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Zhao J, Zhao Y, Zhang G. Key Aspects of Coronavirus Avian Infectious Bronchitis Virus. Pathogens 2023; 12:pathogens12050698. [PMID: 37242368 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12050698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) is an enveloped and positive-sense single-stranded RNA virus. IBV was the first coronavirus to be discovered and predominantly causes respiratory disease in commercial poultry worldwide. This review summarizes several important aspects of IBV, including epidemiology, genetic diversity, antigenic diversity, and multiple system disease caused by IBV as well as vaccination and antiviral strategies. Understanding these areas will provide insight into the mechanism of pathogenicity and immunoprotection of IBV and may improve prevention and control strategies for the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhao
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Ye Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Guozhong Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
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2
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Yang H, Tu K, Zhao Y, Sun L, Zhao J, Zhang G. Development of SYBR green RT-qPCR assay for titrating bivalent live infectious bronchitis vaccines. J Virol Methods 2023; 313:114675. [PMID: 36592741 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2022.114675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Infectious bronchitis (IB) is a highly contagious viral disease of chickens caused by IB virus (IBV) that can cause substantial economic losses in the poultry industry. IBV variant infections have been continuously reported since the initial description in the 1930s. QX-like IBVs are the predominant circulating genotype globally. A homologous QX vaccine has superior protection efficacy compared with that of other available vaccines, and the combination of Massachusetts (Mass)-like and QX-like strains is being used to combat QX-like IBV infections. Inoculation of embryonated chicken eggs is the standard method for the titration of IBV, and the titer is expressed as 50% egg infectious dose (EID50). However, this method cannot effectively distinguish or quantify different genotypic strains in a mixture of different viruses, especially in the absence of neutralizing monoclonal antibodies. In this study, quantitative real-time PCR (RT-qPCR) was applied using specific primers for the QX- and Mass-like strains to quantitate IBV infection and for comparison with the conventional virus titration quantitative method. A strong positive correlation was observed between RT-qPCR cycle threshold values and the different EID50 concentrations. This method was further used to titrate bivalent IB vaccines, and the amount of individual genotype virus was determined based on specific primers. Thus, this RT-qPCR assay may be used as a highly specific, sensitive, and rapid alternative to the EID50 assay for titering IBVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiming Yang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Kaihang Tu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Ye Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Lu Sun
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jing Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Guozhong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
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Bali K, Kaszab E, Marton S, Hamdiou SH, Bentaleb RK, Kiss I, Palya V, Bányai K. Novel Lineage of Infectious Bronchitis Virus from Sub-Saharan Africa Identified by Random Amplification and Next-Generation Sequencing of Viral Genome. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:life12040475. [PMID: 35454966 PMCID: PMC9028189 DOI: 10.3390/life12040475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Avian infectious bronchitis (IB) is among the major viral respiratory and reproductive diseases of chickens caused by Avian coronavirus. In the African continent, IB was first described in countries located in the Mediterranean basin. In other parts of the continent, the epidemiological situation of IB remains unclear. In this study, the complete genome sequences of five IBV strains, originating from the sub-Saharan area were determined. Phylogenetic analysis based on the full-length S1 sequences identified three lineages (GI-14, GI-16, and GI-19) common in Africa and revealed that a strain, D2334/11/2/13/CI, isolated in Ivory Coast may represent a novel lineage within genotype GI. The maximum inter- and intragenotype sequence identities between this strain and other IBVs were 67.58% and 78.84% (nucleotide) and 64.44% and 78.6% (amino acid), respectively. The whole-genome nucleotide identity of the novel variant shared the highest values with a reference Belgian nephropathogenic strain (B1648, 92.4%) and with another study strain from Ivory Coast (D2334/12/2/13/CI, 94.6%). This study illustrates the importance of epidemiological monitoring of IBV in sub-Saharan Africa, as the area may serve as a focal point for newly emerging viral lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krisztina Bali
- Veterinary Medical Research Institute, 1143 Budapest, Hungary; (E.K.); (S.M.)
- Correspondence: (K.B.); (K.B.)
| | - Eszter Kaszab
- Veterinary Medical Research Institute, 1143 Budapest, Hungary; (E.K.); (S.M.)
| | - Szilvia Marton
- Veterinary Medical Research Institute, 1143 Budapest, Hungary; (E.K.); (S.M.)
| | | | | | - István Kiss
- Ceva-Phylaxia Veterinary Biologicals Co., Ltd., 1107 Budapest, Hungary; (I.K.); (V.P.)
| | - Vilmos Palya
- Ceva-Phylaxia Veterinary Biologicals Co., Ltd., 1107 Budapest, Hungary; (I.K.); (V.P.)
| | - Krisztián Bányai
- Veterinary Medical Research Institute, 1143 Budapest, Hungary; (E.K.); (S.M.)
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1078 Budapest, Hungary
- Correspondence: (K.B.); (K.B.)
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Lisowska A, Pikuła A, Opolska J, Jasik A, Kycko A, Domańska-Blicharz K. Virulence Properties of GI-23 Infectious Bronchitis Virus Isolated in Poland and Efficacy of Different Vaccination strategies. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10050522. [PMID: 33926018 PMCID: PMC8145137 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10050522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) is one of the most important poultry pathogens, leading significant economic losses worldwide. IBV is characterised by highly genetic, serotype, and pathotypic variability. Despite extensive immunoprophylaxis strategies, the emergence of new genetic lineages is frequently observed in the field, causing disease control to be more complicated. In the last decade, the spread of variants assigned to the GI-23 lineage of IBV (formerly known as Var2) started from Middle-Eastern countries and reached Europe in the last few years. Recently, the introduction and fast spread of Var2-like IBVs in Poland was reported. In this study, the virulence properties and efficacy of different vaccination programmes were evaluated against infection with the IBV GI-23 strain gammaCoV/Ck/Poland/G052/2016. The pathogenicity of the Var2 isolate was conducted in one-day-old and three-week-old SPF chickens and showed that the course of the disease is age dependent. Seven vaccination programmes using Mass, 793B, QX alone or in combination, and Var2 live vaccines were tested against the GI-23 infectious bronchitis virus challenge. All groups were scored according to the ciliostasis test at 5 days post challenge. Two immunoprophylaxis strategies generated full protection against gammaCoV/Ck/Poland/G052/2016 infection-Var2 and Mass used in one-day-old chickens boosted by a combination of the QX and 793B vaccine (both with a ciliostasis score of 0 and 100% protection).
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Lisowska
- Department of Poultry Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, Partyzantów 57, 24-100 Puławy, Poland; (A.L.); (J.O.)
| | - Anna Pikuła
- Department of Poultry Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, Partyzantów 57, 24-100 Puławy, Poland; (A.L.); (J.O.)
- Correspondence: (A.P.); (K.D.-B.)
| | - Justyna Opolska
- Department of Poultry Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, Partyzantów 57, 24-100 Puławy, Poland; (A.L.); (J.O.)
| | - Agnieszka Jasik
- Department of Pathology, National Veterinary Research Institute, Partyzantów 57, 24-100 Puławy, Poland; (A.J.); (A.K.)
| | - Anna Kycko
- Department of Pathology, National Veterinary Research Institute, Partyzantów 57, 24-100 Puławy, Poland; (A.J.); (A.K.)
| | - Katarzyna Domańska-Blicharz
- Department of Poultry Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, Partyzantów 57, 24-100 Puławy, Poland; (A.L.); (J.O.)
- Correspondence: (A.P.); (K.D.-B.)
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Ismail MI, Tan SW, Hair-Bejo M, Omar AR. Evaluation of the antigen relatedness and efficacy of a single vaccination with different infectious bronchitis virus strains against a challenge with Malaysian variant and QX-like IBV strains. J Vet Sci 2020; 21:e76. [PMID: 33263227 PMCID: PMC7710467 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2020.21.e76] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The predominant infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) strains detected in chickens in Malaysia are the Malaysian variant (MV) and QX-like, which are associated with respiratory distress, nephropathy, and high mortality. On the other hand, the antigenic relatedness and efficacy of IBV vaccines against these 2 field IBV strains are not well characterized. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to determine the antigen relatedness and efficacy of different IB vaccine strains against a challenge with MV and QX-like strains. METHODS The antigen relatedness and the ability of different IB vaccine strains in conferring protection against MV and QX-like were assessed based on the clinical signs, macroscopic lesions, and ciliary activity. RESULTS The MV strain IBS037A/2014 showed minor antigenic subtype differences with the vaccine virus Mass H120 and 4/91 strains but showed major antigenic subtype differences with the K2 strain. The Malaysian QX-like strain IBS130/2015 showed major antigenic subtype differences with the MV strain IBS037A/2014 and the vaccine strains except for K2. Chickens vaccinated once with Mass (H120) or with non-Mass (4/91 and K2) developed antibody responses with the highest antibody titer detected in the groups vaccinated with H120 and 4/91. The mean ciliary activities of the vaccinated chickens were between 56 to 59% and 48 to 52% in chickens challenged with IBS037A/2014 and IBS130/2015, respectively. The vaccinated and challenged birds showed mild to severe lesions in the lungs and kidneys. CONCLUSIONS Despite the minor antigenic subtype differences, a single inoculation with Mass or non-Mass vaccines could not protect against the MV IBS037A/2014 and QX-like IBS130/2015.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Iswadi Ismail
- Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Department of Veterinary Services, Veterinary Research Institute, 31400 Ipoh, Perak, Malaysia
| | - Sheau Wei Tan
- Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Hair-Bejo
- Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Abdul Rahman Omar
- Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
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Ren M, Zhang L, Hou Y, Zhao Y, Han Z, Sun J, Liu S. Genetic, Antigenic, and Pathogenic Characteristics of Infectious Bronchitis Virus GI-7/TW-II in China. Avian Dis 2020; 64:183-196. [PMID: 32550619 DOI: 10.1637/0005-2086-64.2.183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Nine infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) strains belonging to the GI-7 lineage were isolated between 2009 and 2017 in China. Phylogenetic analysis and comparisons of full-length sequences of the S1 gene suggested that the GI-7 lineage should be further classified as Taiwan (TW)-I and TW-II sublineages, which correspond to the previous TW-I and TW-II genotypes. The nine IBV strains were clustered in the TW-II sublineage. Further investigation revealed that viruses in the TW-I and TW-II were not only genetically but also antigenically different. Moreover, the TW-II sublineage contained various clades and recombinants. A recombinant was found to originate from recombination events between field strains (TW-II ck/CH/LJL/090608- and GI-19 ck/ CH/LDL/091022-like viruses) in which the recombination in the S1 subunit coding sequences had led to changes in antigenicity of the viruses. A more in-depth investigation demonstrated that TW-II viruses appear to have undergone a significant evolution following introduction in mainland China, which resulted in the viruses diverging into different clades. The viruses between the different clades in TW-II sublineage exhibited a significant change in genetic and antigenic characteristics. In addition, the five TW-II viruses selected on the basis of the results of S1 nucleotide sequence phylogenetic trees showed different pathogenicity to specific-pathogen-free chickens, although they could induce nephritis in the infected chickens and thus were identified as nephropathogenic strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengting Ren
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, the People's Republic of China
| | - Lili Zhang
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, the People's Republic of China
| | - Yutong Hou
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, the People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Zhao
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, the People's Republic of China
| | - Zongxi Han
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, the People's Republic of China
| | - Junfeng Sun
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, the People's Republic of China
| | - Shengwang Liu
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, the People's Republic of China,
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M. Najimudeen S, H. Hassan MS, C. Cork S, Abdul-Careem MF. Infectious Bronchitis Coronavirus Infection in Chickens: Multiple System Disease with Immune Suppression. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9100779. [PMID: 32987684 PMCID: PMC7598688 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9100779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In the early 1930s, infectious bronchitis (IB) was first characterized as a respiratory disease in young chickens; later, the disease was also described in older chickens. The etiology of IB was confirmed later as being due to a coronavirus: the infectious bronchitis virus (IBV). Being a coronavirus, IBV is subject to constant genome change due to mutation and recombination, with the consequence of changing clinical and pathological manifestations. The potential use of live attenuated vaccines for the control of IBV infection was demonstrated in the early 1950s, but vaccine breaks occurred due to the emergence of new IBV serotypes. Over the years, various IBV genotypes associated with reproductive, renal, gastrointestinal, muscular and immunosuppressive manifestations have emerged. IBV causes considerable economic impacts on global poultry production due to its pathogenesis involving multiple body systems and immune suppression; hence, there is a need to better understand the pathogenesis of infection and the immune response in order to help developing better management strategies. The evolution of new strains of IBV during the last nine decades against vaccine-induced immune response and changing clinical and pathological manifestations emphasize the necessity of the rational development of intervention strategies based on a thorough understanding of IBV interaction with the host.
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Characterization of S1 gene sequence variations of attenuated QX-like and variant infectious bronchitis virus strains and the pathogenicity of the viruses in specific-pathogen-free chickens. Arch Virol 2020; 165:2777-2788. [PMID: 32964293 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-020-04812-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Besides the vaccine strains, the Malaysian variant (MV) and QX-like are the predominant IBVs detected on commercial poultry farms. These two virus strains are distinct based on genomic and pathogenicity studies. In this study, we determined the sequence of the S1 gene and compared the pathogenicity of serial passage 70 (P70) of Malaysian QX-like (QX/P70) and MV (MV/P70) strains with that of their respective wild-type viruses. The nucleotide and amino acid sequences of the complete S1 genes of QX/P70 and MV/P70 showed 1.4 to 1.6% and 3.0 to 3.3% variation, respectively, when compared to the wild-type virus. Most of the mutations were insertions and substitutions in the hypervariable regions (HVRs), primarily in HVR 3. Furthermore, selection pressure analysis showed that both viruses are under purifying selection. A pathogenicity study in specific-pathogen-free (SPF) chickens showed a reduction in respiratory and kidney lesions in chickens inoculated with MV/P70, but not with QX/P70, when compared to the respective wild-type viruses. However, MV/P70 is still pathogenic and can cause ciliary damage. In conclusion, the MV IBV strain is more responsive than the QX-like IBV strain following the attenuation process used for the development of a live attenuated IBV vaccine.
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Zhang X, Liao K, Chen S, Yan K, Du X, Zhang C, Guo M, Wu Y. Evaluation of the reproductive system development and egg-laying performance of hens infected with TW I-type infectious bronchitis virus. Vet Res 2020; 51:95. [PMID: 32736651 PMCID: PMC7393890 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-020-00819-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of TW I-type infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) has been increasing rapidly, and it has become the second most common genotype of IBV in China threatening the poultry industry. In this study, 1-day-old specific-pathogen-free (SPF) chickens infected with TW I-type IBV were continuously observed for 200 days. TW I-type IBV affected the respiratory, urinary, and female reproductive systems, resulting in a mortality rate of 10% as well as a decrease in egg quantity and an increase in inferior eggs. During the monitoring period, serious lesions occurred in the female reproductive system, such as yolk peritonitis, a shortened oviduct, and cysts of different sizes with effusion in the degenerated right oviduct. The infective viruses persisted in vivo for a long time, and due to the stress of laying, virus shedding was detected again after the onset of egg production. Our findings suggest that TW I-type IBV is deadly to chickens and could cause permanent damage to the oviduct, resulting in the poor laying performance of female survivors and decreasing the breeding value and welfare of the infected flock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaorong Zhang
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Kai Liao
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuqin Chen
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Kun Yan
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Xubin Du
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Chengcheng Zhang
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengjiao Guo
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Yantao Wu
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
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Shao L, Zhao J, Li L, Huang X, Yang H, Cheng J, Liu C, Zhang G. Pathogenic characteristics of a QX-like infectious bronchitis virus strain SD in chickens exposed at different ages and protective efficacy of combining live homologous and heterologous vaccination. Vet Res 2020; 51:86. [PMID: 32641162 PMCID: PMC7341716 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-020-00811-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Continued reports of infections with infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) variants have occurred since its first isolation in the 1930s. Currently, QX-like IBVs are the predominant circulating genotype around the world. Here, the pathogenicity of QX-like IBV strain SD was characterized in chickens at different ages of exposure to the virus, and the protection efficacy of available vaccine combinations against IBV was evaluated. The results revealed that QX-like IBV strain SD was severely pathogenic in chickens, causing respiratory, urinary and reproductive infections, irrespective of age, based on clinical observations, viral distribution in tissues and a ciliostasis study. Severe respiratory signs, tracheal cilia injury, nephritis and abnormal development of the oviduct and ovarian follicles were evident throughout the experiment. A challenge experiment demonstrated that the homologous QX vaccine showed superior protection efficacy compared with other available vaccines, confirming the importance of IBV vaccine seed homology against the circulating IBV strains. Our findings aid an understanding of the pathogenicity of QX-like IBVs that may help to further control the infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Shao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian, Beijing, 100193, China.,Beijing Huadu Yukou Poultry Company Limited, Beijing, 101206, China
| | - Jing Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Lihua Li
- Beijing Huadu Yukou Poultry Company Limited, Beijing, 101206, China
| | - Xiuying Huang
- Beijing Huadu Yukou Poultry Company Limited, Beijing, 101206, China
| | - Huiming Yang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jinlong Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Changqing Liu
- Beijing Huadu Yukou Poultry Company Limited, Beijing, 101206, China
| | - Guozhong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian, Beijing, 100193, China.
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Hou Y, Zhang L, Ren M, Han Z, Sun J, Zhao Y, Liu S. A highly pathogenic GI-19 lineage infectious bronchitis virus originated from multiple recombination events with broad tissue tropism. Virus Res 2020; 285:198002. [PMID: 32380209 PMCID: PMC7198173 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2020.198002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The GI-19 strain was shown to be the dominant IBV lineage worldwide. Isolate I0305/19 belongs to GI-19 lineage. Isolate I0305/19 emerged through recombination events. Isolate I0305/19 is a highly nephropathogenic strain. Isolate I0305/19 showed broad tissue tropism in infected chickens.
In the present study, an IBV strain I0305/19 was isolated from a diseased commercial broiler flock in 2019 in China with high morbidity and mortality. The isolate I0305/19 was clustered together with viruses in sublineage D of GI-19 lineage on the basis of the complete S1 sequence analysis. Isolate I0305/19 and other GI-19 viruses isolated in China have the amino acid sequence MIA at positions 110–112 in the S protein. Further analysis based on the complete genomic sequence showed that the isolate emerged through at least four recombination events between GI-19 ck/CH/LJS/120848- and GI-13 4/91-like strains, in which the S gene was found to be similar to that of the GI-19 ck/CH/LJS/120848-like strain. Pathological assessment showed the isolate was a nephropathogenic IBV strain that caused high morbidity of 100 % and mortality of 80 % in 1-day-old specific-pathogen-free (SPF) chicks. The isolate I0305/19 exhibited broader tropisms in different tissues, including tracheas, lungs, bursa of Fabricius, spleen, liver, kidneys, proventriculus, small intestines, large intestines, cecum, and cecal tonsils. Furthermore, subpopulations of the virus were found in tissues of infected chickens; this finding is important in understanding how the virulent IBV strains can potentially replicate and evolve to cause disease. This information is also valuable for understanding the mechanisms of replication and evolution of other coronaviruses such as the newly emerged SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutong Hou
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, People's Republic of China
| | - Lili Zhang
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengting Ren
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, People's Republic of China
| | - Zongxi Han
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, People's Republic of China
| | - Junfeng Sun
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Zhao
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, People's Republic of China
| | - Shengwang Liu
- Division of Avian Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, People's Republic of China.
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12
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Amarasinghe A, De Silva Senapathi U, Abdul-Cader MS, Popowich S, Marshall F, Cork SC, van der Meer F, Gomis S, Abdul-Careem MF. Comparative features of infections of two Massachusetts (Mass) infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) variants isolated from Western Canadian layer flocks. BMC Vet Res 2018; 14:391. [PMID: 30526618 PMCID: PMC6288874 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-018-1720-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) is one of the leading causes of mortality and morbidity in chickens. There are numerous serotypes and variants, which do not confer cross protection resulting in failure of currently used IBV vaccines. Although variant IBV isolates with major genetic differences have been subjected to comparative studies, it is unknown whether minor genetic differences in IBV variants within a serotype are different in terms of pathogenesis and eliciting host responses. Two Massachusetts (Mass) variant IBV isolates recovered from commercial layer flocks in the Western Canadian provinces of Alberta (AB) and Saskatchewan (SK) were compared genetically and evaluated for their pathogenicity, tissue distribution and ability to recruit and replicate in macrophages. RESULTS Although whole genome sequencing of these two Mass IBV isolates showed low similarity with the M41 vaccinal strain, they had an identical nucleotide sequence at open reading frames (ORFs) 3a, 3b, envelop (E), matrix (M), 5a and 5b. The rest of the ORFs of these 2 IBV isolates showed 99.9% nucleotide similarity. However, upon experimental infection, we found that the IBV isolate originating from AB was different to the one that originated in SK due to higher tracheal lesion scores and lower lung viral replication and lower genome loads in cecal tonsils. Nevertheless, both IBV isolates elicited host responses characterized by significant macrophage recruitment to the respiratory tract and there was evidence that both IBV isolates replicated within tracheal and lung macrophages. CONCLUSIONS Overall, this study shows that Mass variant IBV isolates, although possessing minor genetic variations, can lead to significant differences in pathogenicity in young chickens. Further studies are required to investigate the pathogenicity of these two Mass variant IBV isolates in laying hens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aruna Amarasinghe
- Department of Ecosystem and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Health Research Innovation Center 2C53, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1 Canada
| | - Upasama De Silva Senapathi
- Department of Ecosystem and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Health Research Innovation Center 2C53, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1 Canada
| | - Mohamed Sarjoon Abdul-Cader
- Department of Ecosystem and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Health Research Innovation Center 2C53, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1 Canada
| | - Shelly Popowich
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B5 Canada
| | - Frank Marshall
- Marshall Swine and Poultry Health Services, 3831- Bay G- 44 Ave, Camrose, AB T4V 3T1 Canada
| | - Susan C. Cork
- Department of Ecosystem and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Health Research Innovation Center 2C53, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1 Canada
| | - Frank van der Meer
- Department of Ecosystem and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Health Research Innovation Center 2C53, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1 Canada
| | - Susantha Gomis
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B5 Canada
| | - Mohamed Faizal Abdul-Careem
- Department of Ecosystem and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Health Research Innovation Center 2C53, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1 Canada
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13
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Hong SM, An SH, Lee CY, Song CS, Choi KS, Kim JH, Kwon HJ. Pathobiological and Genomic Characterization of a Cold-Adapted Infectious Bronchitis Virus (BP-caKII). Viruses 2018; 10:v10110652. [PMID: 30463206 PMCID: PMC6266813 DOI: 10.3390/v10110652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Revised: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
We established a cold-adapted infectious bronchitis virus (BP-caKII) by passaging a field virus through specific pathogen-free embryonated eggs 20 times at 32 °C. We characterized its growth kinetics and pathogenicity in embryonated eggs, and its tropism and persistence in different tissues from chickens; then, we evaluated pathogenicity by using a new premature reproductive tract pathogenicity model. Furthermore, we determined the complete genomic sequence of BP-caKII to understand the genetic changes related to cold adaptation. According to our results, BP-caKII clustered with the KII genotype viruses K2 and KM91, and showed less pathogenicity than K2, a live attenuated vaccine strain. BP-caKII showed delayed viremia, resulting in its delayed dissemination to the kidneys and cecal tonsils compared to K2 and KM91, the latter of which is a pathogenic field strain. A comparative genomics study revealed similar nucleotide sequences between BP-caKII, K2 and KM91 but clearly showed different mutations among them. BP-caKII shared several mutations with K2 (nsp13, 14, 15 and 16) following embryo adaptation but acquired multiple additional mutations in nonstructural proteins (nsp3, 4 and 12), spike proteins and nucleocapsid proteins following cold adaptation. Thus, the establishment of BP-caKII and the identified mutations in this study may provide insight into the genetic background of embryo and cold adaptations, and the attenuation of coronaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Min Hong
- Laboratory of Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea.
| | - Se-Hee An
- Laboratory of Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea.
| | - Chung-Young Lee
- Laboratory of Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea.
| | - Chang-Seon Song
- Laboratory of Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea.
| | - Kang-Seuk Choi
- Avian Disease Division, animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, Gyeongsangbuk-Do 39660, Korea.
| | - Jae-Hong Kim
- Laboratory of Avian Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea.
- Reseach Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, BK21 for Veterinary Science, Seoul 08826, Korea.
| | - Hyuk-Joon Kwon
- Reseach Institute for Veterinary Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, BK21 for Veterinary Science, Seoul 08826, Korea.
- Department of Farm Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea.
- Farm Animal Clinical Training and Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea.
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