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Harada K, Carr SM, Shrestha A, La Thangue NB. Citrullination and the protein code: crosstalk between post-translational modifications in cancer. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2023; 378:20220243. [PMID: 37778382 PMCID: PMC10542456 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2022.0243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Post-translational modifications (PTMs) of proteins are central to epigenetic regulation and cellular signalling, playing an important role in the pathogenesis and progression of numerous diseases. Growing evidence indicates that protein arginine citrullination, catalysed by peptidylarginine deiminases (PADs), is involved in many aspects of molecular and cell biology and is emerging as a potential druggable target in multiple diseases including cancer. However, we are only just beginning to understand the molecular activities of PADs, and their underlying mechanistic details in vivo under both physiological and pathological conditions. Many questions still remain regarding the dynamic cellular functions of citrullination and its interplay with other types of PTMs. This review, therefore, discusses the known functions of PADs with a focus on cancer biology, highlighting the cross-talk between citrullination and other types of PTMs, and how this interplay regulates downstream biological events. This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue 'The virtues and vices of protein citrullination'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koyo Harada
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Simon M. Carr
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Amit Shrestha
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Nicholas B. La Thangue
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
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Tamarindo GH, Novais AA, Chuffa LGA, Zuccari DAPC. Metabolic Alterations in Canine Mammary Tumors. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2757. [PMID: 37685021 PMCID: PMC10487042 DOI: 10.3390/ani13172757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Canine mammary tumors (CMTs) are among the most common diseases in female dogs and share similarities with human breast cancer, which makes these animals a model for comparative oncology studies. In these tumors, metabolic reprogramming is known as a hallmark of carcinogenesis whereby cells undergo adjustments to meet the high bioenergetic and biosynthetic demands of rapidly proliferating cells. However, such alterations are also vulnerabilities that may serve as a therapeutic strategy, which has mostly been tested in human clinical trials but is poorly explored in CMTs. In this dedicated review, we compiled the metabolic changes described for CMTs, emphasizing the metabolism of carbohydrates, amino acids, lipids, and mitochondrial functions. We observed key factors associated with the presence and aggressiveness of CMTs, such as an increase in glucose uptake followed by enhanced anaerobic glycolysis via the upregulation of glycolytic enzymes, changes in glutamine catabolism due to the overexpression of glutaminases, increased fatty acid oxidation, and distinct effects depending on lipid saturation, in addition to mitochondrial DNA, which is a hotspot for mutations. Therefore, more attention should be paid to this topic given that targeting metabolic fragilities could improve the outcome of CMTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme Henrique Tamarindo
- Department of Molecular Biology, São José do Rio Preto Faculty of Medicine, São José do Rio Preto 15090-000, SP, Brazil
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory, Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas 13083-970, SP, Brazil
| | - Adriana Alonso Novais
- Health Sciences Institute (ICS), Mato Grosso Federal University (UFMT), Sinop 78550-728, MT, Brazil
| | - Luiz Gustavo Almeida Chuffa
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu 18618-689, SP, Brazil
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Christensen AO, Li G, Young CH, Snow B, Khan SA, DeVore SB, Edwards S, Bouma GJ, Navratil AM, Cherrington BD, Rothfuss HM. Peptidylarginine deiminase enzymes and citrullinated proteins in female reproductive physiology and associated diseases†. Biol Reprod 2022; 107:1395-1410. [PMID: 36087287 PMCID: PMC10248218 DOI: 10.1093/biolre/ioac173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 09/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Citrullination, the post-translational modification of arginine residues, is catalyzed by the four catalytically active peptidylarginine deiminase (PAD or PADI) isozymes and alters charge to affect target protein structure and function. PADs were initially characterized in rodent uteri and, since then, have been described in other female tissues including ovaries, breast, and the lactotrope and gonadotrope cells of the anterior pituitary gland. In these tissues and cells, estrogen robustly stimulates PAD expression resulting in changes in levels over the course of the female reproductive cycle. The best-characterized targets for PADs are arginine residues in histone tails, which, when citrullinated, alter chromatin structure and gene expression. Methodological advances have allowed for the identification of tissue-specific citrullinomes, which reveal that PADs citrullinate a wide range of enzymes and structural proteins to alter cell function. In contrast to their important physiological roles, PADs and citrullinated proteins are also involved in several female-specific diseases including autoimmune disorders and reproductive cancers. Herein, we review current knowledge regarding PAD expression and function and highlight the role of protein citrullination in both normal female reproductive tissues and associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda O Christensen
- Department of Zoology and Physiology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, USA
| | - Guangyuan Li
- Department of Zoology and Physiology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, USA
| | - Coleman H Young
- Department of Zoology and Physiology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, USA
| | - Bryce Snow
- Department of Zoology and Physiology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, USA
| | | | - Stanley B DeVore
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Sydney Edwards
- Animal Reproduction and Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Gerrit J Bouma
- Animal Reproduction and Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Amy M Navratil
- Department of Zoology and Physiology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, USA
| | - Brian D Cherrington
- Department of Zoology and Physiology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, USA
| | - Heather M Rothfuss
- Department of Zoology and Physiology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, USA
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Inal JM, Hristova M, Lange S. A Pilot Study on Peptidylarginine Deiminases and Protein Deimination in Animal Cancers across Vertebrate Species. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23158697. [PMID: 35955829 PMCID: PMC9368843 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
PADs are a group of calcium-dependent enzymes that play key roles in inflammatory pathologies and have diverse roles in cancers. PADs cause irreversible post-translational modification of arginine to citrulline, leading to changes in protein function in different cellular compartments. PAD isozyme diversity differs throughout phylogeny in chordates, with five PAD isozymes in mammals, three in birds, and one in fish. While the roles for PADs in various human cancers are mounting (both in regards to cancer progression and epigenetic regulation), investigations into animal cancers are scarce. The current pilot-study therefore aimed at assessing PAD isozymes in a range of animal cancers across the phylogeny tree. In addition, the tissue samples were assessed for total protein deimination and histone H3 deimination (CitH3), which is strongly associated with human cancers and also indicative of gene regulatory changes and neutrophil extracellular trap formation (NETosis). Cancers were selected from a range of vertebrate species: horse, cow, reindeer, sheep, pig, dog, cat, rabbit, mink, hamster, parrot, and duck. The cancers chosen included lymphoma, kidney, lung, testicular, neuroendocrine, anaplastic, papilloma, and granulosa cell tumour. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that CitH3 was strongly detected in all of the cancers assessed, while pan-deimination detection was overall low. Both PAD2 and PAD3 were the most predominantly expressed PADs across all of the cancers assessed, while PAD1, PAD4, and PAD6 were overall expressed at lower, albeit varying, levels. The findings from this pilot study provide novel insights into PAD-mediated roles in different cancers across a range of vertebrate species and may aid in the understanding of cancer heterogeneity and cancer evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jameel M. Inal
- School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield AL10 9AB, UK
- School of Human Sciences, London Metropolitan University, London N7 8DB, UK
| | - Mariya Hristova
- Perinatal Brain Repair Group, Department of Neonatology, UCL Institute for Women’s Health, London WC1E 6HU, UK
| | - Sigrun Lange
- Tissue Architecture and Regeneration Research Group, School of Life Sciences, University of Westminster, London W1W 6UW, UK
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +44-(0)207-911-5000 (ext. 64832)
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Zhang Y, Yang Y, Hu X, Wang Z, Li L, Chen P. PADs in cancer: Current and future. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2020; 1875:188492. [PMID: 33321174 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2020.188492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Protein arginine deiminases (PADs), is a group of calcium-dependent enzymes, which play crucial roles in citrullination, and can catalyze arginine residues into citrulline. This chemical reaction induces citrullinated proteins formation with altered structure and function, leading to numerous pathological diseases, including inflammation and autoimmune diseases. To date, multiple studies have provided solid evidence that PADs are implicated in cancer progression. Nevertheless, the findings on PADs functions in tumors are too complex to understand due to its involvements in variable signaling pathways. The increasing interest in PADs has heightened the need for a comprehensive description for its role in cancer. The present study aims to identify the gaps in present knowledge, including its structures, biological substrates and tissue distribution. Since several irreversible inhibitors for PADs with good potency and selectivity have been explored, the mechanisms on the dysregulation in tumors remain poorly understood. The present study discusses the relationship between PADs and tumor apoptosis, EMT formation and metastasis as well as the implication of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) in tumorigenesis. In addition, the potential uses of citrullinated antigens for immunotherapy were proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhang
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, PR China
| | - Yiqiong Yang
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, PR China
| | - Xiuxiu Hu
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, PR China
| | - Zhi Wang
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, PR China
| | - Li Li
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, PR China
| | - Pingsheng Chen
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, PR China.
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Li G, Young CH, Snow B, Christensen AO, Demoruelle MK, Nemmara VV, Thompson PR, Rothfuss HM, Cherrington BD. Identification and Characterization of the Lactating Mouse Mammary Gland Citrullinome. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21072634. [PMID: 32290104 PMCID: PMC7177251 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21072634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Citrullination is a post-translational modification (PTM) in which positively charged peptidyl-arginine is converted into neutral peptidyl-citrulline by peptidylarginine deiminase (PAD or PADI) enzymes. The full protein citrullinome in many tissues is unknown. Herein, we used mass spectrometry and identified 107 citrullinated proteins in the lactation day 9 (L9) mouse mammary gland including histone H2A, α-tubulin, and β-casein. Given the importance of prolactin to lactation, we next tested if it stimulates PAD-catalyzed citrullination using mouse mammary epithelial CID-9 cells. Stimulation of CID-9 cells with 5 µg/mL prolactin for 10 min induced a 2-fold increase in histone H2A citrullination and a 4.5-fold increase in α-tubulin citrullination. We next investigated if prolactin-induced citrullination regulates the expression of lactation genes β-casein (Csn2) and butyrophilin (Btn1a1). Prolactin treatment for 12 h increased β-casein and butyrophilin mRNA expression; however, this increase was significantly inhibited by the pan-PAD inhibitor, BB-Cl-amidine (BB-ClA). We also examined the effect of tubulin citrullination on the overall polymerization rate of microtubules. Our results show that citrullinated tubulin had a higher maximum overall polymerization rate. Our work suggests that protein citrullination is an important PTM that regulates gene expression and microtubule dynamics in mammary epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangyuan Li
- Department of Zoology and Physiology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, USA; (G.L.); (C.H.Y.); (B.S.); (A.O.C.); (H.M.R.)
| | - Coleman H. Young
- Department of Zoology and Physiology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, USA; (G.L.); (C.H.Y.); (B.S.); (A.O.C.); (H.M.R.)
| | - Bryce Snow
- Department of Zoology and Physiology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, USA; (G.L.); (C.H.Y.); (B.S.); (A.O.C.); (H.M.R.)
| | - Amanda O. Christensen
- Department of Zoology and Physiology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, USA; (G.L.); (C.H.Y.); (B.S.); (A.O.C.); (H.M.R.)
| | - M. Kristen Demoruelle
- Division of Rheumatology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA;
| | - Venkatesh V. Nemmara
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ 08028, USA;
| | - Paul R. Thompson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA;
| | - Heather M. Rothfuss
- Department of Zoology and Physiology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, USA; (G.L.); (C.H.Y.); (B.S.); (A.O.C.); (H.M.R.)
| | - Brian D. Cherrington
- Department of Zoology and Physiology, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, USA; (G.L.); (C.H.Y.); (B.S.); (A.O.C.); (H.M.R.)
- Correspondence:
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Gao BS, Rong CS, Xu HM, Sun T, Hou J, Xu Y. Peptidyl Arginine Deiminase, Type II (PADI2) Is Involved in Urothelial Bladder Cancer. Pathol Oncol Res 2019; 26:1279-1285. [PMID: 31267364 DOI: 10.1007/s12253-019-00687-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Peptidyl arginine deiminase, type II (PADI2) expression has been shown to potentiate multiple different carcinogenesis pathway including breast carcinoma and spontaneous skin neoplasia. The objective of this study was to examine the role of PADI2 in urothelial bladder cancer which has not been evaluated previously. Analysis of mutation and genome amplification of bladder cancer within The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) showed that PADI2 is both mutated and amplified in a cohort of bladder cancer patients, with the largest number of mutations detected in urothelial bladder cancer. Even though PADI2 expression was not significantly correlated to survival in bladder cancer patients, it was significantly overexpressed at the mRNA and protein levels, as revealed by TCGA data and immunohistochemistry analysis, respectively. PADI2 showed wide expression pattern in bladder cancer tissues but was hardly detected in tumor adjacent normal tissue. RNAi mediated silencing of PADI2 in the bladder cancer cell line T24 did not result in a change of proliferation. Interestingly knockdown of PADI2 expression did not affect Snail1 protein, which is associated with metastatic progression, in these cells. However, PADI2 silencing remarkably attenuated both in vitro migration and invasion- in T24 cells indicating a Snail1-independent effect of PADI2 on invasive potential of urothelial bladder cancer. This was further corroborated by in vivo xenograft assays where PADI2 shRNA harboring T24 cells did not have detectable tumors by week 4 as compared to robust tumors in the control Luciferase shRNA harboring cells. PADI2 silencing did not affect proliferation rates and hence this would suggest that PADI2 knockdown is perhaps causing increased apoptosis as well as transition through the cell cycle, which needs to be confirmed in future studies. Our results reveal a yet undefined role of PADI2 as an oncogene in urothelial bladder cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bao-Shan Gao
- Urology Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, No.71, Xinmin Street, Changchun, 130021, Jilin, China
| | - Chun-Shu Rong
- Department of Encephalopathy Diseases, The Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130021, Jilin, China
| | - Hong-Mei Xu
- Obstetric Department, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, Jilin, China
| | - Tao Sun
- Urology Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, No.71, Xinmin Street, Changchun, 130021, Jilin, China
| | - Jie Hou
- Urology Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, No.71, Xinmin Street, Changchun, 130021, Jilin, China
| | - Ying Xu
- Urology Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, No.71, Xinmin Street, Changchun, 130021, Jilin, China.
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Ledet MM, Anderson R, Harman R, Muth A, Thompson PR, Coonrod SA, Van de Walle GR. BB-Cl-Amidine as a novel therapeutic for canine and feline mammary cancer via activation of the endoplasmic reticulum stress pathway. BMC Cancer 2018; 18:412. [PMID: 29649984 PMCID: PMC5898062 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-018-4323-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mammary cancer is highly prevalent in dogs and cats and results in a poor prognosis due to critically lacking viable treatment options. Recent human and mouse studies have suggested that inhibiting peptidyl arginine deiminase enzymes (PAD) may be a novel breast cancer therapy. Based on the similarities between human breast cancer and mammary cancer in dogs and cats, we hypothesized that PAD inhibitors would also be an effective treatment for mammary cancer in these animals. Methods Canine and feline mammary cancer cell lines were treated with BB-Cl-Amidine (BB-CLA) and evaluated for viability and tumorigenicity. Endoplasmic reticulum stress was tested by western blot, immunofluorescence, and quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Canine and feline mammary cancer xenograft models were created using NOD scid gamma (NSG) mice, and were treated with BB-CLA for two weeks. Results We found that BB-CLA reduced viability and tumorigenicity of canine and feline mammary cancer cell lines in vitro. Additionally, we demonstrated that BB-CLA activates the endoplasmic reticulum stress pathway in these cells by downregulating 78 kDa Glucose-regulated Protein (GRP78), a potential target in breast cancer for molecular therapy, and upregulating the downstream target gene DNA Damage Inducible Transcript 3 (DDIT3). Finally, we established a mouse xenograft model of both canine and feline mammary cancer in which we preliminarily tested the effects of BB-CLA in vivo. Conclusion We propose that our established mouse xenograft models will be useful for the study of mammary cancer in dogs and cats, and furthermore, that BB-CLA has potential as a novel therapeutic for mammary cancer in these species. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12885-018-4323-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa M Ledet
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Robyn Anderson
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Rebecca Harman
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Aaron Muth
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Paul R Thompson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Scott A Coonrod
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Gerlinde R Van de Walle
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.
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Wang H, Xu B, Zhang X, Zheng Y, Zhao Y, Chang X. PADI2 gene confers susceptibility to breast cancer and plays tumorigenic role via ACSL4, BINC3 and CA9 signaling. Cancer Cell Int 2016; 16:61. [PMID: 27478411 PMCID: PMC4966586 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-016-0335-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Peptidylarginine deiminase (PAD) post-translationally converts arginine residues to citrulline residues. Recent studies have suggested that PADI2 (PAD isoform 2), a member of the PAD family, is involved in the tumorigenic process of some tumors, especially breast cancer. However, little is known about the mechanisms of PADI2 in tumorigenesis. This study aimed to elucidate the tumorigenic role and regulatory pathway of PADI2 in breast tumors. METHODS The Sequenom MassARRAY and TaqMan genotyping methods were used to investigate the correlation between PADI2 gene SNPs and various tumor risks. PCR array analyses, including cancer pathway finder and signal transduction PCR arrays, were performed to investigate the tumorigenic pathway of PADI2 in the MCF-7 breast cancer cell line following treatment with anti-PADI2 siRNA. Cell proliferation, apoptosis and transwell migration assays were performed to observe the effect of PADI2 in MCF-7 cells treated with anti-PADI2 siRNA. RESULTS Both Sequenom MassARRAY and TaqMan genotyping assays demonstrated that SNP rs10788656 in the PADI2 gene was significantly associated with breast cancer. PCR arrays indicated that inhibiting PADI2 expression significantly increased expression of CA9 and decreased expression of ACSL4 and BIRC3 in MCF-7 cells, which was verified using real-time PCR. Inhibiting PADI2 expression also significantly decreased the migration ability of MCF-7 cells but did not affect cell proliferation or apoptosis. CONCLUSIONS The PADI2 gene confers susceptibility to breast cancer. PADI2 expression contributes to abnormal migration of breast tumor cells. PADI2 affects tumorigenesis in breast tumor cells by regulating the expression of ACSL4, BINC3 and CA9, which are known to promote abnormal lipid metabolism and cell invasion of tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huifeng Wang
- Medical Research Center of Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jingshi Road 16766, Jinan, 250014 Shandong People's Republic of China ; Taian City Central Hospital, Longtan Road 29, Taian, 271000 Shandong People's Republic of China
| | - Bing Xu
- Medical Research Center of Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jingshi Road 16766, Jinan, 250014 Shandong People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoqian Zhang
- Clinical Laboratory of PKUCare Luzhong Hospital, Taigong Road 65, Zibo, 250400 Shandong People's Republic of China
| | - Yabing Zheng
- Medical Research Center of Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jingshi Road 16766, Jinan, 250014 Shandong People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Zhao
- Medical Research Center of Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jingshi Road 16766, Jinan, 250014 Shandong People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaotian Chang
- Medical Research Center of Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jingshi Road 16766, Jinan, 250014 Shandong People's Republic of China
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10
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Peptidylarginine Deiminase 3 (PAD3) Is Upregulated by Prolactin Stimulation of CID-9 Cells and Expressed in the Lactating Mouse Mammary Gland. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0147503. [PMID: 26799659 PMCID: PMC4723263 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0147503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Peptidylarginine deiminases (PADs) post-translationally convert arginine into neutral citrulline residues. Our past work shows that PADs are expressed in the canine and murine mammary glands; however, the mechanisms regulating PAD expression and the function of citrullination in the normal mammary gland are unclear. Therefore, the first objective herein was to investigate regulation of PAD expression in mammary epithelial cells. We first examined PAD levels in CID-9 cells, which were derived from the mammary gland of mid-pregnant mice. PAD3 expression is significantly higher than all other PAD isoforms and mediates protein citrullination in CID-9 cells. We next hypothesized that prolactin regulates PAD3 expression. To test this, CID-9 cells were stimulated with 5 μg/mL of prolactin for 48 hours which significantly increases PAD3 mRNA and protein expression. Use of a JAK2 inhibitor and a dominant negative (DN)-STAT5 adenovirus indicate that prolactin stimulation of PAD3 expression is mediated by the JAK2/STAT5 signaling pathway in CID-9 cells. In addition, the human PAD3 gene promoter is prolactin responsive in CID-9 cells. Our second objective was to investigate the expression and activity of PAD3 in the lactating mouse mammary gland. PAD3 expression in the mammary gland is highest on lactation day 9 and coincident with citrullinated proteins such as histones. Use of the PAD3 specific inhibitor, Cl4-amidine, indicates that PAD3, in part, can citrullinate proteins in L9 mammary glands. Collectively, our results show that upregulation of PAD3 is mediated by prolactin induction of the JAK2/STAT5 signaling pathway, and that PAD3 appears to citrullinate proteins during lactation.
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McElwee JL, Mohanan S, Horibata S, Sams KL, Anguish LJ, McLean D, Cvitaš I, Wakshlag JJ, Coonrod SA. PAD2 overexpression in transgenic mice promotes spontaneous skin neoplasia. Cancer Res 2014; 74:6306-17. [PMID: 25213324 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-14-0749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Peptidylarginine deiminase 2 (PAD2/PADI2) has been implicated in various inflammatory diseases and, more recently, cancer. The goal of this study was to test the hypothesis that PAD2 promotes oncogenesis using a transgenic mouse model. We found that about 37% of transgenic mice overexpressing human FLAG-PAD2 downstream of the MMTV-LTR promoter develop spontaneous neoplastic skin lesions. Molecular and histopathologic analyses of the resulting lesions find that they contain increased levels of markers for invasion, inflammation, and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and that a subset of the lesions progress to invasive squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). We then stably overexpressed FLAG-PAD2 in the human SCC cell line, A431, and found that the PAD2-overexpressing cells were more tumorigenic in vitro and also contained elevated levels of markers for inflammation and EMT. Collectively, these studies provide the first genetic evidence that PAD2 functions as an oncogene and suggest that PAD2 may promote tumor progression by enhancing inflammation within the tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- John L McElwee
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, College of Human Ecology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
| | | | - Sachi Horibata
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
| | - Kelly L Sams
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
| | - Lynne J Anguish
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
| | - Dalton McLean
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
| | - Iva Cvitaš
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Joseph J Wakshlag
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
| | - Scott A Coonrod
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York.
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Shinoda H, Legare ME, Mason GL, Berkbigler JL, Afzali MF, Flint AF, Hanneman WH. Significance of ERα, HER2, and CAV1 expression and molecular subtype classification to canine mammary gland tumor. J Vet Diagn Invest 2014; 26:390-403. [DOI: 10.1177/1040638714527289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Canine mammary gland tumor (CMT) and human breast cancer (HBC) share many similarities regarding their risk factors, histological features, and behavior. Despite the increasing evidence of molecular marker expression as a prognostic indicator for HBC, few studies have applied this approach to CMT. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the significance of the expression of estrogen receptor–alpha (ERα), human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2), and caveolin-1 (CAV1) to the behavior and the clinical outcome of CMT. Additionally, the correlation between subtype classification (luminal A, luminal B, HER2-overexpressing, basal-like, and normal-like) and tumor behavior prognosis were assessed. Canine mammary gland tissues were immunohistochemically stained for ERα, HER2, and CAV1 and evaluated and classified into 5 subtypes on the basis of immunoreactivity. Although there were no statistically significant differences in the molecular marker immunoreactivity of different subtypes, the degree of positive staining for ERα, extranuclear ERα, HER2, and CAV1 showed significant correlations ( P < 0.05) with the behavior and prognosis of the tumor. The current study indicates the prognostic value of immunohistochemical staining status of ERα, HER2, and CAV1 for CMT. In addition, some trends were seen in subtype classification on the prognosis of the tumor, implying that, although further analysis is needed, there is potential clinical application of 5-subtype classification for CMT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitomi Shinoda
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO
| | - Marie E. Legare
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO
| | - Gary L. Mason
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO
| | - Jennifer L. Berkbigler
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO
| | - Maryam F. Afzali
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO
| | - Alfred F. Flint
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO
| | - William H. Hanneman
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO
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Potential role of peptidylarginine deiminase enzymes and protein citrullination in cancer pathogenesis. Biochem Res Int 2012; 2012:895343. [PMID: 23019525 PMCID: PMC3457611 DOI: 10.1155/2012/895343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2012] [Revised: 07/31/2012] [Accepted: 08/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The peptidylarginine deiminases (PADs) are a family of posttranslational modification enzymes that catalyze the conversion of positively charged protein-bound arginine and methylarginine residues to the uncharged, nonstandard amino acid citrulline. This enzymatic activity is referred to as citrullination or, alternatively, deimination. Citrullination can significantly affect biochemical pathways by altering the structure and function of target proteins. Five mammalian PAD family members (PADs 1–4 and 6) have been described and show tissue-specific distribution. Recent reviews on PADs have focused on their role in autoimmune diseases. Here, we will discuss the potential role of PADs in tumor progression and tumor-associated inflammation. In the context of cancer, increasing clinical evidence suggests that PAD4 (and possibly PAD2) has important roles in tumor progression. The link between PADs and cancer is strengthened by recent findings showing that treatment of cell lines and mice with PAD inhibitors significantly suppresses tumor growth and, interestingly, inflammatory symptoms. At the molecular level, transcription factors, coregulators, and histones are functional targets for citrullination by PADs, and citrullination of these targets can affect gene expression in multiple tumor cell lines. Next generation isozyme-specific PAD inhibitors may have therapeutic potential to regulate both the inflammatory tumor microenvironment and tumor cell growth.
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