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Harada K, Carr SM, Shrestha A, La Thangue NB. Citrullination and the protein code: crosstalk between post-translational modifications in cancer. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2023; 378:20220243. [PMID: 37778382 PMCID: PMC10542456 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2022.0243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Post-translational modifications (PTMs) of proteins are central to epigenetic regulation and cellular signalling, playing an important role in the pathogenesis and progression of numerous diseases. Growing evidence indicates that protein arginine citrullination, catalysed by peptidylarginine deiminases (PADs), is involved in many aspects of molecular and cell biology and is emerging as a potential druggable target in multiple diseases including cancer. However, we are only just beginning to understand the molecular activities of PADs, and their underlying mechanistic details in vivo under both physiological and pathological conditions. Many questions still remain regarding the dynamic cellular functions of citrullination and its interplay with other types of PTMs. This review, therefore, discusses the known functions of PADs with a focus on cancer biology, highlighting the cross-talk between citrullination and other types of PTMs, and how this interplay regulates downstream biological events. This article is part of the Theo Murphy meeting issue 'The virtues and vices of protein citrullination'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koyo Harada
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Simon M. Carr
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Amit Shrestha
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Nicholas B. La Thangue
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
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2
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Blaszczak W, Liu G, Zhu H, Barczak W, Shrestha A, Albayrak G, Zheng S, Kerr D, Samsonova A, La Thangue NB. Immune modulation underpins the anti-cancer activity of HDAC inhibitors. Mol Oncol 2021; 15:3280-3298. [PMID: 33773029 PMCID: PMC8637571 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.12953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Aberrant protein acetylation is strongly linked to tumorigenesis, and modulating acetylation through targeting histone deacetylase (HDAC) with small‐molecule inhibitors has been the focus of clinical trials. However, clinical success on solid tumours, such as colorectal cancer (CRC), has been limited, in part because the cancer‐relevant mechanisms through which HDAC inhibitors act remain largely unknown. Here, we have explored, at the genome‐wide expression level, the effects of a novel HDAC inhibitor CXD101. In human CRC cell lines, a diverse set of differentially expressed genes were up‐ and downregulated upon CXD101 treatment. Functional profiling of the expression data highlighted immune‐relevant concepts related to antigen processing and natural killer cell‐mediated cytotoxicity. Similar profiles were apparent when gene expression was investigated in murine colon26 CRC cells treated with CXD101. Significantly, these changes were also apparent in syngeneic colon26 tumours growing in vivo. The ability of CXD101 to affect immune‐relevant gene expression coincided with changes in the tumour microenvironment (TME), especially in the subgroups of CD4 and CD8 tumour‐infiltrating T lymphocytes. The altered TME reflected enhanced antitumour activity when CXD101 was combined with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), such as anti‐PD‐1 and anti‐CTLA4. The ability of CXD101 to reinstate immune‐relevant gene expression in the TME and act together with ICIs provides a powerful rationale for exploring the combination therapy in human cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Geng Liu
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, UK
| | - Hong Zhu
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, UK.,Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wojciech Barczak
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, UK
| | - Amit Shrestha
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, UK
| | - Gulsah Albayrak
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, UK
| | | | - David Kerr
- Celleron Therapeutics Ltd, Oxford, UK.,Nuffield Division of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, University of Oxford, UK
| | - Anastasia Samsonova
- Centre for Computational Biology, Peter the Great Saint Petersburg Polytechnic University, Russia.,Centre for Genome Bioinformatics, St. Petersburg State University, Russia
| | - Nicholas B La Thangue
- Celleron Therapeutics Ltd, Oxford, UK.,Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, UK
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3
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Barczak W, Jin L, Carr SM, Munro S, Ward S, Kanapin A, Samsonova A, La Thangue NB. PRMT5 promotes cancer cell migration and invasion through the E2F pathway. Cell Death Dis 2020; 11:572. [PMID: 32709847 PMCID: PMC7382496 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-020-02771-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 07/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The pRb-E2F pathway is a critical point of regulation in the cell cycle and loss of control of the pathway is a hallmark of cancer. E2F1 is the major target through which pRb exerts its effects and arginine methylation by PRMT5 plays a key role in dictating E2F1 activity. Here we have explored the functional role of the PRMT5-E2F1 axis and highlight its influence on different aspects of cancer cell biology including viability, migration, invasion and adherence. Through a genome-wide expression analysis, we identified a distinct set of genes under the control of PRMT5 and E2F1, including some highly regulated genes, which influence cell migration, invasio and adherence through a PRMT5-dependent mechanism. Most significantly, a coincidence was apparent between the expression of PRMT5 and E2F1 in human tumours, and elevated levels of PRMT5 and E2F1 correlated with poor prognosis disease. Our results suggest a causal relationship between PRMT5 and E2F1 in driving the malignant phenotype and thereby highlight an important pathway for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wojciech Barczak
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Li Jin
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Simon Mark Carr
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Shonagh Munro
- Argonaut Therapeutics Ltd Magdalen Centre, Oxford Science Park, Oxford, OX4 4GA, UK
| | - Samuel Ward
- Argonaut Therapeutics Ltd Magdalen Centre, Oxford Science Park, Oxford, OX4 4GA, UK
| | - Alexander Kanapin
- Centre for Genome Bioinformatics, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, 199034, Russia
| | - Anastasia Samsonova
- Centre for Genome Bioinformatics, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, 199034, Russia
| | - Nicholas B La Thangue
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK.
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4
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Roworth AP, Carr SM, Liu G, Barczak W, Miller RL, Munro S, Kanapin A, Samsonova A, La Thangue NB. Arginine methylation expands the regulatory mechanisms and extends the genomic landscape under E2F control. Sci Adv 2019; 5:eaaw4640. [PMID: 31249870 PMCID: PMC6594773 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aaw4640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
E2F is a family of master transcription regulators involved in mediating diverse cell fates. Here, we show that residue-specific arginine methylation (meR) by PRMT5 enables E2F1 to regulate many genes at the level of alternative RNA splicing, rather than through its classical transcription-based mechanism. The p100/TSN tudor domain protein reads the meR mark on chromatin-bound E2F1, allowing snRNA components of the splicing machinery to assemble with E2F1. A large set of RNAs including spliced variants associate with E2F1 by virtue of the methyl mark. By focusing on the deSUMOylase SENP7 gene, which we identified as an E2F target gene, we establish that alternative splicing is functionally important for E2F1 activity. Our results reveal an unexpected consequence of arginine methylation, where reader-writer interplay widens the mechanism of control by E2F1, from transcription factor to regulator of alternative RNA splicing, thereby extending the genomic landscape under E2F1 control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Poppy Roworth
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Oncology, Medical Sciences Division, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Old Road Campus, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Simon Mark Carr
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Oncology, Medical Sciences Division, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Old Road Campus, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Geng Liu
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Oncology, Medical Sciences Division, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Old Road Campus, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Wojciech Barczak
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Oncology, Medical Sciences Division, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Old Road Campus, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Rebecca Louise Miller
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Oncology, Medical Sciences Division, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Old Road Campus, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Shonagh Munro
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Oncology, Medical Sciences Division, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Old Road Campus, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Alexander Kanapin
- Institute of Translational Biomedicine, St. Petersburg University, St. Petersburg 199034, Russia
| | - Anastasia Samsonova
- Institute of Translational Biomedicine, St. Petersburg University, St. Petersburg 199034, Russia
| | - Nicholas B. La Thangue
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Oncology, Medical Sciences Division, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Old Road Campus, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
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5
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Coutts AS, Munro S, La Thangue NB. Functional interplay between E2F7 and ribosomal rRNA gene transcription regulates protein synthesis. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:577. [PMID: 29760477 PMCID: PMC5951837 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-018-0529-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Revised: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
A prerequisite for protein synthesis is the transcription of ribosomal rRNA genes by RNA polymerase I (Pol I), which controls ribosome biogenesis. UBF (upstream binding factor) is one of the main Pol I transcription factors located in the nucleolus that activates rRNA gene transcription. E2F7 is an atypical E2F family member that acts as a transcriptional repressor of E2F target genes, and thereby contributes to cell cycle arrest. Here, we describe an unexpected role for E2F7 in regulating rRNA gene transcription. We have found that E2F7 localises to the perinucleolar region, and further that E2F7 is able to exert repressive effects on Pol I transcription. At the mechanistic level, this is achieved in part by E2F7 hindering UBF recruitment to the rRNA gene promoter region, and thereby reducing rRNA gene transcription, which in turn compromises global protein synthesis. Our results expand the target gene repertoire influenced by E2F7 to include Pol I-regulated genes, and more generally suggest a mechanism mediated by effects on Pol I transcription where E2F7 links cell cycle arrest with protein synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda S Coutts
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Oncology, Medical Sciences Division, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Old Road Campus, Off Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK.
- College of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Clifton Lane, Nottingham, NG11 8NS, UK.
| | - Shonagh Munro
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Oncology, Medical Sciences Division, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Old Road Campus, Off Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Nicholas B La Thangue
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Oncology, Medical Sciences Division, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Old Road Campus, Off Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK.
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Carr SM, Munro S, Sagum CA, Fedorov O, Bedford MT, La Thangue NB. Tudor-domain protein PHF20L1 reads lysine methylated retinoblastoma tumour suppressor protein. Cell Death Differ 2017; 24:2139-2149. [PMID: 28841214 PMCID: PMC5686351 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2017.135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Revised: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The retinoblastoma tumour suppressor protein (pRb) classically functions to regulate early cell cycle progression where it acts to enforce a number of checkpoints in response to cellular stress and DNA damage. Methylation at lysine (K) 810, which occurs within a critical CDK phosphorylation site and antagonises a CDK-dependent phosphorylation event at the neighbouring S807 residue, acts to hold pRb in the hypo-phosphorylated growth-suppressing state. This is mediated in part by the recruitment of the reader protein 53BP1 to di-methylated K810, which allows pRb activity to be effectively integrated with the DNA damage response. Here, we report the surprising observation that an additional methylation-dependent interaction occurs at K810, but rather than the di-methyl mark, it is selective for the mono-methyl K810 mark. Binding of the mono-methyl PHF20L1 reader to methylated pRb occurs on E2F target genes, where it acts to mediate an additional level of control by recruiting the MOF acetyltransferase complex to E2F target genes. Significantly, we find that the interplay between PHF20L1 and mono-methyl pRb is important for maintaining the integrity of a pRb-dependent G1-S-phase checkpoint. Our results highlight the distinct roles that methyl-lysine readers have in regulating the biological activity of pRb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon M Carr
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Old Road Campus, Roosevelt Drive, Headington, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Shonagh Munro
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Old Road Campus, Roosevelt Drive, Headington, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Cari A Sagum
- Department of Molecular Carcinogenesis, The University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Smithville, TX 77030, USA
| | - Oleg Fedorov
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Structural Genomics Consortium Oxford, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Old Road Campus, Roosevelt Drive, Headington, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Mark T Bedford
- Department of Molecular Carcinogenesis, The University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Smithville, TX 77030, USA
| | - Nicholas B La Thangue
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Old Road Campus, Roosevelt Drive, Headington, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
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7
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Abstract
The retinoblastoma protein (pRb) is considered to be one of the key regulators of cell proliferation. Here we describe our recent findings that linker histone H1.2 is an interaction partner for pRb and impacts upon the genome-wide chromatin binding properties of pRb. Consequently, H1.2 influences transcriptional repression and cell cycle control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shonagh Munro
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Oncology, Medical Sciences Division, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Old Road Campus, off Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas B. La Thangue
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Oncology, Medical Sciences Division, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Old Road Campus, off Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, United Kingdom
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8
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Munro S, Hookway ES, Floderer M, Carr SM, Konietzny R, Kessler BM, Oppermann U, La Thangue NB. Linker Histone H1.2 Directs Genome-wide Chromatin Association of the Retinoblastoma Tumor Suppressor Protein and Facilitates Its Function. Cell Rep 2017; 19:2193-2201. [PMID: 28614707 PMCID: PMC5478878 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.05.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Revised: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The retinoblastoma tumor suppressor protein pRb is a master regulator of cellular proliferation, principally through interaction with E2F and regulation of E2F target genes. Here, we describe the H1.2 linker histone as a major pRb interaction partner. We establish that H1.2 and pRb are found in a chromatin-bound complex on diverse E2F target genes. Interrogating the global influence of H1.2 on the genome-wide distribution of pRb indicated that the E2F target genes affected by H1.2 are functionally linked to cell-cycle control, consistent with the ability of H1.2 to hinder cell proliferation and the elevated levels of chromatin-bound H1-pRb complex, which occur in growth-arrested cells. Our results define a network of E2F target genes as susceptible to the regulatory influence of H1.2, where H1.2 augments global association of pRb with chromatin, enhances transcriptional repression by pRb, and facilitates pRb-dependent cell-cycle arrest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shonagh Munro
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Medical Sciences Division, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Old Road Campus, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Edward S Hookway
- Nuffield Orthopaedic Centre, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Windmill Road, Oxford OX3 7HE, UK
| | - Melanie Floderer
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Medical Sciences Division, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Old Road Campus, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Simon M Carr
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Medical Sciences Division, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Old Road Campus, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Rebecca Konietzny
- Target Discovery Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7FZ, UK
| | - Benedikt M Kessler
- Target Discovery Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7FZ, UK
| | - Udo Oppermann
- Nuffield Orthopaedic Centre, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Windmill Road, Oxford OX3 7HE, UK
| | - Nicholas B La Thangue
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Medical Sciences Division, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Old Road Campus, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK.
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9
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Tumber A, Nuzzi A, Hookway ES, Hatch SB, Velupillai S, Johansson C, Kawamura A, Savitsky P, Yapp C, Szykowska A, Wu N, Bountra C, Strain-Damerell C, Burgess-Brown NA, Ruda GF, Fedorov O, Munro S, England KS, Nowak RP, Schofield CJ, La Thangue NB, Pawlyn C, Davies F, Morgan G, Athanasou N, Müller S, Oppermann U, Brennan PE. Potent and Selective KDM5 Inhibitor Stops Cellular Demethylation of H3K4me3 at Transcription Start Sites and Proliferation of MM1S Myeloma Cells. Cell Chem Biol 2017; 24:371-380. [PMID: 28262558 PMCID: PMC5361737 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2017.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2016] [Revised: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Methylation of lysine residues on histone tail is a dynamic epigenetic modification that plays a key role in chromatin structure and gene regulation. Members of the KDM5 (also known as JARID1) sub-family are 2-oxoglutarate (2-OG) and Fe2+-dependent oxygenases acting as histone 3 lysine 4 trimethyl (H3K4me3) demethylases, regulating proliferation, stem cell self-renewal, and differentiation. Here we present the characterization of KDOAM-25, an inhibitor of KDM5 enzymes. KDOAM-25 shows biochemical half maximal inhibitory concentration values of <100 nM for KDM5A-D in vitro, high selectivity toward other 2-OG oxygenases sub-families, and no off-target activity on a panel of 55 receptors and enzymes. In human cell assay systems, KDOAM-25 has a half maximal effective concentration of ∼50 μM and good selectivity toward other demethylases. KDM5B is overexpressed in multiple myeloma and negatively correlated with the overall survival. Multiple myeloma MM1S cells treated with KDOAM-25 show increased global H3K4 methylation at transcriptional start sites and impaired proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Tumber
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK; Nuffield Department of Medicine, Target Discovery Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FZ, UK
| | - Andrea Nuzzi
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK; Nuffield Department of Medicine, Target Discovery Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FZ, UK
| | - Edward S Hookway
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Unit, Nuffield Department of Orthopedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, Botnar Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LD, UK
| | - Stephanie B Hatch
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK; Nuffield Department of Medicine, Target Discovery Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FZ, UK
| | - Srikannathasan Velupillai
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK; Nuffield Department of Medicine, Target Discovery Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FZ, UK
| | - Catrine Johansson
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Unit, Nuffield Department of Orthopedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, Botnar Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LD, UK; Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Akane Kawamura
- Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, UK; Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Pavel Savitsky
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Clarence Yapp
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK; Nuffield Department of Medicine, Target Discovery Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FZ, UK
| | | | - Na Wu
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Unit, Nuffield Department of Orthopedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, Botnar Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LD, UK
| | - Chas Bountra
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | | | | | - Gian Filippo Ruda
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK; Nuffield Department of Medicine, Target Discovery Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FZ, UK
| | - Oleg Fedorov
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK; Nuffield Department of Medicine, Target Discovery Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FZ, UK
| | - Shonagh Munro
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Katherine S England
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK; Nuffield Department of Medicine, Target Discovery Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FZ, UK
| | - Radoslaw P Nowak
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK; NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Unit, Nuffield Department of Orthopedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, Botnar Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LD, UK
| | | | | | - Charlotte Pawlyn
- Division of Cancer Therapeutics, Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, Surrey SM2 5NG, UK
| | - Faith Davies
- Division of Cancer Therapeutics, Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, Surrey SM2 5NG, UK; University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Myeloma Institute, 4301 W. Markham #816, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| | - Gareth Morgan
- Division of Cancer Therapeutics, Institute of Cancer Research, Sutton, Surrey SM2 5NG, UK; University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Myeloma Institute, 4301 W. Markham #816, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| | - Nick Athanasou
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Unit, Nuffield Department of Orthopedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, Botnar Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LD, UK
| | - Susanne Müller
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK; Nuffield Department of Medicine, Target Discovery Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FZ, UK.
| | - Udo Oppermann
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK; NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Unit, Nuffield Department of Orthopedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, Botnar Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LD, UK.
| | - Paul E Brennan
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK; Nuffield Department of Medicine, Target Discovery Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FZ, UK.
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10
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Olzscha H, Fedorov O, Kessler BM, Knapp S, La Thangue NB. CBP/p300 Bromodomains Regulate Amyloid-like Protein Aggregation upon Aberrant Lysine Acetylation. Cell Chem Biol 2017; 24:9-23. [PMID: 27989401 PMCID: PMC5266481 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2016.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Revised: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Lysine acetylation is becoming increasingly recognized as a general biological principle in cellular homeostasis, and is subject to abnormal control in different human pathologies. Here, we describe a global effect on amyloid-like protein aggregation in human cells that results from aberrant lysine acetylation. Bromodomain reader proteins are involved in the aggregation process and, using chemical biology and gene silencing, we establish that p300/CBP bromodomains are necessary for aggregation to occur. Moreover, protein aggregation disturbs proteostasis by impairing the ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS) and protein translation, resulting in decreased cell viability. p300/CBP bromodomain inhibitors impede aggregation, which coincides with enhanced UPS function and increased cell viability. Aggregation of a pathologically relevant form of huntingtin protein is similarly affected by p300/CBP inhibition. Our results have implications for understanding the molecular basis of protein aggregation, and highlight the possibility of treating amyloid-like pathologies and related protein folding diseases with bromodomain inhibitor-based strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi Olzscha
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Old Road Campus, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Oleg Fedorov
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Old Road Campus, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Benedikt M Kessler
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, Target Discovery Institute, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7FZ, UK
| | - Stefan Knapp
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Old Road Campus, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Nicholas B La Thangue
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Old Road Campus, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK.
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11
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New M, Sheikh S, Bekheet M, Olzscha H, Thezenas ML, Care MA, Fotheringham S, Tooze RM, Kessler B, La Thangue NB. TLR Adaptor Protein MYD88 Mediates Sensitivity to HDAC Inhibitors via a Cytokine-Dependent Mechanism. Cancer Res 2016; 76:6975-6987. [PMID: 27733371 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-16-0504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Revised: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors have proven useful therapeutic agents for certain hematologic cancers. However, HDAC inhibition causes diverse cellular outcomes, and identification of cancer-relevant pathways within these outcomes remains unresolved. In this study, we utilized an unbiased loss-of-function screen and identified the Toll-like receptor (TLR) adaptor protein MYD88 as a key regulator of the antiproliferative effects of HDAC inhibition. High expression of MYD88 exhibited increased sensitivity to HDAC inhibitors; conversely, low expression coincided with reduced sensitivity. MYD88-dependent TLR signaling controlled cytokine levels, which then acted via an extracellular mechanism to maintain cell proliferation and sensitize cells to HDAC inhibition. MYD88 activity was directly regulated through lysine acetylation and was deacetylated by HDAC6. MYD88 was a component of a wider acetylation signature in the ABC subgroup of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, and one of the most frequent mutations in MYD88, L265P, conferred increased cell sensitivity to HDAC inhibitors. Our study defines acetylation of MYD88, which, by regulating TLR-dependent signaling to cytokine genes, influences the antiproliferative effects of HDAC inhibitors. Our results provide a possible explanation for the sensitivity of malignancies of hematologic origin to HDAC inhibitor-based therapy. Cancer Res; 76(23); 6975-87. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria New
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Semira Sheikh
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Mina Bekheet
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Heidi Olzscha
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Marie-Laetitia Thezenas
- Target Discovery Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew A Care
- Section of Experimental Haematology, Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
- Bioinformatics Group, School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | | | - Reuben M Tooze
- Section of Experimental Haematology, Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Benedikt Kessler
- Target Discovery Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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12
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Abstract
Autophagy is a process of self-eating, whereby cytosolic constituents are enclosed by a double-membrane vesicle before delivery to the lysosome for degradation. This is an important process which allows for recycling of nutrients and cellular components and thus plays a critical role in normal cellular homeostasis as well as cell survival during stresses such as starvation or hypoxia. A large number of proteins regulate various stages of autophagy in a complex and still incompletely understood series of events. In this review, we will discuss recent studies which provide a growing body of evidence that actin dynamics and proteins that influence actin nucleation play an important role in the regulation of autophagosome formation and maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda S Coutts
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Medical Sciences Division, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Old Road Campus, Off Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Nicholas B La Thangue
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Medical Sciences Division, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Old Road Campus, Off Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK.
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13
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Kawalkowska J, Quirke AM, Ghari F, Davis S, Subramanian V, Thompson PR, Williams RO, Fischer R, La Thangue NB, Venables PJ. Abrogation of collagen-induced arthritis by a peptidyl arginine deiminase inhibitor is associated with modulation of T cell-mediated immune responses. Sci Rep 2016; 6:26430. [PMID: 27210478 PMCID: PMC4876390 DOI: 10.1038/srep26430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteins containing citrulline, a post-translational modification of arginine, are generated by peptidyl arginine deiminases (PAD). Citrullinated proteins have pro-inflammatory effects in both innate and adaptive immune responses. Here, we examine the therapeutic effects in collagen-induced arthritis of the second generation PAD inhibitor, BB-Cl-amidine. Treatment after disease onset resulted in the reversal of clinical and histological changes of arthritis, associated with a marked reduction in citrullinated proteins in lymph nodes. There was little overall change in antibodies to collagen or antibodies to citrullinated peptides, but a shift from pro-inflammatory Th1 and Th17-type responses to pro-resolution Th2-type responses was demonstrated by serum cytokines and antibody subtypes. In lymph node cells from the arthritic mice treated with BB-Cl-amidine, there was a decrease in total cell numbers but an increase in the proportion of Th2 cells. BB-Cl-amidine had a pro-apoptotic effect on all Th subsets in vitro with Th17 cells appearing to be the most sensitive. We suggest that these immunoregulatory effects of PAD inhibition in CIA are complex, but primarily mediated by transcriptional regulation. We suggest that targeting PADs is a promising strategy for the treatment of chronic inflammatory disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Kawalkowska
- Kennedy Institute, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology & Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7FY, UK
| | - Anne-Marie Quirke
- Kennedy Institute, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology & Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7FY, UK
| | - Fatemeh Ghari
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Simon Davis
- Target Discovery Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7FZ, UK
| | - Venkataraman Subramanian
- Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, LRB 826, 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA
| | - Paul R. Thompson
- Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, LRB 826, 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA
| | - Richard O. Williams
- Kennedy Institute, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology & Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7FY, UK
| | - Roman Fischer
- Target Discovery Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7FZ, UK
| | - Nicholas B. La Thangue
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Patrick J. Venables
- Kennedy Institute, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology & Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7FY, UK
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14
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Ghari F, Quirke AM, Munro S, Kawalkowska J, Picaud S, McGouran J, Subramanian V, Muth A, Williams R, Kessler B, Thompson PR, Fillipakopoulos P, Knapp S, Venables PJ, La Thangue NB. Citrullination-acetylation interplay guides E2F-1 activity during the inflammatory response. Sci Adv 2016; 2:e1501257. [PMID: 26989780 PMCID: PMC4788482 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1501257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Peptidyl arginine deiminase 4 (PAD4) is a nuclear enzyme that converts arginine residues to citrulline. Although increasingly implicated in inflammatory disease and cancer, the mechanism of action of PAD4 and its functionally relevant pathways remains unclear. E2F transcription factors are a family of master regulators that coordinate gene expression during cellular proliferation and diverse cell fates. We show that E2F-1 is citrullinated by PAD4 in inflammatory cells. Citrullination of E2F-1 assists its chromatin association, specifically to cytokine genes in granulocyte cells. Mechanistically, citrullination augments binding of the BET (bromodomain and extra-terminal domain) family bromodomain reader BRD4 (bromodomain-containing protein 4) to an acetylated domain in E2F-1, and PAD4 and BRD4 coexist with E2F-1 on cytokine gene promoters. Accordingly, the combined inhibition of PAD4 and BRD4 disrupts the chromatin-bound complex and suppresses cytokine gene expression. In the murine collagen-induced arthritis model, chromatin-bound E2F-1 in inflammatory cells and consequent cytokine expression are diminished upon small-molecule inhibition of PAD4 and BRD4, and the combined treatment is clinically efficacious in preventing disease progression. Our results shed light on a new transcription-based mechanism that mediates the inflammatory effect of PAD4 and establish the interplay between citrullination and acetylation in the control of E2F-1 as a regulatory interface for driving inflammatory gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Ghari
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | | | - Shonagh Munro
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | | | - Sarah Picaud
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Joanna McGouran
- University of Massachusetts Medical School, 55 Lake Avenue North, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
| | | | - Aaron Muth
- Ludwig Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | | | - Benedikt Kessler
- University of Massachusetts Medical School, 55 Lake Avenue North, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
| | | | - Panagis Fillipakopoulos
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
- Target Discovery Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Stefan Knapp
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
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15
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Pfister SX, Markkanen E, Jiang Y, Sarkar S, Woodcock M, Zalmas LP, Orlando G, Drobnitzky N, Dianov G, Ying S, Thangue NBL, D'Angiolella V, Ryan A, Humphrey TC. Abstract B40: WEE1 inhibition selectively kills histone H3K36me3-deficient cancers by dNTP starvation. Cancer Res 2016. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.chromepi15-b40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background: Loss of the histone mark H3 Lysine 36 trimethylation (H3K36me3) is highly prevalent and is associated with poor prognosis. However, there is currently no therapy targeting H3K36me3-deficient cancers. Recently we found a novel synthetic lethal interaction in which H3K36me3-deficient cancers are acutely sensitive to inhibition of WEE1 (a checkpoint kinase). Here we provide our latest and detailed understanding of the underlying mechanism and report our findings in biomarker development.
Methods: SETD2 is the sole methyltransferase responsible for generating H3K36me3. We used CRISPR-Cas9 methodology to knockout expression of SETD2 in order to create isogenic cancer cell lines that are negative for H3K36me3. Survival of these isogenic cell lines was measured after treatment with the WEE1 inhibitor AZD1775. Recruitment of transcription factors to the chromatin was analyzed by chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP). Rescue experiments were performed by expressing a mutant ribonucleotide reductase (RRM2) that cannot be phosphorylated by CDK (Cyclin-dependent kinase) and is resistant to subsequent degradation by SCF(CyclinF). Immunohistochemistry (IHC) was performed on patient tissue microarrays (>100 samples per cancer type) using a monoclonal antibody against H3K36me3.
Results: We showed that SETD2 CRISPR knockout cells are 12-fold more sensitive to the WEE1 inhibitor AZD1775 than parental cells (IC50 = 10 nM vs. 128 nM, p<0.0001) and established that RRM2 (a ribonucleotide reductase subunit that produces deoxynucleotides (dNTPs)) is the target of this synthetic lethal interaction. RRM2 is regulated by two pathways in this context: first, H3K36me3 facilitates RRM2 transcription by recruiting transcription initiation factors to the promoter of RRM2; second, WEE1 inhibition degrades RRM2 through activation of CDK and untimely phosphorylation of RRM2. Therefore WEE1 inhibition in H3K36me3-deficient cells results in critical depletion of RRM2 and dNTPs (70% reduction in dNTP, p<0.01), collapsed replication forks and apoptosis. Accordingly, lethality in SETD2 knockout cells is suppressed by increasing RRM2 transcription or inhibiting RRM2 degradation. Encouraged by a robust regression in xenograft tumors, we tested the clinical potential of treating H3K36me3-deficient cancers with the WEE1 inhibitor. To this end we developed an immunohistochemistry assay for patient tissue microarrays, and found that 46% of renal, 16% of colorectal and 10% of non-small cell lung cancers exhibited markedly reduced levels of H3K36me3.
Conclusions: Our study has uncovered the mechanism for the selective killing of H3K36me3-deficient cancers by inhibition of WEE1. We identified novel roles for histone H3K36me3 in promoting gene transcription and DNA replication, and for WEE1 in maintaining nucleotide pools by controlling RRM2 degradation. Our proposed treatment of H3K36me3-deficient cancers is based on synthetic lethality, which provides a less toxic and more effective treatment as it specifically targets cancer cells. Our biomarker analyses revealed that H3K36me3 loss is highly prevalent in renal, colorectal and lung cancers, suggesting that it could be an important therapeutic target in these cancers. H3K36me3 loss can be used as a predictive biomarker for WEE1 inhibitor treatment, and may enable patient selection through immunohistochemistry. Finally, as the WEE1 inhibitor AZD1775, for which we describe a new target, is in clinical trials, we anticipate that these findings will be of immediate clinical relevance.
Citation Format: Sophia X. Pfister, Enni Markkanen, Yanyan Jiang, Sovan Sarkar, Mick Woodcock, Lykourgos-Panagiotis Zalmas, Giulia Orlando, Neele Drobnitzky, Grigory Dianov, Songmin Ying, Nicholas B. La Thangue, Vincenzo D'Angiolella, Anderson Ryan, Timothy C. Humphrey. WEE1 inhibition selectively kills histone H3K36me3-deficient cancers by dNTP starvation. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Chromatin and Epigenetics in Cancer; Sep 24-27, 2015; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(2 Suppl):Abstract nr B40.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia X. Pfister
- 1CRUK MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Oxford, United Kingdom,
| | - Enni Markkanen
- 1CRUK MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Oxford, United Kingdom,
| | - Yanyan Jiang
- 1CRUK MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Oxford, United Kingdom,
| | - Sovan Sarkar
- 1CRUK MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Oxford, United Kingdom,
| | - Mick Woodcock
- 1CRUK MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Oxford, United Kingdom,
| | | | - Giulia Orlando
- 1CRUK MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Oxford, United Kingdom,
| | - Neele Drobnitzky
- 1CRUK MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Oxford, United Kingdom,
| | - Grigory Dianov
- 1CRUK MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Oxford, United Kingdom,
| | - Songmin Ying
- 3Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | | | | | - Anderson Ryan
- 1CRUK MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Oxford, United Kingdom,
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16
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Abstract
Lysine acetylation in proteins is one of the most abundant posttranslational modifications in eukaryotic cells. The dynamic homeostasis of lysine acetylation and deacetylation is dictated by the action of histone acetyltransferases (HAT) and histone deacetylases (HDAC). Important substrates for HATs and HDACs are histones, where lysine acetylation generally leads to an open and transcriptionally active chromatin conformation. Histone deacetylation forces the compaction of the chromatin with subsequent inhibition of transcription and reduced gene expression. Unbalanced HAT and HDAC activity, and therefore aberrant histone acetylation, has been shown to be involved in tumorigenesis and progression of malignancy in different types of cancer. Therefore, the development of HDAC inhibitors (HDIs) as therapeutic agents against cancer is of great interest. However, treatment with HDIs can also affect the acetylation status of many other non-histone proteins which play a role in different pathways including angiogenesis, cell cycle progression, autophagy and apoptosis. These effects have led HDIs to become anticancer agents, which can initiate apoptosis in tumor cells. Hematological malignancies in particular are responsive to HDIs, and four HDIs have already been approved as anticancer agents. There is a strong interest in finding adequate biomarkers to predict the response to HDI treatment. This chapter provides information on how to assess HDAC activity in vitro and determine the potency of HDIs on different HDACs. It also gives information on how to analyze cellular markers following HDI treatment and to analyze tissue biopsies from HDI-treated patients. Finally, a protocol is provided on how to detect HDI sensitivity determinants in human cells, based on a pRetroSuper shRNA screen upon HDI treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi Olzscha
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Old Road Campus, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Mina E Bekheet
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Old Road Campus, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Semira Sheikh
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Old Road Campus, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Nicholas B La Thangue
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Old Road Campus, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK.
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17
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Picaud S, Fedorov O, Thanasopoulou A, Leonards K, Jones K, Meier J, Olzscha H, Monteiro O, Martin S, Philpott M, Tumber A, Filippakopoulos P, Yapp C, Wells C, Che KH, Bannister A, Robson S, Kumar U, Parr N, Lee K, Lugo D, Jeffrey P, Taylor S, Vecellio ML, Bountra C, Brennan PE, O’Mahony A, Velichko S, Müller S, Hay D, Daniels DL, Urh M, La Thangue NB, Kouzarides T, Prinjha R, Schwaller J, Knapp S. Generation of a Selective Small Molecule Inhibitor of the CBP/p300 Bromodomain for Leukemia Therapy. Cancer Res 2015; 75:5106-5119. [PMID: 26552700 PMCID: PMC4948672 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-15-0236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 08/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The histone acetyltransferases CBP/p300 are involved in recurrent leukemia-associated chromosomal translocations and are key regulators of cell growth. Therefore, efforts to generate inhibitors of CBP/p300 are of clinical value. We developed a specific and potent acetyl-lysine competitive protein-protein interaction inhibitor, I-CBP112, that targets the CBP/p300 bromodomains. Exposure of human and mouse leukemic cell lines to I-CBP112 resulted in substantially impaired colony formation and induced cellular differentiation without significant cytotoxicity. I-CBP112 significantly reduced the leukemia-initiating potential of MLL-AF9(+) acute myeloid leukemia cells in a dose-dependent manner in vitro and in vivo. Interestingly, I-CBP112 increased the cytotoxic activity of BET bromodomain inhibitor JQ1 as well as doxorubicin. Collectively, we report the development and preclinical evaluation of a novel, potent inhibitor targeting CBP/p300 bromodomains that impairs aberrant self-renewal of leukemic cells. The synergistic effects of I-CBP112 and current standard therapy (doxorubicin) as well as emerging treatment strategies (BET inhibition) provide new opportunities for combinatorial treatment of leukemia and potentially other cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Picaud
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford,
Structural Genomics Consortium, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive,
Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford,
Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research (LICR), Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7DQ,
UK
| | - Oleg Fedorov
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford,
Structural Genomics Consortium, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive,
Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford,
Target Discovery Institute (TDI), Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Angeliki Thanasopoulou
- Laboratory of Childhood Leukemia, Department of Biomedicine,
University of Basel and Basel University Children’s Hospital, Hebelstrasse 20
CH - 4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Katharina Leonards
- Laboratory of Childhood Leukemia, Department of Biomedicine,
University of Basel and Basel University Children’s Hospital, Hebelstrasse 20
CH - 4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Katherine Jones
- Epinova DPU, Immuno-Inflammation Therapy Area Unit, GlaxoSmithKline,
Medicines Research Centre, Stevenage SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Julia Meier
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford,
Structural Genomics Consortium, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive,
Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford,
Target Discovery Institute (TDI), Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Heidi Olzscha
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Oncology, Medical
Sciences Division, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building,
Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Octovia Monteiro
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford,
Structural Genomics Consortium, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive,
Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford,
Target Discovery Institute (TDI), Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Sarah Martin
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford,
Structural Genomics Consortium, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive,
Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford,
Target Discovery Institute (TDI), Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Martin Philpott
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford,
Structural Genomics Consortium, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive,
Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford,
Target Discovery Institute (TDI), Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Anthony Tumber
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford,
Structural Genomics Consortium, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive,
Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford,
Target Discovery Institute (TDI), Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Panagis Filippakopoulos
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford,
Structural Genomics Consortium, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive,
Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford,
Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research (LICR), Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7DQ,
UK
| | - Clarence Yapp
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford,
Target Discovery Institute (TDI), Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Christopher Wells
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford,
Structural Genomics Consortium, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive,
Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford,
Target Discovery Institute (TDI), Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Ka Hing Che
- Gurdon Institute and Department of Pathology, University of
Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QN, UK
| | - Andrew Bannister
- Gurdon Institute and Department of Pathology, University of
Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QN, UK
| | - Samuel Robson
- Gurdon Institute and Department of Pathology, University of
Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QN, UK
| | - Umesh Kumar
- Epinova DPU, Immuno-Inflammation Therapy Area Unit, GlaxoSmithKline,
Medicines Research Centre, Stevenage SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Nigel Parr
- Epinova DPU, Immuno-Inflammation Therapy Area Unit, GlaxoSmithKline,
Medicines Research Centre, Stevenage SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Kevin Lee
- Epinova DPU, Immuno-Inflammation Therapy Area Unit, GlaxoSmithKline,
Medicines Research Centre, Stevenage SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Dave Lugo
- Experimental Medicines Unit, GlaxoSmithKline, Medicines Research
Centre, Stevenage, UK
| | - Philip Jeffrey
- Experimental Medicines Unit, GlaxoSmithKline, Medicines Research
Centre, Stevenage, UK
| | - Simon Taylor
- Experimental Medicines Unit, GlaxoSmithKline, Medicines Research
Centre, Stevenage, UK
| | - Matteo L. Vecellio
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford,
Target Discovery Institute (TDI), Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Chas Bountra
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford,
Structural Genomics Consortium, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive,
Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Paul E. Brennan
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford,
Structural Genomics Consortium, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive,
Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford,
Target Discovery Institute (TDI), Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Alison O’Mahony
- BioSeek Division of DiscoveRx Corporation, 310 Utah Street, Suite
100, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Sharlene Velichko
- BioSeek Division of DiscoveRx Corporation, 310 Utah Street, Suite
100, South San Francisco, CA, 94080, USA
| | - Susanne Müller
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford,
Structural Genomics Consortium, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive,
Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford,
Target Discovery Institute (TDI), Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Duncan Hay
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford,
Target Discovery Institute (TDI), Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Danette L. Daniels
- Promega Corporation, 2800 Woods Hollow Road, Madison, Wisconsin,
U.S.A 53711
| | - Marjeta Urh
- Promega Corporation, 2800 Woods Hollow Road, Madison, Wisconsin,
U.S.A 53711
| | - Nicholas B. La Thangue
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Oncology, Medical
Sciences Division, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building,
Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Tony Kouzarides
- Gurdon Institute and Department of Pathology, University of
Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QN, UK
| | - Rab Prinjha
- Epinova DPU, Immuno-Inflammation Therapy Area Unit, GlaxoSmithKline,
Medicines Research Centre, Stevenage SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Jürg Schwaller
- Laboratory of Childhood Leukemia, Department of Biomedicine,
University of Basel and Basel University Children’s Hospital, Hebelstrasse 20
CH - 4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Knapp
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford,
Structural Genomics Consortium, Old Road Campus Research Building, Roosevelt Drive,
Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford,
Target Discovery Institute (TDI), Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
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18
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Pfister SX, Markkanen E, Jiang Y, Sarkar S, Woodcock M, Orlando G, Mavrommati I, Pai CC, Zalmas LP, Drobnitzky N, Dianov GL, Verrill C, Macaulay VM, Ying S, La Thangue NB, D'Angiolella V, Ryan AJ, Humphrey TC. Inhibiting WEE1 Selectively Kills Histone H3K36me3-Deficient Cancers by dNTP Starvation. Cancer Cell 2015; 28:557-568. [PMID: 26602815 PMCID: PMC4643307 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2015.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2015] [Revised: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Histone H3K36 trimethylation (H3K36me3) is frequently lost in multiple cancer types, identifying it as an important therapeutic target. Here we identify a synthetic lethal interaction in which H3K36me3-deficient cancers are acutely sensitive to WEE1 inhibition. We show that RRM2, a ribonucleotide reductase subunit, is the target of this synthetic lethal interaction. RRM2 is regulated by two pathways here: first, H3K36me3 facilitates RRM2 expression through transcription initiation factor recruitment; second, WEE1 inhibition degrades RRM2 through untimely CDK activation. Therefore, WEE1 inhibition in H3K36me3-deficient cells results in RRM2 reduction, critical dNTP depletion, S-phase arrest, and apoptosis. Accordingly, this synthetic lethality is suppressed by increasing RRM2 expression or inhibiting RRM2 degradation. Finally, we demonstrate that WEE1 inhibitor AZD1775 regresses H3K36me3-deficient tumor xenografts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia X Pfister
- CRUK MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Enni Markkanen
- CRUK MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK; Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Vetsuisse Faculty, Winterthurerstrasse 260, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Yanyan Jiang
- CRUK MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Sovan Sarkar
- CRUK MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Mick Woodcock
- CRUK MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Giulia Orlando
- CRUK MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Ioanna Mavrommati
- CRUK MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Chen-Chun Pai
- CRUK MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | | | - Neele Drobnitzky
- CRUK MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Grigory L Dianov
- CRUK MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK; Institute of Cytology and Genetics RAS, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Clare Verrill
- Department of Cellular Pathology, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Valentine M Macaulay
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK; Oxford Cancer and Haematology Centre, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust, Churchill Hospital, Oxford OX3 7LJ, UK
| | - Songmin Ying
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine of the Second Affiliated Hospital and Department of Pharmacology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Nicholas B La Thangue
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Vincenzo D'Angiolella
- CRUK MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Anderson J Ryan
- CRUK MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Timothy C Humphrey
- CRUK MRC Oxford Institute for Radiation Oncology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK.
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Carr SM, Poppy Roworth A, Chan C, La Thangue NB. Post-translational control of transcription factors: methylation ranks highly. FEBS J 2015; 282:4450-65. [PMID: 26402372 DOI: 10.1111/febs.13524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Revised: 09/04/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Methylation of lysine and arginine residues on histones has long been known to determine both chromatin structure and gene expression. In recent years, the methylation of non-histone proteins has emerged as a prevalent modification which impacts on diverse processes such as cell cycle control, DNA repair, senescence, differentiation, apoptosis and tumourigenesis. Many of these non-histone targets represent transcription factors, cell signalling molecules and tumour suppressor proteins. Evidence now suggests that the dysregulation of methyltransferases, demethylases and reader proteins is involved in the development of many diseases, including cancer, and several of these proteins represent potential therapeutic targets for small molecule compounds, fuelling a recent surge in chemical inhibitor design. Such molecules will greatly help us to understand the role of methylation in both health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon M Carr
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, UK
| | - A Poppy Roworth
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, UK
| | - Cheryl Chan
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, UK
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Abstract
Besides the genetic information thath is encoded by DNA, heritable information can also be passed on without relying on changes in the nucleotide sequence of DNA, a phenomenon known as epigenetics. Gene expression in eukaryotes is partly regulated by epigenetic mechanisms both at the DNA and histone protein levels. Chromatin structure can be influenced by various modifications, including the reversible posttranslational processes of acetylation and deacetylation of DNA-binding proteins. Histone acetyl transferase (HAT) is referred to as the writer of this process, whereas histone deacetylase (HDAC) is the eraser of this lysine modification. Dysregulation of gene expression and changes in the HDAC expression profile have been associated with carcinogenesis, and HDAC inhibitors are already approved for the treatment of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma and peripheral T-cell lymphoma. These inhibitors are able to influence epigenetic processes by targeting HDAC activity, increasing nuclear histone acetylation status, and contributing to chromatin remodeling, thereby affecting gene expression. In addition, HDACs also act on a plethora of cytosolic proteins with many cellular functions, including angiogenesis, immune responses, and autophagy. In this review, we will give an overview of histone deacetylase and how it can regulate gene expression at the chromatin level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi Olzscha
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Old Road Campus, off Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Semira Sheikh
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Old Road Campus, off Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Nicholas B La Thangue
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Old Road Campus, off Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
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Abstract
Autophagy is a catabolic process whereby cytosolic components and organelles are degraded to recycle key cellular materials. It is a constitutive process required for proper tissue homoeostasis but can be rapidly regulated by a variety of stimuli (for example, nutrient starvation and chemotherapeutic agents). JMY is a DNA damage-responsive p53 cofactor and actin nucleator important for cell survival and motility. Here we show that JMY regulates autophagy through its actin nucleation activity. JMY contains an LC3-interacting region, which is necessary to target JMY to the autophagosome where it enhances the autophagy maturation process. In autophagosomes, the integrity of the WH2 domains allows JMY to promote actin nucleation, which is required for efficient autophagosome formation. Thus our results establish a direct role for actin nucleation mediated by WH2 domain proteins that reside at the autophagosome. Autophagy is a catabolic process whereby cellular components are degraded by the autophagosome, but the role of the actin cytoskeleton is not clear. Here Coutts and La Thangue show that the actin nucleator JMY is recruited to the autophagosome via binding LC3, and promotes actin nucleation that is required for autophagosome maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda S Coutts
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Oncology, Medical Sciences Division, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Old Road Campus, off Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Nicholas B La Thangue
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Oncology, Medical Sciences Division, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Old Road Campus, off Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
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22
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Poppy Roworth A, Ghari F, La Thangue NB. To live or let die - complexity within the E2F1 pathway. Mol Cell Oncol 2015; 2:e970480. [PMID: 27308406 PMCID: PMC4905241 DOI: 10.4161/23723548.2014.970480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Revised: 09/11/2014] [Accepted: 09/11/2014] [Indexed: 04/21/2023]
Abstract
The E2F1 transcription factor is a recognized regulator of the cell cycle as well as a potent mediator of DNA damage-induced apoptosis and the checkpoint response. Understanding the diverse and seemingly dichotomous functions of E2F1 activity has been the focus of extensive ongoing research. Although the E2F pathway is frequently deregulated in cancer, the contributions of E2F1 itself to tumorigenesis, as a promoter of proliferation or cell death, are far from understood. In this review we aim to provide an update on our current understanding of E2F1, with particular insight into its novel interaction partners and post-translational modifications, as a means to explaining its diverse functional complexity.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Poppy Roworth
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology; Department of Oncology; University of Oxford; Oxford, UK
| | - Fatemeh Ghari
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology; Department of Oncology; University of Oxford; Oxford, UK
| | - Nicholas B La Thangue
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology; Department of Oncology; University of Oxford; Oxford, UK
- Correspondence to: Nicholas B La Thangue;
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23
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24
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Carr SM, Munro S, Zalmas LP, Fedorov O, Johansson C, Krojer T, Sagum CA, Bedford MT, Oppermann U, La Thangue NB. Lysine methylation-dependent binding of 53BP1 to the pRb tumor suppressor. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:11341-6. [PMID: 25049398 PMCID: PMC4128150 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1403737111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The retinoblastoma tumor suppressor protein pRb is a key regulator of cell cycle progression and mediator of the DNA damage response. Lysine methylation at K810, which occurs within a critical Cdk phosphorylation motif, holds pRb in the hypophosphorylated growth-suppressing state. We show here that methyl K810 is read by the tandem tudor domain containing tumor protein p53 binding protein 1 (53BP1). Structural elucidation of 53BP1 in complex with a methylated K810 pRb peptide emphasized the role of the 53BP1 tandem tudor domain in recognition of the methylated lysine and surrounding residues. Significantly, binding of 53BP1 to methyl K810 occurs on E2 promoter binding factor target genes and allows pRb activity to be effectively integrated with the DNA damage response. Our results widen the repertoire of cellular targets for 53BP1 and suggest a previously unidentified role for 53BP1 in regulating pRb tumor suppressor activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon M Carr
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford OX3 7DQ, United Kingdom
| | - Shonagh Munro
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford OX3 7DQ, United Kingdom
| | | | - Oleg Fedorov
- Structural Genomics Consortium Oxford, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford OX3 7DQ, United Kingdom; and
| | - Catrine Johansson
- Structural Genomics Consortium Oxford, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford OX3 7DQ, United Kingdom; and
| | - Tobias Krojer
- Structural Genomics Consortium Oxford, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford OX3 7DQ, United Kingdom; and
| | - Cari A Sagum
- Department of Molecular Carcinogenesis, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Smithville, TX 77030
| | - Mark T Bedford
- Department of Molecular Carcinogenesis, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Smithville, TX 77030
| | - Udo Oppermann
- Structural Genomics Consortium Oxford, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford OX3 7DQ, United Kingdom; and
| | - Nicholas B La Thangue
- Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford OX3 7DQ, United Kingdom;
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26
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Abstract
The cellular response to DNA damage, mediated by the DNA repair process, is essential in maintaining the integrity and stability of the genome. E2F-7 is an atypical member of the E2F family with a role in negatively regulating transcription and cell cycle progression under DNA damage. Surprisingly, we found that E2F-7 makes a transcription-independent contribution to the DNA repair process, which involves E2F-7 locating to and binding damaged DNA. Further, E2F-7 recruits CtBP and HDAC to the damaged DNA, altering the local chromatin environment of the DNA lesion. Importantly, the E2F-7 gene is a target for somatic mutation in human cancer and tumor-derived mutant alleles encode proteins with compromised transcription and DNA repair properties. Our results establish that E2F-7 participates in 2 closely linked processes, allowing it to directly couple the expression of genes involved in the DNA damage response with the DNA repair machinery, which has relevance in human malignancy.
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27
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New M, Olzscha H, La Thangue NB. HDAC inhibitor-based therapies: can we interpret the code? Mol Oncol 2012; 6:637-56. [PMID: 23141799 DOI: 10.1016/j.molonc.2012.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 243] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2012] [Accepted: 09/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Abnormal epigenetic control is a common early event in tumour progression, and aberrant acetylation in particular has been implicated in tumourigenesis. One of the most promising approaches towards drugs that modulate epigenetic processes has been seen in the development of inhibitors of histone deacetylases (HDACs). HDACs regulate the acetylation of histones in nucleosomes, which mediates changes in chromatin conformation, leading to regulation of gene expression. HDACs also regulate the acetylation status of a variety of other non-histone substrates, including key tumour suppressor proteins and oncogenes. Histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDIs) are potent anti-proliferative agents which modulate acetylation by targeting histone deacetylases. Interest is increasing in HDI-based therapies and so far, two HDIs, vorinostat (SAHA) and romidepsin (FK228), have been approved for treating cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL). Others are undergoing clinical trials. Treatment with HDIs prompts tumour cells to undergo apoptosis, and cell-based studies have shown a number of other outcomes to result from HDI treatment, including cell-cycle arrest, cell differentiation, anti-angiogenesis and autophagy. However, our understanding of the key pathways through which HDAC inhibitors affect tumour cell growth remains incomplete, which has hampered progress in identifying malignancies other than CTCL which are likely to respond to HDI treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria New
- Department of Oncology, Laboratory of Cancer Biology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
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28
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Abstract
Actin is an integral component of the cytoskeleton, forming a plethora of macromolecular structures that mediate various cellular functions. The formation of such structures relies on the ability of actin monomers to associate into polymers, and this process is regulated by actin nucleation factors. These factors use monomeric actin pools at specific cellular locations, thereby permitting rapid actin filament formation when required. It has now been established that actin is also present in the nucleus, where it is implicated in chromatin remodelling and the regulation of eukaryotic gene transcription. Notably, the presence of typical actin filaments in the nucleus has not been demonstrated directly. However, studies in recent years have provided evidence for the nuclear localisation of actin nucleation factors that promote cytoplasmic actin polymerisation. Their localisation to the nucleus suggests that these proteins mediate collaboration between the cytoskeleton and the nucleus, which might be dependent on their ability to promote actin polymerisation. The nature of this cooperation remains enigmatic and it will be important to elucidate the physiological relevance of the link between cytoskeletal actin networks and nuclear events. This Commentary explores the current evidence for the nuclear roles of actin nucleation factors. Furthermore, the implication of actin-associated proteins in relaying exogenous signals to the nucleus, particularly in response to cellular stress, will be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise Weston
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Oncology, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK.
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29
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Moehlenbrink J, La Thangue NB. T-ARG-eting E2F-1 growth control. Cell Cycle 2012; 11:2973-4. [PMID: 22871730 PMCID: PMC3442901 DOI: 10.4161/cc.21467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Comment on: Cho EC, et al. EMBO J 2012; 31:1785-97.
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30
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Abstract
Reversible acetylation mediated by histone deacetylases (HDACs) influences a broad repertoire of physiological processes, many of which are aberrantly controlled in tumor cells. As HDAC inhibition prompts tumor cells to enter apoptosis, small-molecule HDAC inhibitors have been developed as a new class of mechanism-based anti-cancer agent, many of which have entered clinical trials. Although the clinical picture is evolving and the precise utility of HDAC inhibitors remains to be determined, it is noteworthy that certain tumor types undergo a favorable response, in particular hematological malignancies. Vorinostat and romidepsin have been approved for treating cutaneous T-cell lymphoma in patients with progressive, persistent or recurrent disease. Here, we discuss developments in our understanding of molecular events that underlie the anti-cancer effects of HDAC inhibitors and relate this information to the emerging clinical picture for the application of these inhibitors in the treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar Khan
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Oncology, Oxford, UK
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31
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32
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Coutts AS, Weston L, La Thangue NB. Actin nucleation by a transcription co-factor that links cytoskeletal events with the p53 response. Cell Cycle 2010; 9:1511-5. [PMID: 20372063 DOI: 10.4161/cc.9.8.11258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite its obvious importance in tumorigenesis, little information is available on the mechanisms that integrate cell motility and invasion with nuclear events. Tumor suppressor p53 is a DNA damage responsive transcription factor which initiates a checkpoint response culminating in cell cycle arrest or apoptosis. JMY is a transcription co-factor that functions in the nucleus during the p53 response. By forming a DNA damage-dependent complex with the p300 co-activator and the Mdm2 oncoprotein, JMY takes on a significant role in regulating the p53 response. Here, we discuss recent studies describing an unexpected cytoplasmic role of JMY in regulating cell motility and invasion. Control of cadherin expression and actin nucleation allows JMY to influence cell motility and invasion, contrasting with its nuclear role as a p53 co-factor which drives the response to DNA damage. JMY therefore connects cell motility and invasion with the p53 response, and its aberrant regulation is likely to significantly contribute to tumorigenesis. How these findings might relate to JMY's role as a transcription co-factor are discussed, as well as the mechanisms through which JMY integrates cytoskeletal events and cellular motility with the DNA damage response.
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33
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Stimson L, La Thangue NB. Biomarkers for predicting clinical responses to HDAC inhibitors. Cancer Lett 2009; 280:177-83. [PMID: 19362413 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2009.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2009] [Accepted: 03/05/2009] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Post-translational modifications of histone and non-histone proteins by acetylation are known to play a key role in tumourigenesis. Pharmacological manipulation of acetylation has been possible with the identification of small molecule inhibitors of histone deacetylases (HDAC), the enzymes responsible for deacetylating lysine residues. An explosion of drug discovery efforts in recent years has led to the development of an extensive group of HDAC inhibitors, many of which have been shown pre-clinically to have potent anti-tumour activity. Clinical trials using these agents are now underway, with Vorinostat (suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid) having been approved by the FDA for treating cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL) in patients with progressive, persistent or recurrent disease. This review discusses how biomarkers are being identified and used to expand our knowledge of the mechanisms by which HDAC inhibitors exhibit their anti-cancer effects. In the longer term, biomarkers will provide a means towards achieving patient stratification in tumour types that will respond favourably to HDAC inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay Stimson
- Dept of Clinical Pharmacology, Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Oxford, United Kingdom
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34
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Abstract
p53 Activity is of critical importance in suppressing human cancer formation, highlighted by the fact that the majority of human tumors have defective or inactive p53. In normal cells, p53 is held at low levels in a latent form and, following DNA damage, is stabilized which usually results in apoptosis or cell cycle arrest. Most functions of p53 can be ascribed to its role as a sequence specific transcription factor, and an extensive repertoire of downstream responsive genes have been identified. p53 activity is influenced by post-translational modifications, including phosphorylation and lysine methylation. Most recently, arginine methylation mediated by PRMT5, has been identified as an additional and important p53 modification. DNA damage induced p53 arginine methylation impacts on the biochemical properties and functional outcome of the p53 response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen T Durant
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical Sciences Division, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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35
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Abstract
p53 function is of critical importance in suppressing human cancer formation, highlighted by the fact that the majority of human tumors harbor compromised p53 activity. In normal cells, p53 is held at low levels in a latent form and cellular stress results in the rapid stabilization of p53. Mdm2 mediates ubiquitin-dependent degradation of p53 which plays a key role in maintaining cellular p53 levels. Ubiquitination was, until recently, considered a straightforward system involved in p53 degradation, but recent work has demonstrated how ubiquitination can alter p53 activity, not stability. In this review we summarize current understanding on p53 ubiquitination by Mdm2 with a particular focus on how the balance between protein levels and other post-translational modifications will direct the p53 response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda S Coutts
- Medical Sciences Division, Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7DQ, UK
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36
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Fotheringham S, Epping MT, Stimson L, Khan O, Wood V, Pezzella F, Bernards R, La Thangue NB. Genome-wide loss-of-function screen reveals an important role for the proteasome in HDAC inhibitor-induced apoptosis. Cancer Cell 2009; 15:57-66. [PMID: 19111881 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2008.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2008] [Revised: 10/08/2008] [Accepted: 12/02/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Aberrant acetylation has been strongly linked to tumorigenesis, and the modulation of acetylation through targeting histone deacetylases (HDACs) is gathering increasing pace as a viable therapeutic strategy. A genome-wide loss-of-function screen identified HR23B, which shuttles ubiquitinated cargo proteins to the proteasome, as a sensitivity determinant for HDAC inhibitor-induced apoptosis. HR23B also governs tumor cell sensitivity to drugs that act directly on the proteasome. The level of HR23B influences the response of tumor cells to HDAC inhibitors, and HR23B is found at high levels in cutaneous T cell lymphoma in situ, a malignancy that responds favorably to HDAC inhibitor-based therapy. These results suggest that deregulated proteasome activity contributes to the anticancer activity of HDAC inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Fotheringham
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medical Sciences Division, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building, Oxford, UK
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37
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Xu D, Zalmas LP, La Thangue NB. A transcription cofactor required for the heat-shock response. EMBO Rep 2008; 9:662-9. [PMID: 18451878 DOI: 10.1038/embor.2008.70] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2007] [Revised: 03/13/2008] [Accepted: 03/31/2008] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The Stress-responsive activator of p300 (Strap) is a transcription cofactor that has an important role in the control of DNA damage response through its ability to regulate p53 activity. Here, we report that Strap is inducible by heat shock and stimulates the transcription of heat-shock genes. A chromatin-associated complex involving heat-shock factor 1 (HSF1), Strap and the p300 coactivator assembles on the heat-shock protein 70 (hsp70) promoter, and Strap augments HSF1 binding and chromatin acetylation in Hsp genes, most probably through the p300 histone acetyltransferase. Cells depleted of Strap do not survive under heat-shock conditions. These results indicate that Strap is an essential cofactor that acts at the level of chromatin control to regulate heat-shock-responsive transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danmei Xu
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Medical Sciences Division, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
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38
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La Thangue NB. Control of the p53 response. Toxicology 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2007.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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39
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Abstract
The p53 tumor suppressor protein is a DNA damage responsive transcription factor that affects diverse cellular processes which include transcription, DNA synthesis and repair, cell cycle arrest, senescence and apoptosis. The Mdm2 oncoprotein is a primary regulator of p53, mediating p53 control via ubiquitin-dependent proteasomal degradation. During DNA damage, the interaction between p53 and Mdm2 is reduced, which allows p53 levels to accumulate. p53 activity is tightly controlled and regulated at a multiplicity of levels, and the importance of co-factors that influence p53 activity is becoming increasingly evident. Recent studies have highlighted the role of Mdm2 in the control of p53 co-factors. Thus, Mdm2 targets JMY, a p53 co-factor, for ubiquitin-dependent Mdm2 targets JMY, a p53 co-factor, for ubiquitin-dependent proteasomal degradation and in doing so overcomes the ability of JMY to augment the p53 response. These results define a new functional relationship between control of p53 activity and Mdm2, and suggest that transcription co-factors which facilitate the p53 response are important targets through which Mdm2 mediates its oncogenic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda S Coutts
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Division of Medical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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40
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Coutts AS, Boulahbel H, Graham A, La Thangue NB. Mdm2 targets the p53 transcription cofactor JMY for degradation. EMBO Rep 2006; 8:84-90. [PMID: 17170761 PMCID: PMC1796743 DOI: 10.1038/sj.embor.7400855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2006] [Revised: 10/12/2006] [Accepted: 10/12/2006] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
We define here a new mechanism through which Mdm2 (mouse double minute 2) regulates p53 activity, by targeting the p53 transcription cofactor JMY. DNA damage causes an increase in JMY protein, and, in a similar manner, small molecule inhibitors of Mdm2 activity induce JMY in unperturbed cells. At a mechanistic level, Mdm2 regulation of JMY requires the Mdm2 RING (really interesting new gene) finger, which promotes the ubiquitin-dependent degradation of JMY. However, regulation of JMY occurs independently of the p53-binding domain in Mdm2 and p53 activity. These results define a new functional relationship between the p53 cofactor JMY and Mdm2, and indicate that transcription cofactors that facilitate p53 activity are important targets for Mdm2 in suppressing the p53 response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda S Coutts
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Division of Medical Sciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Houda Boulahbel
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Division of Medical Sciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Anne Graham
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Division of Medical Sciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Nicholas B La Thangue
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Division of Medical Sciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
- Tel: +44 1865 220550; Fax: +44 1865 228980; E-mail: or
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41
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Abstract
Reversible histone acetylation is one of the key mechanisms involved in the epigenetic control of gene expression. A variety of recent studies has revealed a role for acetylation in a much broader repertoire of physiological processes, including proliferation control and protein folding, and has highlighted how a variety of non-histone regulatory proteins are influenced by acetylation. Inhibition of histone deacetylase (HDAC) prompts tumour cells to enter apoptosis and, as a consequence, several HDAC inhibitors have entered clinical trials. It is likely that HDAC inhibitor drugs will provide an important class of new mechanism-based therapeutics for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nessa Carey
- Topo Target, 87A Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxford OX14 4RY, UK
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42
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Abstract
Recent years have seen major advances in elucidating the complexity of chromatin and its role as an epigenetic regulator of gene expression in eukaryotes. We now have a basic understanding of chromatin control and the enzymatic modifications that impart diverse regulatory cues to the functional activity of the genome. Most importantly, although research into chromatin has uncovered fascinating insights into the control of gene expression, it has also generated a large body of information that is being harnessed to develop new therapeutic modalities for treating cancer. Here, we discuss recent advances that support the contention that future generations of chromatin-modulating drugs will provide a significant group of new, mechanism-based therapeutics for cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam G Inche
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
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43
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Markham D, Munro S, Soloway J, O'Connor DP, La Thangue NB. DNA-damage-responsive acetylation of pRb regulates binding to E2F-1. EMBO Rep 2006; 7:192-8. [PMID: 16374512 PMCID: PMC1369245 DOI: 10.1038/sj.embor.7400591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2005] [Revised: 10/20/2005] [Accepted: 10/21/2005] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The pRb (retinoblastoma protein) tumour suppressor protein has a crucial role in regulating the G1- to S-phase transition, and its phosphorylation by cyclin-dependent kinases is an established and important mechanism in controlling pRb activity. In addition, the targeted acetylation of lysine (K) residues 873/874 in the carboxy-terminal region of pRb located within a cyclin-dependent kinase-docking site hinders pRb phosphorylation and thereby retains pRb in an active state of growth suppression. Here, we report that the acetylation of pRb K873/874 occurs in response to DNA damage and that acetylation regulates the interaction between the C-terminal E2F-1-specific domain of pRb and E2F-1. These results define a new role for pRb acetylation in the DNA damage signalling pathway, and suggest that the interaction between pRb and E2F-1 is controlled by DNA-damage-dependent acetylation of pRb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas Markham
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Nuffield Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Medical Sciences Division, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Shonagh Munro
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Nuffield Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Medical Sciences Division, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Judith Soloway
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Nuffield Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Medical Sciences Division, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Darran P O'Connor
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Nuffield Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Medical Sciences Division, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Nicholas B La Thangue
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Nuffield Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Medical Sciences Division, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
- Tel: +44 1865 220342; Fax: +44 1865 220524; E-mail:
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44
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Milton AH, Khaire N, Ingram L, O'donnell AJ, La Thangue NB. 14-3-3 proteins integrate E2F activity with the DNA damage response. EMBO J 2006; 25:1046-57. [PMID: 16482218 PMCID: PMC1409719 DOI: 10.1038/sj.emboj.7600999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2005] [Accepted: 01/19/2006] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The E2F family is composed of at least eight E2F and two DP subunits, which in cells exist as E2F/DP heterodimers that bind to and regulate E2F target genes. While DP-1 is an essential and widespread component of E2F, much less is known about the DP-3 subunit, which exists as a number of distinct protein isoforms that differ in several respects including the presence of a nuclear localisation signal (NLS). We show here that the NLS region of DP-3 harbours a binding site for 14-3-3epsilon, and that binding of 14-3-3epsilon alters the cell cycle and apoptotic properties of E2F. DP-3 responds to DNA damage, and the interaction between DP-3 and 14-3-3epsilon is under DNA damage-responsive control. Further, 14-3-3epsilon is present in the promoter region of certain E2F target genes, and reducing 14-3-3epsilon levels induces apoptosis. These results identify a new level of control on E2F activity and, at a more general level, suggest that 14-3-3 proteins integrate E2F activity with the DNA damage response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alasdair H Milton
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Division of Medical Sciences, University of Oxford, UK
| | - Nandkumar Khaire
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Division of Medical Sciences, University of Oxford, UK
| | - Laura Ingram
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Division of Medical Sciences, University of Oxford, UK
| | - Amanda J O'donnell
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Division of Medical Sciences, University of Oxford, UK
| | - Nicholas B La Thangue
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Division of Medical Sciences, University of Oxford, UK
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Division of Medical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK. Tel.: +44 1865 220342; Fax: +44 1865 222754; E-mail:
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45
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Logan N, Graham A, Zhao X, Fisher R, Maiti B, Leone G, La Thangue NB. E2F-8: an E2F family member with a similar organization of DNA-binding domains to E2F-7. Oncogene 2005; 24:5000-4. [PMID: 15897886 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1208703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
E2F is a family of transcription factors implicated in cell cycle control. To understand the role of E2F in controlling cell cycle progression, it is necessary to clarify the breadth of the E2F family. To date, seven E2F subunits have been identified. We report here the characterization of a new E2F subunit, E2F-8, which resembles the organization of E2F-7 in the presence of two separate DNA-binding domains, the integrity of which is required for E2F-8 to bind to DNA. Furthermore, like E2F-7, we find that E2F-8 can repress transcription and delay cell cycle progression. The similarities between E2F-7 and E2F-8 define a new subgroup of the E2F family, and further imply that E2F-7 and E2F-8 may act through overlapping mechanisms in mediating cell cycle control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Logan
- Division of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
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46
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda S Coutts
- Division of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Davidson Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
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48
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Abstract
Genotoxic stress triggers a myriad of cellular responses including cell cycle arrest, stimulation of DNA repair and apoptosis. A central role for the E2F-1 transcription factor in the DNA damage response pathway is gaining support. E2F-1 is phosphorylated by DNA damage responsive protein kinases, which leads to E2F-1 accumulation and the induction of apoptosis. In addition, emerging information suggests that E2F-1 may play a role in the detection and subsequent repair of damaged DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig Stevens
- Division of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Davidson Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
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49
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Abstract
In response to DNA damage the related phosphatidylinositol-3-OH-kinase-like-kinases ATM and ATR phosphorylate downstream protein targets which facilitate the DNA damage response. A new pathway in which ATM phosphorylates the transcriptional co-factor Strap has been elucidated. Phosphorylation causes the stabilization of nuclear Strap and favours the formation of a stress-responsive co-activator complex. Strap activity enhances p53 acetylation, and augments the response to DNA damage. Most interestingly, in AT cells Strap remains cytoplasmic, and a mutant derivative that cannot be phosphorylated by ATM is similarly localised to the cytoplasm. These results argue that Strap is an important downstream effector in the DNA damage response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Smith
- Division of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, UK
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50
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Abstract
Cancer drug development has moved from conventional cytotoxic chemotherapeutics to a more mechanism-based targeted approach towards the common goal of tumour growth arrest. The rapid progress in chromatin research has supplied a plethora of potential targets for intervention in cancer. Here, we focus on the histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors, together with their current status of clinical development and potential utility in cancer therapy. HDACs have been widely implicated in growth and transcriptional control, and inhibition of HDAC activity using small molecules causes apoptosis in tumour cells. We discuss the rationale for the development of HDAC inhibitors as novel anti-cancer agents, the potential clinical application and explore ideas on how we may move towards patient stratification with the possibility of increasing efficacy in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona McLaughlin
- Division of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Davidson Building, University of Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
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