1
|
Hassanzadeh A, Hasannezhad M, Abbasian L, Ghaderkhani S, Ameli F, Allahdadi M. Disseminated mycobacterium genavense infection with central nervous system involvement in an HIV patient: a case report and literature review. BMC Infect Dis 2024; 24:437. [PMID: 38658840 PMCID: PMC11041032 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-024-09316-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immunodeficient patients, particularly HIV patients, are at risk of opportunistic infections. Nontuberculous mycobacteria can cause severe complications in immunodeficient patients. CASE PRESENTATION We describe a 57-year-old HIV patient, primarily presented with coughs and constitutional symptoms, with a unique Mycobacterium genavense abdominal, pulmonary, and central nervous system infection, accompanied by intracranial masses. CONCLUSION The diagnosis of NTM, including M. genavense, must always be considered by clinicians in immunodeficient patients, especially those with HIV, who have a compromised immune system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ali Hassanzadeh
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Imam Khomeini Hospital Complex, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, End of Keshavarz Boulevard, 1419733141, Tehran, Iran
| | - Malihe Hasannezhad
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Imam Khomeini Hospital Complex, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, End of Keshavarz Boulevard, 1419733141, Tehran, Iran.
- Iranian Research Center for HIV/AIDS, Imam Khomeini Hospital Complex, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Ladan Abbasian
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Imam Khomeini Hospital Complex, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, End of Keshavarz Boulevard, 1419733141, Tehran, Iran
- Iranian Research Center for HIV/AIDS, Imam Khomeini Hospital Complex, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sara Ghaderkhani
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Imam Khomeini Hospital Complex, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, End of Keshavarz Boulevard, 1419733141, Tehran, Iran
- Iranian Research Center for HIV/AIDS, Imam Khomeini Hospital Complex, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fereshteh Ameli
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Allahdadi
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Imam Khomeini Hospital Complex, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, End of Keshavarz Boulevard, 1419733141, Tehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Meza-Madrid DI, Morales-Salinas E, Sánchez-Godoy FD. Pathological findings and their association with diseases of captive psittacine birds native to Mexico. J Comp Pathol 2024; 208:24-32. [PMID: 38086237 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2023.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
The captivity and use of native psittacine birds is prohibited in Mexico. However, as these birds are among the groups most affected by illegal trafficking, they are commonly found as companion animals. Nevertheless, it is difficult to obtain information on their health. Therefore, a retrospective study was conducted of the clinical histories and necropsy reports of native psittacines that had been submitted to the Bird Disease Diagnostic and Research Laboratory of the Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, from 2006 to 2017. The lesions were classified according to type and anatomical location and the diseases were classified as infectious or non-infectious. During this period, 252 psittacines were submitted, the most frequent of which were the red-lored parrot (Amazona autumnalis), orange-fronted parakeet (Eupsittula canicularis) and scarlet macaw (Ara macao). The lesions were primarily located in the digestive and respiratory systems. By integrating the clinical histories and post-mortem findings, we concluded that nutritional disorders were the most frequent non-infectious diseases, systemic bacterial infections were the most frequent infectious conditions, the primary parasite was Sarcocystis spp and the most frequent neoplasm was multicentric lymphoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Elizabeth Morales-Salinas
- Departamento de Patología, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad 3000, CU, CdMx 04510, Mexico
| | - Felix D Sánchez-Godoy
- Departamento de Medicina y Zootecnia de Aves, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. Universidad 3000, CU, CdMx 04510, Mexico.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ii T, Chambers JK, Uneyama M, Sumi A, Nakayama Y, Tsurita N, Miwa Y, Uchida K. Central nervous system mycobacteriosis caused by Mycobacterium genavense in degus ( Octodon degus). Vet Pathol 2024; 61:119-124. [PMID: 37313806 DOI: 10.1177/03009858231179094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Degus (Octodon degus) that were kept at a breeding facility presented with neurological or respiratory symptoms and died. Necropsies were performed on 9 individuals, and no significant gross lesions were found. Histologically, spinal cord necrosis was observed in all 9 cases and granulomatous myelitis in 5 of the 9 cases. Locally extensive necrosis of the brain and encephalitis were observed in 7 of the 9 cases. Acid-fast bacteria were found in the spinal cords, brains, and lungs from all 9 cases. Immunohistochemically, Mycobacterium tuberculosis antigen was observed in the spinal cords, brains, and lungs from all 9 cases. Double-labeling immunofluorescence revealed M. tuberculosis antigen in IBA1- and myeloperoxidase-immunopositive cells. Extracted genomic DNA from 8 of the 9 cases was successfully amplified with the primers for Mycobacterium genavense ITS1 and hypothetical 21 kDa protein genes, and the polymerase chain reaction products were identified as M. genavense by DNA sequencing. This report highlights the susceptibility of degus to M. genavense infection in the central nervous system.
Collapse
|
4
|
Monge E, Garapin B, Lucas MN, Gaide N, Le Loc'h G, Donnelly TM, Delverdier M. Concurrent Mycobacterium genavense infection and intestinal B-cell lymphoma in a pet rabbit (Oryctolaguscuniculus). J Comp Pathol 2023; 204:1-6. [PMID: 37269779 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2023.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A 6-year-old male intact pet rabbit was evaluated for chronic weight loss. A large mass was detected by palpation in the mid-abdomen and ultrasound examination suggested a jejunal location. Explorative laparotomy revealed a nodular mass within the jejunal wall. Histological examination of a biopsy revealed mycobacterial granulomatous enteritis with an atypical lymphoblastic proliferation suggestive of lymphoma. Neoplastic lymphocytes were immunopositive for Pax-5 but negative for CD3, which is diagnostic of a B-cell neoplasm. Numerous acid-fast bacteria were seen within histiocytes and identified by polymerase chain reaction as Mycobacterium genavense, which is a non-tuberculous and opportunistic mycobacterium with zoonotic potential. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first documented case of a concurrent B-cell lymphoma and M. genavense infection in a rabbit. Concomitant mycobacteriosis and lymphoma have been rarely described in animals and the coexistence of neoplasia and mycobacterial infection within the jejunum suggests a potential pathogenetic association. Interestingly, the rabbit owner worked in an anti-tuberculosis clinic, and an anthropic origin of the mycobacterial infection could not be excluded.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emma Monge
- Zoological Medicine Department, Université de Toulouse, ENVT, Chemin de Capelles, Toulouse, 31076, Occitanie, France; IHAP, Université de Toulouse, INRAe, ENVT - Toulouse, 31076, Occitanie, France.
| | - Bénédicte Garapin
- IHAP, Université de Toulouse, INRAe, ENVT - Toulouse, 31076, Occitanie, France; Department of Basic Sciences, Université de Toulouse, ENVT Chemin de Capelles, Toulouse, 31076, Occitanie, France
| | - Marie-Noëlle Lucas
- Laboratoire d'Anatomie Pathologique Vétérinaire du Sud-Ouest, All. des Vitarelles, Toulouse, 31100, France
| | - Nicolas Gaide
- IHAP, Université de Toulouse, INRAe, ENVT - Toulouse, 31076, Occitanie, France; Department of Basic Sciences, Université de Toulouse, ENVT Chemin de Capelles, Toulouse, 31076, Occitanie, France
| | - Guillaume Le Loc'h
- Zoological Medicine Department, Université de Toulouse, ENVT, Chemin de Capelles, Toulouse, 31076, Occitanie, France; IHAP, Université de Toulouse, INRAe, ENVT - Toulouse, 31076, Occitanie, France
| | - Thomas M Donnelly
- Exotic Animal Service, CHUVA, École Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Av. du Général de Gaulle, Maisons-Alfort, 94700, France
| | - Maxence Delverdier
- Zoological Medicine Department, Université de Toulouse, ENVT, Chemin de Capelles, Toulouse, 31076, Occitanie, France; IHAP, Université de Toulouse, INRAe, ENVT - Toulouse, 31076, Occitanie, France
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Pawsat G, Hoggard N, Duvall A, Flatland B. Bilateral Cubital Lymphoma and Mycobacteriosis in a Salmon-Crested Cockatoo ( Cacatua moluccensis). J Avian Med Surg 2023; 36:406-413. [PMID: 36935213 DOI: 10.1647/22-00006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/14/2023]
Abstract
A 32-year-old male salmon-crested cockatoo (Cacatua moluccensis) was diagnosed by cytology with bilateral cubital lymphoma and mycobacteriosis. Polymerase chain reaction assay testing confirmed Mycobacterium genavense. This patient was subsequently humanely euthanized. Postmortem histopathology confirmed both diagnoses with findings of multicentric lymphoma, acid-fast bacilli, and severe degenerative changes in all synovial joints examined. Immunohistochemical staining for paired box protein 5 of the cubital mass was positive for a high percentage of B-cell lymphocytes, consistent with B-cell lymphoma. This unusual case of two major diseases presenting concurrently in one patient raises the question of whether the pathogenesis could have an interdependent relationship. Mycobacteriosis, severe degenerative joint changes, or both may have stimulated lymphocytes, eventually leading to lymphoma. Additional screening and monitoring for comorbidities may be advised if 1 of these diseases are diagnosed in companion avian species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Grace Pawsat
- Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA,
| | - Nathan Hoggard
- Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | | | - Bente Flatland
- Department of Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Schmidt V, Köhler H, Heenemann K, Möbius P. Mycobacteriosis in Various Pet and Wild Birds from Germany: Pathological Findings, Coinfections, and Characterization of Causative Mycobacteria. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0045222. [PMID: 35852339 PMCID: PMC9430480 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00452-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
A total of 50 birds diagnosed with mycobacteriosis were examined for pathomorphological lesions, coinfections, and causative agents. Mycobacterial species were identified and isolates differentiated using multilocus sequence typing (MLST) and mycobacterial interspersed repetitive-unit variable-number of tandem-repeat (MIRU-VNTR) analysis. Possible associations between mycobacterial species, pathomorphological findings, coinfections, bird orders, and husbandry conditions were evaluated statistically. Mycobacteria were isolated from 34 birds (13 of 22 Psittaciformes, 12 of 18 Passeriformes, five of six Columbiformes, and four other orders) belonging to 26 species in total. Mycobacterium genavense (Mg) was cultured from 15 birds, Mycobacterium avium subsp. avium (Maa) from 20 birds, and Mycobacterium avium subsp. hominissuis (Mah) from three birds; hence, four birds had mixed infections. About equal numbers of psittacines and passerines were infected with Ma and Mg. The genetic diversity differed; Mg isolates belonged to one MLST type, Maa to six, and Mah to three combined genotypes. Several coinfections were detected; viruses and/or endoparasites affected 44%, fungi 38%, and bacteria 29% of the birds. Pathological findings and mycobacteriosis-affected organs were independent of coinfections. Overall, gross pathological findings were more often seen in mycobacteriosis caused by Ma (95%) compared with Mg (66%). Organ distribution of mycobacteriosis was independent of the mycobacterial species. Pathomorphological changes were seen in the small intestine of 71% and the lung of 65% of the birds, suggesting oral or pulmonal ingestion of mycobacteria. There were no associations between mycobacterial species and bird orders or bird husbandry conditions. Not only Mg, but also Maa and Mah, were clearly identified as primary cause of mycobacteriosis in pet birds. IMPORTANCE In this study, the causative agents and confounding factors of mycobacteriosis in a set of pet and some wild birds from Germany were examined. Not only Mycobacterium genavense, but also M. avium subsp. avium and M. avium subsp. hominissuis, contributed to mycobacteriosis in these birds. Various coinfections did not affect the manifestation of mycobacteriosis. Due to different gross necropsy findings, however, a different pathogenicity of the two species was assumed. New strains of M. avium subsp. hominissuis originating from birds were identified and characterized, which is important for epidemiological studies and for understanding the zoonotic role of this pathogen, as the subsp. hominissuis represents an increasing public health concern. The study provides some evidence of correlation between M. avium subsp. avium genotypes and virulence which will have to be confirmed by broader studies.
Collapse
Grants
- Clinic for Birds and Reptiles, University of Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Molecular Pathogenesis, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (Federal Research Institute for Animal Health), Jena, Germany
- Institute for Virology, University of Leipzig, Germany
- Institute of Molecular Pathogenesis, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (Federal Research Institute for Anmial Health), Jena, Germany
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Volker Schmidt
- Clinic for Birds and Reptiles, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Heike Köhler
- Institute of Molecular Pathogenesis, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute (Federal Research Institute for Animal Health), Jena, Germany
| | | | - Petra Möbius
- Institute of Molecular Pathogenesis, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institute (Federal Research Institute for Animal Health), Jena, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Jäger K, Cerezo-Echevarria A, Pohl A, Straub J, Fischer D, Aupperle-Lellbach H. Histopathological Findings in the Cardiovascular System of Psittacidae in Routine Diagnostics. Vet Clin North Am Exot Anim Pract 2022; 25:453-467. [PMID: 35422262 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvex.2022.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Samples of 363 Psittacidae were included in this study with a focus on cardiovascular diseases. These were identified in 28.9% of the animals, with pericarditis and/or epicarditis and myocarditis representing approximately half of all lesions and bacteria being the most common infectious cause. Cardiac lymphoma was only seen in 5 birds, whereas degenerative vascular lesions were diagnosed in 26.7% of the cases. Histopathology in the context of clinical findings and complementary examination results is the most useful tool for the evaluation of cardiac diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin Jäger
- Laboklin GmbH & Co KG, Steubenstr. 3, Bad Kissingen D-97688, Germany.
| | | | - Andres Pohl
- Kleintier- und Vogelpraxis Haldensleben, Papenberg 6, D-39340 Haldensleben
| | - Jens Straub
- Tierklinik Düsseldorf GmbH, Münsterstraße 359, D-40470 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
MORTALITY TRENDS FOR BUDGERIGARS ( MELOPSITTACUS UNDULATUS) HOUSED IN A WALK-THROUGH AVIARY IN A ZOO IN NORTH AMERICA, 2009-2019. J Zoo Wildl Med 2022; 52:1143-1148. [PMID: 34998283 DOI: 10.1638/2021-0036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Many zoos in North America feature walk-through exhibits that allow members of the public to interact with psittacine species, as these exhibits are popular with guests and can generate additional revenue. There is limited research available on the life expectancy and common causes of mortality of psittacines when group-housed in aviaries. This study compiled data on 496 budgerigar (Melopsittacus undulatus) mortalities at a walk-through aviary at a North American zoo from March 2009 to March 2019, including histopathology on 62 tissue sets collected post mortem, and gross necropsy data for 163 birds deceased from March 2015 to March 2019. The mean age at death or euthanasia of all fledged birds from 2015 to 2019 was 3.57 ± 1.58 yr. The most common causes of death or euthanasia found on gross necropsy were granulomatous disease (39.2%), trauma (16.0%), and Macrorhabdus ornithogaster (13.5%). The most common histologic finding was M. ornithogaster, described as the primary pathologic finding in 31.7% of submitted tissue sets, and recorded as a secondary pathologic finding in 53.2% of submitted tissue sets. Mycobacterial disease was the primary pathologic finding in 25.3% of submitted tissue sets, and was recorded as an additional pathologic finding in 35.4% of submitted tissue sets.
Collapse
|
9
|
Lamb SK, Reavill D, Wolking R, Dahlhausen B. Retrospective Review of Mycobacterial Conjunctivitis in Cockatiels ( Nymphicus hollandicus). J Avian Med Surg 2021; 34:250-259. [PMID: 33099978 DOI: 10.1647/1082-6742-34.3.250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The etiologic disease organism responsible for causing mycobacteriosis in avian species is an acid-fast gram-positive bacterium. This bacterium causes granulomatous disease in various internal organs, but in cockatiels (Nymphicus hollandicus) it has been commonly identified within the conjunctival tissues. Twenty-six cases of mycobacterial conjunctivitis in cockatiels were diagnosed through histopathologic assessment of diseased tissue samples, Fite acid-fast staining, and polymerase chain reaction in this retrospective study. Clinicians who saw these cases were contacted, and information was obtained regarding recommended treatment protocols prescribed for the patients, the Mycobacterium species identified, and case outcomes. All patients in this retrospective study had a biopsy performed on the affected conjunctival tissue, and because of the small size of the patients, this excisional biopsy removed the affected tissue in its entirety or significantly debulked the lesion. Of the 26 cases, 10 were lost to follow-up, 4 were euthanatized, 7 died, and 5 were alive at the time this information was submitted for publication.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Drury Reavill
- Zoo/Exotic Pathology Service, Carmichael, CA 95608, USA
| | - Rebecca Wolking
- Washington Animal Disease Diagnostic Lab, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - Bob Dahlhausen
- Veterinary Molecular Diagnostics, Milford, OH 45150, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Buscaglia NA, Righton AL, Armstrong DL. Mycobacterial Airsacculitis Caused by Mycobacterium fortuitum in a Southern Rockhopper Penguin ( Eudyptes chrysocome). J Avian Med Surg 2021; 34:295-301. [PMID: 33099984 DOI: 10.1647/1082-6742-34.3.295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A 21-year-old male southern rockhopper penguin (Eudyptes chrysocome) was presented with a chronic history of intermittently decreased appetite, lethargy, and regurgitation. On the external physical examination, the bird was determined to be in fair-to-thin body condition with the complete blood count and plasma chemistry panel being largely unremarkable. Full-body radiographic images were considered normal, and gastroscopy showed only mild gastritis and duodenitis. The penguin was euthanatized shortly thereafter due to acute onset of respiratory distress. During the gross necropsy examination, the bird had severe airsacculitis with thick, yellow-to-tan, moist granular plaques adhering to the surface of many air sacs, as well as regional contiguous pneumonia. Intralesional acid-fast bacilli were observed in histologic sections of air sac tissue, and polymerase chain reaction of the affected air sacs was positive for Mycobacterium fortuitum. This clinical case study describes mycobacteriosis in a sub-Antarctic penguin and to the best of the authors' knowledge, the first reported isolation of M fortuitum from a penguin.
Collapse
|
11
|
Duvall A, Greenacre C, Grunkemeyer V, Craig L. Cutaneous Mycobacteriosis Caused by Mycobacterium kansasii in a Yellow-naped Amazon Parrot ( Amazona auropalliata). J Avian Med Surg 2021; 35:227-234. [PMID: 34256554 DOI: 10.1647/20-00036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
An approximately 25-year-old, female, yellow-naped Amazon parrot (Amazona auropalliata) was evaluated for a chronic, raised, ulcerative mass on the lateral aspect of the left thigh. Histopathology of an excisional biopsy revealed severe, chronic, multifocal-to-coalescing, ulcerated dermal and subcutaneous granulomas. No infectious organisms were observed on Ziehl-Neelsen or Gomori methenamine silver stains. The parrot was treated with oral sulfamethoxazoletrimethoprim and meloxicam. When reexamined 2 weeks later, the biopsy site had healed. Surgical biopsies were resubmitted 14 months after the original presentation due to recurrence of similar ulcerative lesions on the right leg. Histopathology revealed a similar inflammatory pattern, and hematoxylin-eosin, Ziehl-Neelsen, and silver stains on the biopsy samples were all negative. A Fite-Faraco stain revealed rare acid-fast bacilli throughout the lesion. Tissue polymerase chain reaction test was negative for Mycobacterium avium and Mycobacterium genavense. Mycobacterial culture and subsequent genotyping revealed Mycobacterium kansasii. Mycobacterium kansasii is a significant cause of mycobacteriosis in humans and, therefore, should be considered a potential zoonotic organism. This report describes an unusual primary cutaneous presentation of avian mycobacteriosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Linden Craig
- University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Witte C, Fowler JH, Pfeiffer W, Hungerford LL, Braun J, Burchell J, Papendick R, Rideout BA. Social network analysis and whole-genome sequencing to evaluate disease transmission in a large, dynamic population: A study of avian mycobacteriosis in zoo birds. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0252152. [PMID: 34106953 PMCID: PMC8189513 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0252152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This study combined a social network analysis and whole-genome sequencing (WGS) to test for general patterns of contagious spread of a mycobacterial infection for which pathways of disease acquisition are not well understood. Our population included 275 cases diagnosed with avian mycobacteriosis that were nested in a source population of 16,430 birds at San Diego Zoo Wildlife Alliance facilities from 1992 through mid-2014. Mycobacteria species were determined using conventional methods and whole genome sequencing (WGS). Mycobacterium avium avium (MAA) and Mycobacterium genavense were the most common species of mycobacteria identified and were present in different proportions across bird taxa. A social network for the birds was constructed from the source population to identify directly and indirectly connected cases during time periods relevant to disease transmission. Associations between network connectivity and genetic similarity of mycobacteria (as determined by clusters of genotypes separated by few single nucleotide polymorphisms, or SNPs) were then evaluated in observed and randomly generated network permutations. Findings showed that some genotypes clustered along pathways of bird connectivity, while others were dispersed throughout the network. The proportion of directly connected birds having a similar mycobacterial genotype was 0.36 and significant (p<0.05). This proportion was higher (0.58) and significant for MAA but not for M. genavense. Evaluations of SNP distributions also showed genotypes of MAA were more related in connected birds than expected by chance; however, no significant patterns of genetic relatedness were identified for M. genavense, although data were sparse. Integrating the WGS analysis of mycobacteria with a social network analysis of their host birds revealed significant genetic clustering along pathways of connectivity, namely for MAA. These findings are consistent with a contagious process occurring in some, but not all, case clusters.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carmel Witte
- Disease Investigations, San Diego Zoo Wildlife Alliance, San Diego, California, United States of America
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Graduate School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - James H. Fowler
- Department of Political Science, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Wayne Pfeiffer
- San Diego Supercomputer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Laura L. Hungerford
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Josephine Braun
- Disease Investigations, San Diego Zoo Wildlife Alliance, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Jennifer Burchell
- Disease Investigations, San Diego Zoo Wildlife Alliance, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Rebecca Papendick
- Disease Investigations, San Diego Zoo Wildlife Alliance, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Bruce A. Rideout
- Disease Investigations, San Diego Zoo Wildlife Alliance, San Diego, California, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Zikovitz AE, Stalis IH, Bicknese EJ, Rideout BA, Pye GW. Resolution of a Localized Granuloma Caused by Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare Complex on the Cere of a Bruce's Green Pigeon ( Treron waalia). J Avian Med Surg 2019; 32:322-327. [PMID: 31112646 DOI: 10.1647/2016-218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A 3-year-old female Bruce's green pigeon (Treron waalia) was presented with granulomatous inflammation of the cere and underlying tissues with osteomyelitis and bone proliferation of the dorsal premaxilla. Biopsy and culture revealed the presence of Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare complex, and multi-antimicrobial treatment was initiated with clarithromycin, ethambutol, rifabutin, and enrofloxacin. The cere lesion improved and no evidence of systemic granulomas was observed over 4 months of treatment, although leukocytosis and monocytosis persisted. Five months after discontinuation of antibiotic therapy, the white blood cell count had normalized, but distal beak irregularities and partial recurrence of the mass were present. The bird died 15 months after discontinuation of antibiotic therapy and necropsy revealed no evidence of active mycobacteriosis of the beak or cere. This report documents an unusual clinical presentation of mycobacteriosis, in addition to its successful resolution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ilse H Stalis
- Wildlife Disease Laboratories, San Diego Zoo Institute for Conservation Research, San Diego, CA 92112, USA
| | | | - Bruce A Rideout
- Wildlife Disease Laboratories, San Diego Zoo Institute for Conservation Research, San Diego, CA 92112, USA
| | - Geoffrey W Pye
- Disney's Animal Kingdom, Department of Animal Health, Bay Lake, FL 32830, USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Captive Psittacine Birds in Ontario, Canada: a 19-Year Retrospective Study of the Causes of Morbidity and Mortality. J Comp Pathol 2019; 171:38-52. [PMID: 31540624 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2019.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Revised: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Psittacines (e.g. parrots, macaws and cockatoos) are common companion animals that are also kept in zoos and private breeding collections. Despite this popularity, long-term, comprehensive studies of diagnostic data from captive psittacines are rare. This study was conducted to assess trends in disease prevalence and to describe causes of morbidity and mortality in psittacines submitted for post-mortem examination to the veterinary hospital and diagnostic laboratory at the University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada. Post-mortem reports of 1,850 psittacines from 1998 to 2017 were assessed and included 110 species from 45 genera. Birds were often diagnosed with infectious disease processes (n = 823; 44.5%), including viral (n = 428; 23.1%), bacterial (n = 284; 15.4%) and fungal (n = 161; 8.7%). Non-infectious disease processes (n = 1,076; 58.2%) were most commonly degenerative (n = 465; 25.1%), metabolic (n = 392; 21.2%) or haemodynamic (n = 270; 14.6%). Exploratory statistical analyses, used to guide further research, revealed significant correlations and associations among disease processes and genera, age categories and sex. This 19-year retrospective study is the first to be conducted in Canada for psittacine birds and provides a broad overview of disease prevalence that can be used as a baseline to inform other studies addressing common and uncommon diseases affecting these birds in the future.
Collapse
|
15
|
Ledwoń A, Napiórkowska A, Augustynowicz-Kopeć E, Szeleszczuk P. Drug Susceptibility of Non-tuberculous Strains of Mycobacterium Isolated from Birds from Poland. Pol J Microbiol 2018; 67:487-492. [PMID: 30550235 PMCID: PMC7256868 DOI: 10.21307/pjm-2018-057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterioses are a constant problem in backyard poultry, as well as pet birds. To date, no evidence of direct transmission of atypical bacilli between humans has been demonstrated, but it cannot be ruled out that sick animals can be a source of infection for people in their environment. The aim of the study was to identify mycobacteria isolated from birds with diagnosed mycobacteriosis and to determine the susceptibility of mycobacterial isolates from these animals to antituberculous drugs most commonly used in the treatment of mycobacterial infections in humans. For drug susceptibility tests, drugs such as isoniazid, rifampicin, streptomycin, ethambutol, ofloxacin, capreomycin, cycloserine and ethionamide were used. A high degree of drug resistance was demonstrated, particularly in Mycobacterium avium. Isolates of Mycobacterium xenopi showed a relatively good susceptibility to the drugs tested. The drug resistance of Mycobacterium genavense has not been determined, but this mycobacterium was identified in ten cases, which is the second most frequent occurrence in the cases studied.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Ledwoń
- Department of Pathology and Veterinary Diagnostics, Warsaw University of Life Sciences , Warsaw , Poland
| | - Agnieszka Napiórkowska
- Department of Microbiology, National Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases Research Institute , Warsaw , Poland
| | - Ewa Augustynowicz-Kopeć
- Department of Microbiology, National Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases Research Institute , Warsaw , Poland
| | - Piotr Szeleszczuk
- Department of Pathology and Veterinary Diagnostics, Warsaw University of Life Sciences , Warsaw , Poland
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Schmitz A, Rinder M, Thiel S, Peschel A, Moser K, Reese S, Korbel R. Retrospective Evaluation of Clinical Signs and Gross Pathologic Findings in Birds Infected WithMycobacterium genavense. J Avian Med Surg 2018; 32:194-204. [DOI: 10.1647/2017-261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|
17
|
Schmitz A, Korbel R, Thiel S, Wörle B, Gohl C, Rinder M. High prevalence of Mycobacterium genavense within flocks of pet birds. Vet Microbiol 2018; 218:40-44. [PMID: 29685219 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2018.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Revised: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium genavense is regarded as the primary cause of mycobacteriosis in psittaciform and passeriform birds, which are commonly kept as pets. In humans, Mycobacterium genavense is especially pathogenic for young, old, pregnant and immunocompromised people (YOPIs). In birds, only few studies, mainly case reports, exist and there is still little e information about occurrence and relevance of this zoonotic pathogen. In this first pilot study concerning the prevalence of Mycobacterium genavense within flocks of naturally infected pet birds, real-time PCR examinations of 170 individual passeriform and psittaciform birds, including commonly kept budgerigars, lovebirds and zebra finches as well as gold finches and weaver finches, were conducted to determine the infection rate in six different aviaries. Antemortem examinations of faeces and cloacal swabs were compared with postmortem examinations of tissue samples to evaluate the reliability of antemortem diagnostics. Additional ophthalmologic examinations were performed to evaluate their diagnostic potential. Molecular examinations for viral co-infections, including circovirus, polyomavirus and adenovirus, were conducted to identify potential risk factors. PCR results revealed a detection prevalence of Mycobacterium genavense in the flocks varying from 3% to 91% based on postmortem testing, while antemortem diagnostics of faecal samples and swabs showed 64% discrepant (false negative) results. Ophthalmologic examinations were not useful in identifying infected birds within the flocks. Viral co-infections, especially with polyomavirus, were common. It has to be assumed that Mycobacterium genavense infections are widespread and underdiagnosed in companion birds. Viral infections might be an important risk factor. There is urgent need to improve antemortem diagnostics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Schmitz
- Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Clinic for Birds, Small Mammals, Reptiles and Ornamental Fish, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Sonnenstr. 18, 85476, Oberschleißheim, Germany.
| | - R Korbel
- Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Clinic for Birds, Small Mammals, Reptiles and Ornamental Fish, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Sonnenstr. 18, 85476, Oberschleißheim, Germany
| | - S Thiel
- Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Clinic for Birds, Small Mammals, Reptiles and Ornamental Fish, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Sonnenstr. 18, 85476, Oberschleißheim, Germany
| | - B Wörle
- Max Planck Institute for Ornithology, Eberhard-Gwinner-Straße 5, 82319, Seewiesen (Starnberg), Germany
| | - C Gohl
- Tierpark Hellabrunn, Tierparkstraße 30, 81543, München, Germany
| | - M Rinder
- Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Clinic for Birds, Small Mammals, Reptiles and Ornamental Fish, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Sonnenstr. 18, 85476, Oberschleißheim, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Sutherland M, Courtman N, Sacks P, Macwhirter P. Severe Leukemoid Response Associated With Mycobacterium genavense Infection in a Pet Budgerigar ( Melopsittacus undulatus ). J Exot Pet Med 2018. [DOI: 10.1053/j.jepm.2017.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|
19
|
MYCOBACTERIOSIS IN CAPTIVE PSITTACINES: A BRIEF REVIEW AND CASE SERIES IN COMMON COMPANION SPECIES (ECLECTUS RORATUS, AMAZONA ORATRIX, AND PIONITES MELANOCEPHALA). J Zoo Wildl Med 2017; 48:851-858. [PMID: 28920813 DOI: 10.1638/2016-0176.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In 2015, three psittacines were presented within 30 days, each with differing clinical signs and patient histories. A 13-yr-old male eclectus parrot (Eclectus roratus) was presented for weakness, depression, and acute anorexia. On presentation it was determined to have a heart murmur, severely elevated white blood cell count (93.9 103/μl) with a left shift (2.8 103/μl bands), and anemia (30%). Severe hepatomegaly was noted on radiographs, ultrasonography, and computed tomography. A cytological sample of the liver obtained through a fine needle aspirate revealed intracellular acid-fast bacilli identified as Mycobacterium avium. A 20-yr-old female double yellow-headed Amazon parrot (Amazona oratrix) was presented for a 1-mo history of lethargy and weight loss despite a good appetite. The parrot's total white blood cell count was 16.8 103/μl and the PCV was 35%. Following its death, a necropsy revealed a generalized granulomatous condition that involved the small intestines, lungs, liver, spleen, and medullary cavities of the long bones, with intracellular acid-fast bacilli identified as Mycobacterium genavense. The third case, an 18-mo-old female black-headed caique (Pionites melanocephala), was presented with a 1-day history of lethargy and depression. On presentation, the caique had a heart murmur, distended coelom, palpable thickening of the coelomic organs, and increased lung sounds. Following the caique's death, a complete necropsy revealed mycobacteriosis of the liver, spleen, small intestines, pericardial fat, and bone marrow. The infection was identified as Mycobacterium genavense. The importance of advances in Mycobacterium spp. identification, continued presence of this organism in captive avian populations, difficulty in obtaining a definitive antemortem diagnosis, and conflicting recommendations regarding treatment are thought-provoking areas of focus in this case series.
Collapse
|
20
|
Holland SM, Pierce VM, Shailam R, Glomski K, Farmer JR. Case 28-2017. A 13-Month-Old Girl with Pneumonia and a 33-Year-Old Woman with Hip Pain. N Engl J Med 2017; 377:1077-1091. [PMID: 28902581 DOI: 10.1056/nejmcpc1706097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Steven M Holland
- From the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (S.M.H.); and the Departments of Pediatrics (V.M.P.), Pathology (V.M.P., K.G.), Radiology (R.S.), and Medicine (J.R.F.), Massachusetts General Hospital, and the Departments of Pathology (V.M.P., K.G.), Radiology (R.S.), and Medicine (J.R.F.), Harvard Medical School - both in Boston
| | - Virginia M Pierce
- From the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (S.M.H.); and the Departments of Pediatrics (V.M.P.), Pathology (V.M.P., K.G.), Radiology (R.S.), and Medicine (J.R.F.), Massachusetts General Hospital, and the Departments of Pathology (V.M.P., K.G.), Radiology (R.S.), and Medicine (J.R.F.), Harvard Medical School - both in Boston
| | - Randheer Shailam
- From the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (S.M.H.); and the Departments of Pediatrics (V.M.P.), Pathology (V.M.P., K.G.), Radiology (R.S.), and Medicine (J.R.F.), Massachusetts General Hospital, and the Departments of Pathology (V.M.P., K.G.), Radiology (R.S.), and Medicine (J.R.F.), Harvard Medical School - both in Boston
| | - Krzysztof Glomski
- From the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (S.M.H.); and the Departments of Pediatrics (V.M.P.), Pathology (V.M.P., K.G.), Radiology (R.S.), and Medicine (J.R.F.), Massachusetts General Hospital, and the Departments of Pathology (V.M.P., K.G.), Radiology (R.S.), and Medicine (J.R.F.), Harvard Medical School - both in Boston
| | - Jocelyn R Farmer
- From the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (S.M.H.); and the Departments of Pediatrics (V.M.P.), Pathology (V.M.P., K.G.), Radiology (R.S.), and Medicine (J.R.F.), Massachusetts General Hospital, and the Departments of Pathology (V.M.P., K.G.), Radiology (R.S.), and Medicine (J.R.F.), Harvard Medical School - both in Boston
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Dovč A, Jereb G, Krapež U, Gregurić-Gračner G, Pintarič Š, Slavec B, Knific RL, Kastelic M, Kvapil P, Mićunović J, Vadnjal S, Ocepek M, Zadravec M, Zorman-Rojs O. Occurrence of Bacterial and Viral Pathogens in Common and Noninvasive Diagnostic Sampling from Parrots and Racing Pigeons in Slovenia. Avian Dis 2017; 60:487-92. [PMID: 27309292 DOI: 10.1637/11373-011116-reg] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Airborne pathogens can cause infections within parrot (Psittaciformes) and pigeon (Columbiformes) holdings and, in the case of zoonoses, can even spread to humans. Air sampling is a useful, noninvasive method which can enhance the common sampling methods for detection of microorganisms in bird flocks. In this study, fecal and air samples were taken from four parrot holdings. Additionally, cloacal and oropharyngeal swabs as well as air samples were taken from 15 racing pigeon holdings. Parrots were examined for psittacine beak and feather disease virus (PBFDV), proventricular dilatation disease virus (PDDV), adenoviruses (AdVs), avian paramyxovirus type-1 (APMV-1), avian influenza virus (AIV), Chlamydia psittaci (CP), and Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC). MAC and AdVs were detected in three parrot holdings, CP was detected in two parrot holdings, and PBFDV and PDDV were each detected in one parrot holding. Pigeons were examined for the pigeon circovirus (PiCV), AdVs, and CP; PiCV and AdVs were detected in all investigated pigeon holdings and CP was detected in five pigeon holdings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alenka Dovč
- A University of Ljubljana, Veterinary Faculty, Institute for Health Care of Poultry, Gerbičeva 60, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Gregor Jereb
- B University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Sanitary Engineering, Zdravstvena pot 5, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Uroš Krapež
- A University of Ljubljana, Veterinary Faculty, Institute for Health Care of Poultry, Gerbičeva 60, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Gordana Gregurić-Gračner
- C University of Zagreb, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Animal Hygiene, Behaviour and Welfare, Heinzelova 55, 10.000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Štefan Pintarič
- D University of Ljubljana, Veterinary Faculty, Institute for Environmental and Animal Hygiene with Ethology, Gerbičeva 60, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Brigita Slavec
- A University of Ljubljana, Veterinary Faculty, Institute for Health Care of Poultry, Gerbičeva 60, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Renata Lindtner Knific
- A University of Ljubljana, Veterinary Faculty, Institute for Health Care of Poultry, Gerbičeva 60, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | | | - Pavel Kvapil
- E Zoo Ljubljana, Večna pot 70, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Jasna Mićunović
- F University of Ljubljana, Veterinary Faculty, Institute for Microbiology and Parasitology, Gerbičeva 60, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Stanka Vadnjal
- G University of Ljubljana, Veterinary Faculty, Institute of Food Hygiene, Gerbičeva 60, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Matjaž Ocepek
- F University of Ljubljana, Veterinary Faculty, Institute for Microbiology and Parasitology, Gerbičeva 60, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Marko Zadravec
- A University of Ljubljana, Veterinary Faculty, Institute for Health Care of Poultry, Gerbičeva 60, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Olga Zorman-Rojs
- A University of Ljubljana, Veterinary Faculty, Institute for Health Care of Poultry, Gerbičeva 60, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Samanta I, Bandyopadhyay S. Infectious Diseases. PET BIRD DISEASES AND CARE 2017. [PMCID: PMC7121861 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-3674-3_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The chapter describes bacerial, viral, parasitic and fungal infections commonly detected in pet birds. The chapter includes history, etiology, susceptible hosts, transmission, pathogenesis, clinical symptoms, lesion, diagnosis, zoonosis, Treatment and control strategy of Tuberculosis, Salmonellosis, Chlamydiosis, Campylobacteriosis, Lyme disease, other bacterial infection, Newcastle disease, Avian Influenza infection, West Nile Virus infection, Usutu virus infection, Avian Borna Virus infection, Beak and feather disease, other viral infection, Toxoplasmosis, Giardiasis, Cryptosporidiosis, other parasitic infection, Cryptococcosis, Aspergillosis, Other fungal infections.
Collapse
|
23
|
Böttcher D, Paar M, Wittenbrink MM, Müller K, Bischofberger L, Schoon HA. Mycobacterium genavense Infection as a Cause of Disseminated Granulomatous Inflammation in a Horse. J Equine Vet Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2015.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
24
|
Wellehan • JF, Lierz • M, Phalen • D, Raidal • S, Styles • DK, Crosta • L, Melillo • A, Schnitzer • P, Lennox • A, Lumeij JT. Infectious disease. CURRENT THERAPY IN AVIAN MEDICINE AND SURGERY 2016. [PMCID: PMC7158187 DOI: 10.1016/b978-1-4557-4671-2.00011-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
|
25
|
Kane LP, Welle KR, Hsiao V. Diagnostic Challenge. J Exot Pet Med 2015. [DOI: 10.1053/j.jepm.2015.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|
26
|
Haridy M, Fukuta M, Mori Y, Ito H, Kubo M, Sakai H, Yanai T. An outbreak of Mycobacterium genavense infection in a flock of captive diamond doves (Geopelia cuneata). Avian Dis 2015; 58:383-90. [PMID: 25518432 DOI: 10.1637/10775-011714-reg.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Two diamond doves (Geopelia cuneata) in a flock of 23 birds housed in an aviary in a zoo in central Japan were found dead as a result of mycobacteriosis. Fecal samples of the remaining doves were positive for mycobacterial infection, and thus they were euthanatized. Clinical signs and gross pathology, including weight loss and sudden death and slight enlargement of the liver and intestine, were observed in a small number of birds (3/23). Disseminated histiocytic infiltration of either aggregates or sheets of epithelioid cells containing acid-fast bacilli, in the absence of caseous necrosis, were observed in different organs of the infected doves, especially lungs (23/23), intestines (9/23), livers (7/23), and hearts (6/23). Mycobacterium sp. was isolated from the livers of three birds (3/23). DNA extracted from frozen liver and formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues (5/23) were used for amplification of the gene encoding mycobacterial 65-kDa heat shock protein (hsp65). The causative Mycobacterium species was identified by PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. Mycobacterium genavense infection was confirmed in three of the diamond doves. Moreover, partial 16S rDNA gene sequencing revealed 100% identity across the three samples tested, and 99.77% nucleotide homology of the isolate sequence to M. genavense. The main route of M. genavense infection in the diamond doves was most likely airborne, suggesting a potential zoonotic risk of airborne transmission between humans and birds.
Collapse
|
27
|
Huynh M, Pingret JL, Nicolier A. Disseminated Mycobacterium genavense Infection in a Chinchilla (Chinchilla lanigera). J Comp Pathol 2014; 151:122-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2014.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2013] [Revised: 01/16/2014] [Accepted: 03/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
28
|
Experimental inoculation of BFDV-positive budgerigars (Melopsittacus undulatus) with two Mycobacterium avium subsp. avium isolates. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:418563. [PMID: 24738057 PMCID: PMC3971543 DOI: 10.1155/2014/418563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2013] [Revised: 01/08/2014] [Accepted: 02/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Beak and feather disease virus- (BFDV-) positive (naturally infected) but clinically healthy budgerigars (Melopsittacus undulatus) were inoculated with two isolates of Mycobacterium avium subsp. avium isolated from naturally infected golden pheasant (Chrysolophus pictus) and peafowl (Pavo cristatus). During a period of more than two months after inoculation, samples of cloacal and crop swabs, faeces, and blood were obtained for BFDV and Mycobacterium avium testing with PCR. Birds were euthanized nine weeks after inoculation. All infected budgerigars developed signs typical of mycobacteriosis, but more advanced clinical and pathological changes were visible in the group infected with the pheasant isolate. Only a few cloacal and crop swab samples were positive for Mycobacterium avium subsp. avium despite advanced pathological changes in the internal organs. In the groups infected with mycobacterium isolates the frequency of BFDV-positive samples was higher than in the control group. In the infected groups the frequency of BFDV was substantially higher in the cloacal swabs of birds inoculated with the pheasant isolate than in the peafowl-isolate-infected group.
Collapse
|
29
|
Optimized nested polymerase chain reaction for antemortem detection of Mycobacteria in Amazon parrots (Amazona aestiva) and orange-winged Amazons (Amazona amazonica). J Zoo Wildl Med 2014; 45:161-4. [PMID: 24712177 DOI: 10.1638/2013-0019r1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The objectives of this study were to optimize nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for Mycobacterium avium complex and Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex and apply them on samples from parrots. Results were negative for the presence of these Mycobacterium in the samples, and nested PCR was specific, faster, and more sensitive than other tests, thereby justifying its use in antemortem diagnosis.
Collapse
|
30
|
Kelly P, Jahns H, Power E, Bainbridge J, Kenny K, Corpa JM, Cassidy JP, Callanan JJ. Mycobacteriosis in Ostriches (Struthio camelus) due to Infection withMycobacterium bovisandMycobacterium aviumComplex. Avian Dis 2013; 57:808-11. [DOI: 10.1637/10581-052313-case.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
|