in cysts. The mRNA expression of IGFR1 was lower in granulosa cells from cystic follicles than in those from tertiary ones. However, the protein expression of this receptor presented the highest levels in cystic structures, probably to increase the possibility of IGF response. The data obtained would indicate that animals with COD have an altered regulation of the IGF system in the ovary, which could be involved in the pathogenesis of this disease in cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- F M Rodríguez
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular y Molecular Aplicada, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Litoral (UNL), Esperanza, Santa Fe, Argentina.,Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral (ICIVET Litoral), Universidad Nacional del Litoral (UNL)/Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Esperanza, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - M Colombero
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular y Molecular Aplicada, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Litoral (UNL), Esperanza, Santa Fe, Argentina.,Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral (ICIVET Litoral), Universidad Nacional del Litoral (UNL)/Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Esperanza, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - A N Amweg
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular y Molecular Aplicada, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Litoral (UNL), Esperanza, Santa Fe, Argentina.,Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral (ICIVET Litoral), Universidad Nacional del Litoral (UNL)/Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Esperanza, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - E Huber
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular y Molecular Aplicada, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Litoral (UNL), Esperanza, Santa Fe, Argentina.,Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral (ICIVET Litoral), Universidad Nacional del Litoral (UNL)/Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Esperanza, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - N C Gareis
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular y Molecular Aplicada, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Litoral (UNL), Esperanza, Santa Fe, Argentina.,Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral (ICIVET Litoral), Universidad Nacional del Litoral (UNL)/Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Esperanza, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - N R Salvetti
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular y Molecular Aplicada, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Litoral (UNL), Esperanza, Santa Fe, Argentina.,Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral (ICIVET Litoral), Universidad Nacional del Litoral (UNL)/Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Esperanza, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - H H Ortega
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular y Molecular Aplicada, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Litoral (UNL), Esperanza, Santa Fe, Argentina.,Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral (ICIVET Litoral), Universidad Nacional del Litoral (UNL)/Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Esperanza, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - F Rey
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular y Molecular Aplicada, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Litoral (UNL), Esperanza, Santa Fe, Argentina.,Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral (ICIVET Litoral), Universidad Nacional del Litoral (UNL)/Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Esperanza, Santa Fe, Argentina
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13
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Hein G, Panzani C, Rodríguez F, Salvetti N, Díaz P, Gareis N, Benítez G, Ortega H, Rey F. Impaired insulin signaling pathway in ovarian follicles of cows with cystic ovarian disease. Anim Reprod Sci 2015; 156:64-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2015.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2015] [Revised: 02/26/2015] [Accepted: 02/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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14
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Sant'Ana FJF, Reis Junior JL, Blume GR, Gimeno EJ, Rey F, Ortega HH. Immunohistochemical Expression of Growth Factors in the Follicular Wall of Normal and Cystic Ovaries of Sows. Reprod Domest Anim 2015; 50:327-332. [DOI: 10.1111/rda.12495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- FJF Sant'Ana
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology (LPV); University of Brasília (UnB); Brasília Brazil
| | - JL Reis Junior
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology (LPV); University of Brasília (UnB); Brasília Brazil
| | - GR Blume
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology (LPV); University of Brasília (UnB); Brasília Brazil
| | - EJ Gimeno
- Faculty of Veterinary Sciences; National University of La Plata; La Plata Argentina
| | - F Rey
- Faculty of Veterinary Sciences; National University of Litoral; Esperanza Argentina
| | - HH Ortega
- Faculty of Veterinary Sciences; National University of Litoral; Esperanza Argentina
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15
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Sant'Ana FJD, Reis Junior JL, Araújo RL, J.Gimeno E, Ortega HH. Cytoskeletal proteins in the follicular wall of normal andcystic ovaries of sows. PESQUISA VETERINARIA BRASILEIRA 2015. [DOI: 10.1590/s0100-736x2015000200004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The expression of cytoskeletal proteins was evaluated immunohistochemically in 36 normal ovaries sampled from 18 sows and 44 cystic ovaries sampled from of 22 sows, was evaluated. All sows had history of reproductive problems, such as infertility or subfertility. The immunohistochemically stained area (IHCSA) was quantified through image analysis to evaluate the expression of these proteins in the follicular wall of secondary, tertiary, and cystic follicles. Cytokeratins (CK) immunoreactivity was strong in the granulosa cell layer (GC) and mild in the theca interna (TI) and externa (TE) of the normal follicles. There was severe reduction of the reaction to CK in the GC in the cystic follicles, mainly in the luteinized cysts. The immunoreactivity for vimentin was higher in the GC from normal and cystic follicles in contrast with the other follicular structures. In the luteinized cysts, the IHCSA for vimentin was significantly higher in TI and in both observed cysts, the labeling was more accentuated in TE. Immunohistochemical detection of desmin and α-SMA was restricted to the TE, without differences between the normal and cystic follicles. The results of the current study show that the development of ovarian cysts in sows is associated to changes in the expression of the cytoskeletal proteins CK and vimentin.
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16
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Cattaneo L, Signorini ML, Bertoli J, Bartolomé JA, Gareis NC, Díaz PU, Bó GA, Ortega HH. Epidemiological Description of Cystic Ovarian Disease in Argentine Dairy Herds: Risk Factors and Effects on the Reproductive Performance of Lactating Cows. Reprod Domest Anim 2014; 49:1028-33. [DOI: 10.1111/rda.12432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2014] [Accepted: 08/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L Cattaneo
- Cátedra de Teriogenología; Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias; Universidad Nacional del Litoral; Esperanza Argentina
| | | | - J Bertoli
- Cátedra de Producción de leche; Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias; Universidad Nacional del Litoral; Esperanza Argentina
| | - JA Bartolomé
- Cátedra de Teriogenología; Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias; Universidad Nacional del Litoral; Esperanza Argentina
| | - NC Gareis
- Cátedra de Teriogenología; Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias; Universidad Nacional del Litoral; Esperanza Argentina
| | - PU Díaz
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular y Molecular Aplicada; Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias; Universidad Nacional del Litoral; Esperanza Argentina
- Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral (ICiVet-Litoral); Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas, (CONICET); Esperanza Argentina
| | - GA Bó
- Instituto de Reproducción Animal de Córdoba (IRAC); Esperanza Argentina
| | - HH Ortega
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular y Molecular Aplicada; Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias; Universidad Nacional del Litoral; Esperanza Argentina
- Instituto de Ciencias Veterinarias del Litoral (ICiVet-Litoral); Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas, (CONICET); Esperanza Argentina
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17
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Rodríguez F, Salvetti N, Colombero M, Stangaferro M, Barbeito C, Ortega H, Rey F. Interaction between IGF1 and IGFBPs in bovine cystic ovarian disease. Anim Reprod Sci 2013; 140:14-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2013.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2012] [Revised: 04/15/2013] [Accepted: 04/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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18
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Salvetti NR, Alfaro NS, Velázquez MML, Amweg AN, Matiller V, Díaz PU, Ortega HH. Alteration in localization of steroid hormone receptors and coregulatory proteins in follicles from cows with induced ovarian follicular cysts. Reproduction 2012; 144:723-35. [DOI: 10.1530/rep-12-0188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Cystic ovarian disease (COD) is an important cause of infertility in cattle. The altered follicular dynamics and cellular differentiation observed in COD may be mediated through a disruption of the expression of steroid receptors and their associated transcriptional cofactors. The aim of this study was to determine the protein expression profiles of ESR1, ESR2, PGR, AR, NCOA3, NCOR2, and PHB2 (REA) in ovarian follicles in an experimental model of COD induced by the administration of ACTH. Ovaries were collected and follicles were dissected from heifers during the follicular phase (control) or from heifers treated with ACTH to induce the formation of ovarian follicular cysts. Ovaries were fixed, sectioned, and stained immunohistochemically for steroid receptors and the associated transcription factors. The relative expression of ESR1 was similar in follicular cysts and in tertiary follicles from both control and cystic cows and was significantly higher than in secondary follicles. The expression of ESR2 in the granulosa was higher in cystic follicles. No differences were seen for PGR. The expression of androgen receptor was significantly increased in tertiary follicles with lower immunostaining in cysts. The expression of NCOA3 was observed in the granulosa and theca with a significantly increased expression in the theca interna of cystic follicles. The highest levels of NCOR2 expression in granulosa, theca interna, and theca externa were observed in cysts. In granulosa cells, NCOR2 levels increase progressively as follicles mature and the treatment had no effect. In summary, ovaries from animals with induced COD exhibited altered steroid receptor expression compared with normal animals, as well as changes in the expression of their regulators. It is reasonable to suggest that in conditions characterized by altered ovulation and follicular persistence, such as COD, changes in the intra-ovarian expression of these proteins could play a role in their pathogenesis.
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Walsh SW, Matthews D, Browne JA, Forde N, Crowe MA, Mihm M, Diskin M, Evans ACO. Acute dietary restriction in heifers alters expression of genes regulating exposure and response to gonadotrophins and IGF in dominant follicles. Anim Reprod Sci 2012; 133:43-51. [PMID: 22771244 DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2012.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2011] [Revised: 06/07/2012] [Accepted: 06/15/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Dietary restriction in growing cattle and severe negative energy balance in lactating cows have been associated with altered gonadotropin secretion, reduced follicle diameter, reduced circulating oestradiol concentrations and anovulation. Therefore, we hypothesised that acute dietary restriction would influence the fate and function of the dominant follicle by altering the expression for genes regulating gonadotrophin and IGF response in ovarian follicles. Newly selected dominant follicles were collected 7-8 days after prostaglandin F(2α) (PGF) administration from heifers (n=25) that were individually fed a diet supplying 1.2 maintenance (M; control, n=8) or 0.4 M (restricted, n=17) for a total duration of 18-19 days. Heifers within 0.4 M were ovulatory (n=11) or anovulatory (n=6) depending on whether the dominant follicle present at PGF ovulated or became atretic following luteolysis. Control animals were all ovulatory. Acute dietary restriction decreased IGF-I (P<0.001) and insulin (P<0.05) in circulation; oestradiol (P<0.01) and IGF-I (P<0.01) in follicular fluid; and mRNA for FSHR (P<0.01) in granulosa cells but increased mRNA for IGFBP2 (P<0.05) in theca cells of the newly selected dominant follicle. However, this only led to anovulation when dietary restriction also decreased mRNA for CYP19A1 (P<0.05), IGF2 (P<0.01) and IGF1R (P<0.05) in granulosa cells and LHCGR (P<0.05) in theca cells of follicles collected from heifers fed 0.4 M. These results suggest that the catabolic environment induced by dietary restriction may ultimately cause anovulation by reducing oestradiol synthesis, FSH-responsiveness and IGF signaling in granulosa, and LH-responsiveness in theca cells of dominant follicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- S W Walsh
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Ireland
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Rodríguez FM, Salvetti NR, Panzani CG, Barbeito CG, Ortega HH, Rey F. Influence of insulin-like growth factor-binding proteins-2 and -3 in the pathogenesis of cystic ovarian disease in cattle. Anim Reprod Sci 2011; 128:1-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2011.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2011] [Revised: 08/10/2011] [Accepted: 08/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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21
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Paredes AH, Salvetti NR, Diaz AE, Dallard BE, Ortega HH, Lara HE. Sympathetic nerve activity in normal and cystic follicles from isolated bovine ovary: local effect of beta-adrenergic stimulation on steroid secretion. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2011; 9:66. [PMID: 21575217 PMCID: PMC3117772 DOI: 10.1186/1477-7827-9-66] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2010] [Accepted: 05/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Cystic ovarian disease (COD) is an important cause of abnormal estrous behavior and infertility in dairy cows. COD is mainly observed in high-yielding dairy cows during the first months post-partum, a period of high stress. We have previously reported that, in lower mammals, stress induces a cystic condition similar to the polycystic ovary syndrome in humans and that stress is a definitive component in the human pathology. To know if COD in cows is also associated with high sympathetic activity, we studied isolated small antral (5 mm), preovulatory (10 mm) and cystic follicles (25 mm). Cystic follicles which present an area 600 fold greater compared with preovulatory follicles has only 10 times less concentration of NE as compared with small antral and preovulatory follicles but they had 10 times more NE in follicular fluid, suggesting a high efflux of neurotransmitter from the cyst wall. This suggestion was reinforced by the high basal release of recently taken-up 3H-NE found in cystic follicles. While lower levels of beta-adrenergic receptor were found in cystic follicles, there was a heightened response to the beta-adrenergic agonist isoproterenol and to hCG, as measured by testosterone secretion. There was however an unexpected capacity of the ovary in vitro to produce cortisol and to secrete it in response to hCG but not to isoproterenol. These data suggest that, during COD, the bovine ovary is under high sympathetic nerve activity that in addition to an increased response to hCG in cortisol secretion could participate in COD development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfonso H Paredes
- Laboratory of Neurobiochemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Natalia R Salvetti
- Morphological Sciences Department, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Universidad Nacional del Litoral (FCV-UNL), Esperanza, Santa Fe, Argentina & National Council for Science and Technology (CONICET), Argentina
| | - Ariel E Diaz
- Laboratory of Neurobiochemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Bibiana E Dallard
- Morphological Sciences Department, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Universidad Nacional del Litoral (FCV-UNL), Esperanza, Santa Fe, Argentina & National Council for Science and Technology (CONICET), Argentina
| | - Hugo H Ortega
- Morphological Sciences Department, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Universidad Nacional del Litoral (FCV-UNL), Esperanza, Santa Fe, Argentina & National Council for Science and Technology (CONICET), Argentina
| | - Hernan E Lara
- Laboratory of Neurobiochemistry, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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Salvetti NR, Stangaferro ML, Palomar MM, Alfaro NS, Rey F, Gimeno EJ, Ortega HH. Cell proliferation and survival mechanisms underlying the abnormal persistence of follicular cysts in bovines with cystic ovarian disease induced by ACTH. Anim Reprod Sci 2010; 122:98-110. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2010.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2010] [Revised: 07/20/2010] [Accepted: 08/02/2010] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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