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Headley SA, Fritzen JTT, Silva FHP, Minarelli SLM, Biondo LM, Kmetiuk LB, Biondo AW, Alfieri AA. Subclinical Ovine Gammaherpesvirus 2-Related Infections in Free-Ranging Wild Boars ( Sus scrofa) from Southern Brazil. Pathogens 2024; 13:515. [PMID: 38921812 PMCID: PMC11207053 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13060515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2024] [Revised: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Ovine gammaherpesvirus 2 (OvGHV2), is a Macavirus and the cause of sheep-associated malignant catarrhal fever (SA-MCF), in which sheep are the asymptomatic reservoir hosts. Susceptible mammalian populations infected by OvGHV2 may develop clinical SA-MCF or subclinical infections. All members of the Macavirus genus known to be associated with MCF are collectively referred to as the MCF virus (MCFV) complex. This report describes the occurrence of subclinical OvGHV2-related infections in free-ranging wild boars (Sus scrofa) from southern Brazil. Specific body organs (n = 14) and biological samples (nasal and oral swabs; n = 17) were collected from 24 asymptomatic wild boars from a conservation unit located within the Central-eastern mesoregion of Paraná State. Organs were processed to observe histopathological patterns suggestive of diseases of domestic animals; only pulmonary samples were used in an immunohistochemical assay designed to detect MCFV tissue antigens. Furthermore, all samples were submitted to molecular assays designed to detect the OvGHV2 tegument protein gene. Viral-induced pneumonia was diagnosed in two wild boars; one of these contained OvGHV2 DNA, with MCFV antigens identified in the other. Additionally, MCFV tissue antigens were detected within pulmonary epithelial cells of the lungs with and without pulmonary disease. Collectively, OvGHV2 was detected in 37.5% (9/24) of all wild boars, with detection occurring in the organs of 57.1% (8/14) wild boars and the oral cavity of one animal. These results demonstrated that these wild boars were subclinically infected by OvGHV2, and that infection produced typical pulmonary alterations. In addition, the detection of OvGHV2 within the oral cavity of one wild boar may suggest that this animal may be a potential disseminator of this pathogen to susceptible animal populations, including livestock and wildlife, acting as a possible bridge host for OvGHV2. Furthermore, infection by OvGHV2 probably occurred due to incidental contact with asymptomatic sheep maintained within the surrounding rural areas and not within the conservation units.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selwyn Arlington Headley
- Laboratory of Animal Pathology, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Paraná 86057-970, Brazil;
- Multi-User Animal Health Laboratory (LAMSA), Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina 86057-970, Brazil;
| | - Juliana Torres Tomazi Fritzen
- Laboratory of Animal Virology, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina 86057-970, Brazil; (J.T.T.F.); (S.L.M.M.)
| | - Flavia Helena Pereira Silva
- Laboratory of Animal Pathology, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Paraná 86057-970, Brazil;
| | - Silvio Luis Marsiglio Minarelli
- Laboratory of Animal Virology, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina 86057-970, Brazil; (J.T.T.F.); (S.L.M.M.)
| | - Leandro Meneguelli Biondo
- National Institute of the Atlantic Forest (INMA), Brazilian Ministry of Science, Technology, and Innovation, Santa Teresa 29650-000, Brazil;
| | - Louise Bach Kmetiuk
- Zoonosis Surveillance Unit, City Secretary of Health, Curitiba 81265-320, Brazil;
| | - Alexander Welker Biondo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba 80035-050, Brazil;
| | - Amauri Alcindo Alfieri
- Multi-User Animal Health Laboratory (LAMSA), Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina 86057-970, Brazil;
- Laboratory of Animal Virology, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina 86057-970, Brazil; (J.T.T.F.); (S.L.M.M.)
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Headley SA, Fritzen JTT, Rodriguez MC, Alfieri AA. Quantification of ovine gammaherpesvirus 2 in clinical cases of cattle with sheep-associated malignant catarrhal fever. Braz J Microbiol 2024; 55:1949-1959. [PMID: 38696038 PMCID: PMC11153457 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-024-01357-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Ovine gammaherpesvirus 2 (OvGHV2) produces sheep-associated malignant catarrhal fever (SA-MCF), a frequently lethal, lymphoproliferative disease that is characterized by widespread vascular lesions. Most studies that evaluated the viral load in tissues of animals with SA-MCF were done in the Northern Hemisphere, with scant information from the Southern part of the globe. This study investigated the viral load of OvGHV2 in the tissues of cattle and an underdeveloped fetus with SA-MCF from three distinct biomes of Brazil. All animals had clinical and histopathological manifestations consistent with SA-MCF. Molecular testing identified the OvGHV2 tegument protein and glycoprotein B genes in the tissues of all animals and the fetus. Viral quantification based on the DNA polymerase gene detected elevated loads of OvGHV2 in tissues with histopathological evidence of SA-MCF and organs with unknown histological data, except for the tissues of the fetus, where the viral load was comparatively reduced. The viral loads detected in multiple organs of cattle from this study with SA-MCF are consistent with those identified in different animal species from the USA and Europe. The detection of a low viral load of OvGHV2 in fetal tissue confirmed transplacental dissemination since elevated viral loads were detected in multiple tissues of the cow with SA-MCF. Furthermore, the elevated viral loads detected in the pulmonary tissues of cattle with interstitial pneumonia indicate that OvGHV2 is an inductor of pulmonary disease in cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selwyn Arlington Headley
- Laboratory of Animal Pathology, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, PR 445 Km 380, Campus Universitário, 86057-970, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil.
- Multi-User Animal Health Laboratory (LAMSA), Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil.
| | - Juliana Torres Tomazi Fritzen
- Laboratory of Animal Virology, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Maria Constanza Rodriguez
- Marcos Enrietti Diagnostic Center, Agência de Defesa Agropecuária do Paraná (ADAPAR), Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Amauri Alcindo Alfieri
- Multi-User Animal Health Laboratory (LAMSA), Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
- Laboratory of Animal Virology, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
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Histophilus somni disease conditions with simultaneous infections by ovine gammaherpesvirus 2 in cattle herds from Southern Brazil. Braz J Microbiol 2023:10.1007/s42770-023-00915-5. [PMID: 36759491 PMCID: PMC9911339 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-023-00915-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
This report investigated the cause of cattle mortality in two farms in Southern Brazil. The tissues of one animal from each farm (animals #1 and #2) respectively were used in pathological and molecular investigations to determine the possible cause of death. The principal pathological findings observed in animal #1 were pulmonary, myocardial, and encephalitic hemorrhages with vasculitis, and lymphoplasmacytic interstitial pneumonia with proliferative vascular lesions (PVL). The main pathological findings observed in animal #2 were purulent bronchopneumonia, hemorrhagic myocarditis, and lymphoplasmacytic interstitial pneumonia with PVL. An immunohistochemical assay detected intralesional antigens of a malignant catarrhal fever virus (MCFV) from multiple tissues of animal #2 while PCR confirmed that the MCFV amplified was ovine gammaherpesvirus 2 (OvGHV2), genus Macavirus, subfamily Gammaherpesvirinae; OvGHV2 was also amplified from multiple tissues of animal #1. Furthermore, PCR assays amplified Histophilus somni DNA from multiple fragments of both animals. However, the nucleic acids of Mannheimia haemolytica, Pasteurella multocida, Mycoplasma bovis, bovine respiratory syncytial virus, bovine alphaherpesvirus virus 1 and 5, bovine coronavirus, and bovine parainfluenza virus 3 were not amplified from any of the tissues analyzed, suggesting that these pathogens did not participate in the development of the lesions herein described. These findings demonstrated that both animals were concomitantly infected by H. somni and OvGHV2 and developed the septicemic and encephalitic manifestations of H. somni. Furthermore, the interstitial pneumonia observed in cow #2 was more likely associated with infection by OvGHV2.
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Headley SA, Fritzen JTT, Bon VR, Xavier AAC, Agnol AMD, Zucoloto NZ, Silva FHP, Figueiredo JRX, Alfieri AF, Okano W, Alfieri AA. Detection of bovine gammaherpesvirus 6 in tissues of aborted fetuses from dairy cows concomitantly infected by Histophilus somni. Microb Pathog 2022; 169:105621. [PMID: 35688413 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2022.105621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 06/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Gammaherpesvirus Infections in Cattle in Europe. Viruses 2021; 13:v13122337. [PMID: 34960607 PMCID: PMC8709109 DOI: 10.3390/v13122337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The genus Macavirus, subfamily Gammaherpesvirinae, comprises ungulate viruses that infect domestic and wild ruminants and swine. They cause asymptomatic latent infections in reservoir hosts and malignant catarrhal fever in susceptible species. Lung, spleen, bronchial lymph node, and tongue were collected from 448 cattle (348 necropsied, 100 slaughtered) in Switzerland, United Kingdom, Finland, Belgium, and Germany to determine their infection with bovine herpesvirus-6 (BoHV-6) and gammaherpesviruses of other ruminants, i.e., ovine herpesvirus-1 and -2, caprine herpesvirus-2, and bison lymphotropic herpesvirus, using quantitative PCR. Only BoHV-6 was detected, with an overall frequency of 32%, ranging between 22% and 42% in the different countries. Infection was detected across all ages, from one day after birth, and was positively correlated with age. There was no evidence of an association with specific disease processes. In positive animals, BoHV-6 was detected in all organs with high frequency, consistently in the lungs or spleen. Viral loads varied substantially. In BoHV-6-positive gravid cows, organs of fetuses tested negative for infection, indicating that the virus is not vertically transmitted. Our results confirm previous data indicating that BoHV-6 is a commensal of domestic cattle not associated with disease processes and confirm that infections with other macaviruses are rare and sporadic.
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Headley SA, de Lemos GAA, Dall Agnol AM, Xavier AAC, Depes VCA, Yasumitsu CY, Oliveira TES, Silva LE, Faccin TC, Alfieri AA, Lisboa JAN. Ovine gammaherpesvirus 2 infections in cattle without typical manifestations of sheep-associated malignant catarrhal fever and concomitantly infected with bovine coronavirus. Braz J Microbiol 2021; 53:433-446. [PMID: 34780031 PMCID: PMC8590972 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-021-00653-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Sheep-associated malignant catarrhal fever (SA-MCF) is a severe, frequently fatal, lymphoproliferative disease that affects a wide variety of ruminants and is caused by ovine gammaherpesvirus 2 (OvHV-2), a member of the MCF virus (MCFV) complex. The typical clinical manifestations of SA-MCF are well known and easily recognized by veterinarians, resulting in clinical diagnosis of MCF when characteristic clinical signs are present. This article describes the findings observed in cattle infected with OvHV-2 but without typical clinical manifestations of SA-MCF. Three calves with episodes of diarrhea before death and a yearling that died suddenly were investigated. Gross alterations were not suggestive of SA-MCF. Histopathology revealed a combination of proliferating vascular lesions (PVLs) and necrotizing vasculitis in three animals (two calves and the yearling); with PVLs being identified only at the carotid rete mirabile of two calves infected with OvHV-2. Additional significant histopathologic lesions included atrophic enteritis, portal lymphocytic hepatitis, interstitial pneumonia, suppurative bacterial bronchopneumonia, and pulmonary hemorrhage. An immunohistochemical assay designed to identify only antigens of MCFV revealed, positive, intralesional, intracytoplasmic immunoreactivity within epithelial cells of multiple tissues of all animals with PVLs. PCR assays amplified OvHV-2 DNA from multiple tissues of the animals that contained MCFV proteins, confirming the MCFV identified as OvHV-2. Additionally, bovine coronavirus (BCoV) nucleic acids were amplified from tissues of all animals, including the animal not infected by OvHV-2. Collectively, these findings confirmed the participation of OvHV-2 in the development of the disease patterns observed in these animals that were concomitantly infected by BCoV and provide additional confirmation that cattle can be subclinically infected with OvHV-2. Consequently, the real occurrence of OvHV-2-related disease may be more elevated than reported, since asymptomatic or subclinically infected animals are not likely to be investigated for OvHV-2. Furthermore, PVLs should be included as possible histologic indicators of OvHV-2-related diseases in ruminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selwyn Arlington Headley
- Laboratory of Animal Pathology, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, PR 445 Km 380, Campus Universitário, PO Box 10.011, Paraná, 86057-970, Brazil. .,Multi-User Animal Health Laboratory, Tissue Processing Unit, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Paraná, Brazil. .,National Institute of Science and Technology of Dairy Production Chain (INCT-Leite), Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Paraná, Brazil.
| | - Gisele Augusta Amorim de Lemos
- Laboratory of Animal Pathology, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, PR 445 Km 380, Campus Universitário, PO Box 10.011, Paraná, 86057-970, Brazil
| | - Alais Maria Dall Agnol
- National Institute of Science and Technology of Dairy Production Chain (INCT-Leite), Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Paraná, Brazil.,Laboratory of Animal Virology, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Ana Aparecida Correa Xavier
- Laboratory of Animal Pathology, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, PR 445 Km 380, Campus Universitário, PO Box 10.011, Paraná, 86057-970, Brazil
| | | | - Carolina Yuka Yasumitsu
- Laboratory of Animal Virology, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Thalita Ernani Silva Oliveira
- Laboratory of Animal Pathology, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, PR 445 Km 380, Campus Universitário, PO Box 10.011, Paraná, 86057-970, Brazil
| | - Luara Evangelista Silva
- Laboratory of Animal Pathology, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, PR 445 Km 380, Campus Universitário, PO Box 10.011, Paraná, 86057-970, Brazil
| | - Tatiane Cargnin Faccin
- Laboratory of Animal Pathology, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, PR 445 Km 380, Campus Universitário, PO Box 10.011, Paraná, 86057-970, Brazil
| | - Amauri Alcindo Alfieri
- National Institute of Science and Technology of Dairy Production Chain (INCT-Leite), Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Paraná, Brazil.,Laboratory of Animal Virology, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Paraná, Brazil.,Multi-User Animal Health Laboratory, Molecular Biology Unit, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Júlio Augusto Naylor Lisboa
- National Institute of Science and Technology of Dairy Production Chain (INCT-Leite), Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Paraná, Brazil.,Large Animal Internal Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinics, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
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Ovine gammaherpesvirus-2 infection associated with chronic interstitial pneumonia in a sheep. Microb Pathog 2021; 161:105220. [PMID: 34606919 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2021.105220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Sheep Associated-Malignant Catarrhal Fever (SA-MCF) is severe, frequently lethal, lymphoproliferative disease predominantly of ruminants, that is caused by ovine gammaherpesvirus-2 (OvHV-2), a member of the MCF virus (MCFV) complex. However, SA-MCF in sheep is a rare entity with few demonstrations of natural diseases worldwide. This report documents the clinical, radiographical, pathological, immunohistochemical, and molecular findings of SA-MCF in a sheep. A 4-year-old, female, mixed-breed sheep with progressive emaciation for at least one month was humanely euthanized due to poor prognosis. Clinically, the animal had tachypnea, ruminal hypomotility, productive coughing with bilateral muffling sounds during pulmonary auscultation. Radiographical evaluation revealed alveolar opacity of the cranioventral pulmonary region. Grossly, there were distinct rib impressions on the pleural surface of the lungs, suggestive of interstitial pneumonia. Histopathologic evaluation of the lungs revealed several disease patterns including 1) chronic interstitial pneumonia with vasculitis and proliferating vascular lesions, and thrombosis; 2) pulmonary abscesses associated with embolic dissemination of Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis from superficial lymph node due to caseous lymphadenitis, CLA; 3) granulomatous pneumonia associated with pulmonary nematodes; and 4) chronic pleuritis, probably due to caseous lymphadenitis. Additional significant histologic findings included widespread lymphocytic vasculitis and proliferating vascular lesions in multiple tissues, atrophic enteritis, segmental degeneration of myocardial fibers with lymphocytic pericarditis, lymphocytic interstitial nephritis, and non-suppurative encephalitis. An immunohistochemistry (IHC) assay, based on the monoclonal antibody 15A (MAb-15A), that is specific to all MCFV known to cause MCF, revealed positive, intracytoplasmic, intralesional immunoreactivity, predominantly within bronchial and bronchiolar epithelial cells of the lungs and cryptal epithelial cells of the small intestine, followed by the renal tubular epithelium, cardiomyocytes, and with patchy immunolabelling within neurons of the cerebral cortex. Molecular testing done to detect a wide range of bacterial and viral agents of ruminant diseases, only amplified OvHV-2 DNA from fresh tissue fragments of the lungs, kidney, liver, spleen, and cerebrum. Direct sequencing confirmed that the PCR amplicon derived from the pulmonary fragments had 99.2-99.7% nucleotide sequence identity with OvHV-2 reference strains and strains of OvHV-2 from Brazil. The clinical, radiographical, gross, histopathologic, IHC, and molecular findings in the lungs are consistent with chronic interstitial pneumonia associated with infection by OvHV-2. Furthermore, the non-detection of other viral agents associated with pulmonary diseases in ruminants suggest that OvHV-2 was directly associated with the development of chronic pneumonia in this sheep. Additionally, the dental alterations, CLA, and the pulmonary nematode may have contributed towards the reduced immunological statue of the animal and facilitated the occurrence of SA-MCF. These findings may indicate that OvHV-2 may be a major participant in the pathogenesis of pulmonary disease of sheep under special conditions. Moreover, the proliferating vascular lesions identified in multiple tissues are additional evidence of chronic manifestations of OvHV-2 infections as described in chronic SA-MCF of cattle, while the widespread vasculitis is consistent with SA-MCF. Additionally, the IHC findings using the MAb-15A confirmed that this diagnostic approach is efficient to identify intralesional antigens of OvHV-2.
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Analysis of immune responses to attenuated alcelaphine herpesvirus 1 formulated with and without adjuvant. Vaccine X 2021; 8:100090. [PMID: 33912826 PMCID: PMC8065228 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvacx.2021.100090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
MCF vaccine was tested with and without adjuvant and containing inactivated virus. Adjuvant was required for optimal virus neutralising antibody responses. Storage of AlHV-1 with Emulsigen adjuvant significantly reduced virus viability. Vaccination with adjuvant-inactivated AlHV-1 did not reduce antibody responses.
The experimental vaccine for bovine malignant catarrhal fever consists of viable attenuated alcelaphine herpesvirus 1 (AlHV-1) derived by extensive culture passage, combined with an oil-in-water adjuvant, delivered intramuscularly. This immunisation strategy was over 80% effective in previous experimental and field trials and protection appeared to be associated with induction of virus-neutralising antibodies. Whether the vaccine virus is required to be viable at the point of immunisation and whether adjuvant is required to induce the appropriate immune responses remains unclear. To address these issues two studies were performed, firstly to analyse immune responses in the presence and absence of adjuvant and secondly, to investigate immune responses to vaccines containing adjuvant plus viable or inactivated AlHV-1. The first study showed that viable attenuated AlHV-1 in the absence of adjuvant induced virus-specific antibodies but the titres of virus-neutralising antibodies were significantly lower than those induced by vaccine containing viable virus and adjuvant, suggesting adjuvant was required for optimal responses. In contrast, the second study found that the vaccine containing inactivated (>99.9%) AlHV-1 induced similar levels of virus-neutralising antibody to the equivalent formulation containing viable AlHV-1. Together these studies suggest that the MCF vaccine acts as an antigen depot for induction of immune responses, requiring adjuvant and a suitable antigen source, which need not be viable virus. These observations may help in directing the development of alternative MCF vaccine formulations for distribution in the absence of an extensive cold chain.
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Headley SA, de Oliveira TES, Cunha CW. A review of the epidemiological, clinical, and pathological aspects of malignant catarrhal fever in Brazil. Braz J Microbiol 2020; 51:1405-1432. [PMID: 32542424 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-020-00273-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Sheep-associated malignant catarrhal fever (SA-MCF), the form of MCF that occurs in Brazil, is a severe, frequently fatal, infectious disease caused by ovine gammaherpesvirus-2 (OvHV-2), in which sheep are the asymptomatic hosts and cattle and other cloven-hoofed animals are the accidental hosts. This review provides a critical analysis of the historical, epidemiological aspects and the estimated economic impacts associated with SA-MCF in Brazil. Moreover, the clinical manifestations and pathological lesions associated with SA-MCF in cattle are reviewed and discussed and the phylogenetic distribution of OvHV-2 in Brazil is presented. OvHV-2 is the only MCF virus identified in animals from Brazil. It is recommended that a histopathologic diagnosis of SA-MCF be based on all aspects of vascular disease in the affected animal and not only lymphocytic/necrotizing vasculitis and/or fibrinoid change. Conformation of the intralesional participation of OvHV-2 in these alterations can be achieved by immunohistochemistry and/or in situ hybridization assays. Additionally, it is proposed that OvHV-2 should be considered as a possible infectious disease agent associated with the development of bovine respiratory disease in cattle. Furthermore, the possible role of the small intestine in the dissemination of OvHV-2 is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selwyn Arlington Headley
- Laboratory of Animal Pathology, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, PR 445 Km 380, Campus Universitário, PO Box 10.011, Paraná, 86057-970, Brazil.
| | - Thalita Evani Silva de Oliveira
- Laboratory of Animal Pathology, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, PR 445 Km 380, Campus Universitário, PO Box 10.011, Paraná, 86057-970, Brazil
| | - Cristina Wetzel Cunha
- Animal Disease Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Pullman, WA, 99164-6630, USA
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Abstract
Introduction Malignant catarrhal fever (MCF) is a rare, under-explored lethal viral infection of cattle with gammaherpesvirus aetiological agents. Most often, the disease occurs on farms where cattle and sheep are kept together. However, other trigger mechanisms and environmental factors contribute. This study investigates the causation of MCF. Material and Methods An outbreak of MCF occurred in June - August 2017 in Kharchev village in Irkutsk Oblast, Russia. In this paper, we provide epidemiological (sanitary status of pastures, watering places, and premises) and weather data during the outbreak, and descriptions of the clinical signs and post-mortem changes in cattle. The virus was detected and isolated from pathological material samples and identified by molecular methods. Results Extreme weather conditions, mixed-herd cattle and sheep farming, and unsatisfactory feed quality contributed to the outbreak. A virus related to herpesvirus OvHV2 was isolated and typed (MCF/Irkutsk/2017). Phylogenetic analysis showed its close genetic relationship to isolates from cattle and sheep in Germany, USA, and the Netherlands. Conclusion Sporadic outbreaks of MCF caused by biotic and abiotic factors together are typical for the Russian Federation, and the Irkutsk outbreak epitomised this. Temperature anomalies caused pasture depletion, resulting in feed and water deficiency for grazing animals and dehydration and acidosis. Heat stress in animals ultimately led to the occurrence of MCF in the herd.
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Headley SA, Oliveira TES, Li H, Lisbôa JAN, Queiroz GR, Fritzen JTT, Flores EF, Alfieri AA, Cunha CW. Immunohistochemical Detection of Intralesional Antigens of Ovine Gammaherpesvirus-2 in Cattle with Sheep-associated Malignant Catarrhal Fever. J Comp Pathol 2019; 174:86-98. [PMID: 31955809 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2019.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Sheep-associated malignant catarrhal fever (SA-MCF) is a severe lymphoproliferative disease of ruminants caused by ovine gammaherpesvirus-2 (OvHV-2). Since the initial identification of SA-MCF there has been extensive research related to the pathogenesis of OvHV-2, based primarily on serological and molecular assays associated with typical histopathological findings. The monoclonal antibody (MAb-15A) binds to a common epitope in MCF viruses and is used frequently in serological investigations. However, the utilization of this antibody to detect antigens of OvHV-2 in tissues has not been examined. Accordingly, this study standardized an immunohistochemical assay using MAb-15A to identify antigens of OvHV-2 in tissues of cattle (n = 5) with SA-MCF. All animals developed acute neurological signs, without ocular and nasal manifestations, and had nucleic acids of OvHV-2 in brain tissue detected by polymerase chain reaction. The principal histopathological findings were lymphocytic nephritis (n = 5), widespread arterial proliferation and vasculitis (n = 5), lymphocytic portal hepatitis (n = 3), non-suppurative meningoencephalitis (n = 2) and atrophic enteritis with cryptal necrosis and dilation (n = 2). Intralesional intracytoplasmic antigens of OvHV-2 were identified within multiple epithelial cells of the kidneys of all animals, the intestines of animals with and without atrophic enteritis, and within epithelial cells of bile ducts in animals with lymphocytic hepatitis. Additionally, there was positive intracytoplasmic immunoreactivity within histiocytes and lymphocytes in several tissues. These findings suggest that the MAb-15A detects antigens of OvHV-2 within epithelial cells and leucocytes in several organs. Moreover, this assay would contribute significantly towards understanding of the pathogenesis of SA-MCF and may be used for retrospective studies. Additionally, angiopathy in SA-MCF may be a progressive lesion, which may terminate in luminal occlusion and probably occurs irrespectively of the eye and head form of MCF.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Headley
- Laboratory of Animal Pathology, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Paraná, Brazil; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade do Norte do Paraná, Arapongas, Paraná, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biociência Animal, Universidade de Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, Brazil.
| | - T E S Oliveira
- Laboratory of Animal Pathology, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - H Li
- Animal Disease Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | - J A N Lisbôa
- Large Animal Internal Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinics, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - G R Queiroz
- Large Animal Internal Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinics, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Paraná, Brazil; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade do Norte do Paraná, Arapongas, Paraná, Brazil
| | - J T T Fritzen
- Laboratory of Animal Virology, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - E F Flores
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - A A Alfieri
- Laboratory of Animal Virology, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - C W Cunha
- Animal Disease Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Pullman, Washington, USA
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Oliveira MC, Pereira GO, Daoualibi Y, Dutra V, Brito MF, Caldas SA, Balthazar DA, Ubiali DG. An outbreak of malignant catarrhal fever in Sambar deer (Rusa unicolor). PESQUISA VETERINARIA BRASILEIRA 2018. [DOI: 10.1590/1678-5150-pvb-5794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT: Malignant catarrhal fever (MCF) is an infectious, pansystemic and highly fatal disease with wide geographic distribution. The species that are clinically prone to it include cattle, deer and bison. In Brazil, the disease in ruminants and deer is associated with the contact with sheep, especially during labor, when the fetal remains that are eliminated contain the ovine herpesvirus 2 (OvHV-2). The outbreak took place in a conservationist property in the city of Casimiro de Abreu/RJ, which hosted 23 Sambar deer, and, of these, 19 died, showing neurological signs. The deer lived in a location together with 15 male and female meat sheep. A female specimen of the Sambar deer (Rusa unicolor), aged approximately three years, which had presented with neurological clinical signs was referred to necropsy in the Setor de Anatomia Patológica at Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro (SAP/UFRRJ). During necropsy, cerebrospinal fluid was sampled for analysis; fragments of several organs were fixated in 10% buffered formalin and processed for histopathological analysis. Fragments of occipital lobe, cerebellum and bulb were collected to perform the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The diagnosis of this outbreak was based on epidemiological, clinical and pathological findings, and on the amplification of the OvHV-2 DNA through PCR. The histological changes were the base to confirm the MCF case and were characterized by degeneration of vascular endothelial cells, fibrinoid vasculitis, hyperplasia and necrosis of lymphoid organs. However, PCR was an important tool to confirm the diagnosis. MCF as an important disease with nervous symptomatology in deer.
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Stanitznig A, Wittek T. Recovered case of sheep‐associated malignant catarrhal fever in a gravid cow. VETERINARY RECORD CASE REPORTS 2018. [DOI: 10.1136/vetreccr-2017-000575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Stanitznig
- Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public HealthUniversity Clinic for RuminantsViennaAustria
| | - Thomas Wittek
- Farm Animals and Veterinary Public HealthUniversity of Veterinary MedicineViennaAustria
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HUSSAIN I, KASHOO ZA, WANI AH, HASIN D, PAMPORI ZA, WANI SA. Malignant catarrhal fever: recent update. THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2017. [DOI: 10.56093/ijans.v87i3.68792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
Malignant catarrhal fever (MCF) is a serious, usually fatal disease affecting many species of ungulates of the subfamily Bovinae and family Cervidae including pigs and caused by a herpesvirus under the genus Macavirus in the subfamily Gammaherpesvirinae. Ten Macaviruses have been identified to date and 6 were found to be associated with clinical MCF. Alcelaphine herpesvirus 1 (AlHV-1), which causes inapparent infection in wildebeest and ovine herpesvirus 2 (OvHV-2), which is associated with subclinical infections in sheep are the two most important herpes viruses that cause clinical wildebeest associated MCF (WA-MCF) and sheep-associated MCF (SA-MCF), respectively. The disease is characterized by accumulation of lymphocytes (predominantly CD8+ T cells) in a variety of organs, often associated with tissue necrosis. AIHV-1 can be recovered from animals, while OvHV-2 has never been recovered from affected animals, only OvHV-2 specific DNA is detected in cultured lymphoblastoid cells from infected animals. Diagnosis is normally achieved by observing the clinical signs, characteristic histopathological changes, ELISA and detection of viral DNA in the infected animals. Detection of viral DNA by PCR is becoming the method of choice for diagnosing the SA-MCF. Currently, there is no effective disease control measure. Attenuated AlHV-1 virus vaccine has been developed with varying degree of success for control of WAMCF in Africa. Separation of reservoir host from susceptible host or raising of OvHV-2 free sheep is the only solution for control of SA-MCF. In India, our group first confirmed SA-MCF in Kashmir. The present article updates current epidemiology, diagnosis, prevention and control of MCF with special reference to India.
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