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Gozzi M, Blandino M, Dall’Asta C, Martinek P, Bruni R, Righetti L. Anthocyanin Content and Fusarium Mycotoxins in Pigmented Wheat ( Triticum aestivum L. spp. aestivum): An Open Field Evaluation. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:693. [PMID: 36840042 PMCID: PMC9965368 DOI: 10.3390/plants12040693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Twelve Triticum aestivum L. spp. aestivum varieties with pigmented grain, namely one red, six purple, three blue, and two black, were grown in open fields over two consecutive years and screened to investigate their risk to the accumulation of multiple Fusarium-related mycotoxins. Deoxynivalenol (DON) and its modified forms DON3Glc, 3Ac-DON, 15Ac-DON, and T-2, HT-2, ZEN, and Enniatin B were quantified by means of UHPLC-MS/MS, along with 14 different cyanidin, petunidin, delphinidin, pelargonidin, peonidin, and malvidin glycosides. A significant strong influence effect of the harvesting year (p = 0.0002) was noticed for DON content, which was more than doubled between harvesting years growing seasons (mean of 3746 µg kg-1 vs. 1463 µg kg-1). In addition, a striking influence of varieties with different grain colour on DON content (p < 0.0001) emerged in combination with the harvesting year (year×colour, p = 0.0091), with blue grains being more contaminated (mean of 5352 µg kg-1) and red grain being less contaminated (mean of 715 µg kg-1). The trend was maintained between the two harvesting years despite the highly variable absolute mycotoxin content. Varieties accumulating anthocyanins in the pericarp (purple coloration) had significantly lower DON content compared to those in which aleurone was involved (blue coloration).
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Gozzi
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 27/a, 43100 Parma, Italy
| | - Massimo Blandino
- Department of Agricultural Forest and Food Sciences, University of Turin, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Chiara Dall’Asta
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 27/a, 43100 Parma, Italy
| | - Petr Martinek
- Agrotest Fyto, Ltd., Havlíčkova 2787/121, 767 01 Kroměříž, Czech Republic
| | - Renato Bruni
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 27/a, 43100 Parma, Italy
| | - Laura Righetti
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 27/a, 43100 Parma, Italy
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de Oliveira LDL, de Oliveira GT, de Alencar ER, Queiroz VAV, de Alencar Figueiredo LF. Physical, chemical, and antioxidant analysis of sorghum grain and flour from five hybrids to determine the drivers of liking of gluten-free sorghum breads. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2021.112407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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3
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Matumba L, Namaumbo S, Ngoma T, Meleke N, De Boevre M, Logrieco AF, De Saeger S. Five keys to prevention and control of mycotoxins in grains: A proposal. GLOBAL FOOD SECURITY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gfs.2021.100562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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4
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Chen Z, Zhao L, Dong Y, Chen W, Li C, Gao X, Chen R, Li L, Xu Z. The antagonistic mechanism of Bacillus velezensis ZW10 against rice blast disease: Evaluation of ZW10 as a potential biopesticide. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0256807. [PMID: 34449822 PMCID: PMC8396770 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0256807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Rice blast, caused by the fungus Magnaporthe oryzae, is one of the three major diseases affecting rice production and quality; it reduces rice grain yield by nearly 30%. In the early stage of this study, a strain of Bacillus velezensis with strong inhibition of M. oryzae was isolated and named ZW10. In vitro assays indicated prolonged germination time of conidia of M. oryzae treated with the antifungal substances of ZW10, 78% of the conidia could not form appressorium, and the conidial tubes expanded to form vacuolar structure and then shrank. The results of FDA-PI composite dyes showed that the antifungal substances of ZW10 inhibited the normal activity of M. oryzae hyphae that were rarely able to infect the epidermal cells of rice leaf sheath in vivo tests. In addition, rice treated with the antifungal substances of ZW10 showed a variety of defense responses, including activation of defense-related enzymes, increased expression of the salicylic acid pathway genes, and accumulation of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), which might function directly or indirectly in resistance to pathogen attack. The field experiment with rice blast infection in different periods showed that the antifungal substances of ZW10 had the same control effect as carbendazim. The significant biological control activity of ZW10 and its capacity to stimulate host defenses suggest that this B. velezensis strain has the potential to be developed into a biopesticide for the biocontrol of rice blast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuo Chen
- Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Crop Ecophysiology and Cultivation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Lu Zhao
- Department of Bioengineering, Microbiology Laboratory of Sichuan Water Conservancy Vocational College, Dujiangyan, China
| | - Yilun Dong
- Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Crop Ecophysiology and Cultivation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Wenqian Chen
- Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Chunliu Li
- Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Crop Ecophysiology and Cultivation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaoling Gao
- Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Crop Ecophysiology and Cultivation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Rongjun Chen
- Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Crop Ecophysiology and Cultivation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Lihua Li
- Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Crop Ecophysiology and Cultivation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhengjun Xu
- Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Crop Ecophysiology and Cultivation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
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Franco Ortega S, Ferrocino I, Adams I, Silvestri S, Spadaro D, Gullino ML, Boonham N. Monitoring and Surveillance of Aerial Mycobiota of Rice Paddy through DNA Metabarcoding and qPCR. J Fungi (Basel) 2020; 6:jof6040372. [PMID: 33348656 PMCID: PMC7766667 DOI: 10.3390/jof6040372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The airborne mycobiota has been understudied in comparison with the mycobiota present in other agricultural environments. Traditional, culture-based methods allow the study of a small fraction of the organisms present in the atmosphere, thus missing important information. In this study, the aerial mycobiota in a rice paddy has been examined during the cropping season (from June to September 2016) using qPCRs for two important rice pathogens (Pyricularia oryzae and Bipolaris oryzae) and by using DNA metabarcoding of the fungal ITS region. The metabarcoding results demonstrated a higher alpha diversity (Shannon–Wiener diversity index H′ and total number of observed species) at the beginning of the trial (June), suggesting a higher level of community complexity, compared with the end of the season. The main taxa identified by HTS analysis showed a shift in their relative abundance that drove the cluster separation as a function of time and temperature. The most abundant OTUs corresponded to genera such as Cladosporium, Alternaria, Myrothecium, or Pyricularia. Changes in the mycobiota composition were clearly dependent on the average air temperature with a potential impact on disease development in rice. In parallel, oligotyping analysis was performed to obtain a sub-OTU identification which revealed the presence of several oligotypes of Pyricularia and Bipolaris with relative abundance changing during monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Franco Ortega
- Centre of Competence for the Innovation in the Agro-Environmental Sector—AGROINNOVA, University of Turin, Via Paolo Braccini 2, I-10095 Grugliasco (TO), Italy; (S.F.O.); (M.L.G.)
| | - Ilario Ferrocino
- Department of Agricultural, Forestry and Food Sciences (DiSAFA), University of Torino, Via Paolo Braccini 2, I-10095 Grugliasco (TO), Italy;
| | - Ian Adams
- FERA, National Agri-Food Innovation Campus, Sand Hutton, York YO41 1LZ, UK;
| | - Simone Silvestri
- Ente Nazionale per la Risicultura (ENTERISI), Strada per Ceretto 4, 27030 Castello d’Agogna (PV), Italy;
| | - Davide Spadaro
- Centre of Competence for the Innovation in the Agro-Environmental Sector—AGROINNOVA, University of Turin, Via Paolo Braccini 2, I-10095 Grugliasco (TO), Italy; (S.F.O.); (M.L.G.)
- Department of Agricultural, Forestry and Food Sciences (DiSAFA), University of Torino, Via Paolo Braccini 2, I-10095 Grugliasco (TO), Italy;
- Correspondence:
| | - Maria Lodovica Gullino
- Centre of Competence for the Innovation in the Agro-Environmental Sector—AGROINNOVA, University of Turin, Via Paolo Braccini 2, I-10095 Grugliasco (TO), Italy; (S.F.O.); (M.L.G.)
- Department of Agricultural, Forestry and Food Sciences (DiSAFA), University of Torino, Via Paolo Braccini 2, I-10095 Grugliasco (TO), Italy;
| | - Neil Boonham
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK;
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Lin H, Bean SR, Tilley M, Peiris KHS, Brabec D. Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis of Sorghum Grain Composition Including Protein and Tannins Using ATR-FTIR Spectroscopy. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-020-01874-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Fatty Acid Synthase Beta Dehydratase in the Lipid Biosynthesis Pathway Is Required for Conidiogenesis, Pigmentation and Appressorium Formation in Magnaporthe oryzae S6. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21197224. [PMID: 33007862 PMCID: PMC7582888 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21197224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipid biosynthesis produces glycerol, which is important in fueling turgor pressure necessary for germination and penetration of plant host by fungi. As the relationship between pathogenicity and the lipid biosynthetic pathway is not fully understood, we have elucidated the role of the fatty acid synthase beta subunit dehydratase (FAS1) gene in lipid biosynthesis. The FAS1 gene was silenced through homologous double crossover in Magnaporthe oryzae strain S6 to study the effect on lipid biosynthesis. The vegetative growth of Δfas1 mutants show the highest drop on oleic acid (between 10 and 50%), while the mycelial dry weight of mutants dropped significantly on all media. Conidiation of FAS1 mutants show a ~10- and ~5-fold reduction on oatmeal and Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA), respectively. Mutants formed mycelium that were mildly pigmented, indicating that the deletion of FAS1 may have affected melanin biosynthesis. Biochemical and gene expression studies concluded that the fatty acid degradation pathway might have been interrupted by FAS1 deletion. FAS1 mutants showed no enzyme activity on glucose or olive oil, suggesting that the mutants may lack functional peroxisomes and be defective in β-oxidation of fatty acids, hence explaining the reduced lipid deposits in the spores.
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Aliyu SR, Lin L, Chen X, Abdul W, Lin Y, Otieno FJ, Shabbir A, Batool W, Zhang Y, Tang W, Wang Z, Norvienyeku J. Disruption of putative short-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenases compromised free radical scavenging, conidiogenesis, and pathogenesis of Magnaporthe oryzae. Fungal Genet Biol 2019; 127:23-34. [PMID: 30822500 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2019.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Revised: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Short-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (Scad) mediated β-oxidation serves as the fastest route for generating essential energies required to support the survival of organisms under stress or starvation. In this study, we identified three putative SCAD genes in the genome of the globally destructive rice blast pathogen Magnaporthe oryzae, named as MoSCAD1, MoSCAD2, and MoSCAD3. To elucidate their function, we deployed targeted gene deletion strategy to investigate individual and the combined influence of MoSCAD genes on growth, stress tolerance, conidiation and pathogenicity of the rice blast fungus. First, localization and co-localization results obtained from this study showed that MoScad1 localizes to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), MoScad2 localizes exclusively to the mitochondria while MoScad3 partially localizes to the mitochondria and peroxisome at all developmental stages of M. oryzae. Results obtained from this investigation showed that the deletion of MoSCAD1 and MoSCAD2 caused a minimal but significant reduction in the growth of ΔMoscad1 and ΔMoscad2 strains, while, growth characteristics exhibited by the ΔMoscad3 strain was similar to the wild-type strain. Furthermore, we observed that deletion of MoSCAD2 resulted in drastic reduction in conidiation, delayed conidia germination, triggered the development of abnormal appressorium and suppressed host penetration and colonization efficiencies of the ΔMoscad1 strain. This study provides first material evidence confirming the possible existence of ER β-oxidation pathway in M. oryzae. We also infer that mitochondria β-oxidation rather than peroxisomal and ER β-oxidation play an essential role in the vegetative growth, conidiation, appressorial morphogenesis and progression of pathogenesis in M. oryzae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sami Rukaiya Aliyu
- State Key Laboratory for Ecological Pest Control of Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Lili Lin
- State Key Laboratory for Ecological Pest Control of Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Xiaomin Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Ecological Pest Control of Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Waheed Abdul
- Fujian University Key Laboratory for Plant-Microbe Interaction, The School of Life Sciences, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Yahong Lin
- Fujian University Key Laboratory for Plant-Microbe Interaction, The School of Life Sciences, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Frankine Jagero Otieno
- Fujian University Key Laboratory for Plant-Microbe Interaction, The School of Life Sciences, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Ammarah Shabbir
- State Key Laboratory for Ecological Pest Control of Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Wajjiha Batool
- Fujian University Key Laboratory for Plant-Microbe Interaction, The School of Life Sciences, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Yiqun Zhang
- Fujian University Key Laboratory for Plant-Microbe Interaction, The School of Life Sciences, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Wei Tang
- State Key Laboratory for Ecological Pest Control of Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; Fujian University Key Laboratory for Plant-Microbe Interaction, The School of Life Sciences, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Zonghua Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Ecological Pest Control of Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; Fujian University Key Laboratory for Plant-Microbe Interaction, The School of Life Sciences, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; Institute of Oceanography, Minjiang University, Fuzhou 350108, China.
| | - Justice Norvienyeku
- State Key Laboratory for Ecological Pest Control of Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; Fujian University Key Laboratory for Plant-Microbe Interaction, The School of Life Sciences, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
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Root-hair endophyte stacking in finger millet creates a physicochemical barrier to trap the fungal pathogen Fusarium graminearum. Nat Microbiol 2016; 1:16167. [PMID: 27669453 DOI: 10.1038/nmicrobiol.2016.167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The ancient African crop, finger millet, has broad resistance to pathogens including the toxigenic fungus Fusarium graminearum. Here, we report the discovery of a novel plant defence mechanism resulting from an unusual symbiosis between finger millet and a root-inhabiting bacterial endophyte, M6 (Enterobacter sp.). Seed-coated M6 swarms towards root-invading Fusarium and is associated with the growth of root hairs, which then bend parallel to the root axis, subsequently forming biofilm-mediated microcolonies, resulting in a remarkable, multilayer root-hair endophyte stack (RHESt). The RHESt results in a physical barrier that prevents entry and/or traps F. graminearum, which is then killed. M6 thus creates its own specialized killing microhabitat. Tn5-mutagenesis shows that M6 killing requires c-di-GMP-dependent signalling, diverse fungicides and resistance to a Fusarium-derived antibiotic. Further molecular evidence suggests long-term host-endophyte-pathogen co-evolution. The end result of this remarkable symbiosis is reduced deoxynivalenol mycotoxin, potentially benefiting millions of subsistence farmers and livestock. Further results suggest that the anti-Fusarium activity of M6 may be transferable to maize and wheat. RHESt demonstrates the value of exploring ancient, orphan crop microbiomes.
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Acquisgrana MDR, Benítez EI, Gómez Pamies LC, Sosa GL, Peruchena NM, Lozano JE. Total polyphenol extraction from red sorghum grain and effects on the morphological structure of starch granules. Int J Food Sci Technol 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/ijfs.13194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Elisa I. Benítez
- QUITEX-Facultad Regional Resistencia-UTN; French 414 Resistencia Chaco Argentina
- IQUIBA-NEA; UNNE, CONICET; Avenida Libertad 5460 Corrientes Argentina
| | | | - Gladis L. Sosa
- QUITEX-Facultad Regional Resistencia-UTN; French 414 Resistencia Chaco Argentina
- IQUIBA-NEA; UNNE, CONICET; Avenida Libertad 5460 Corrientes Argentina
| | - Nélida M. Peruchena
- QUITEX-Facultad Regional Resistencia-UTN; French 414 Resistencia Chaco Argentina
- IQUIBA-NEA; UNNE, CONICET; Avenida Libertad 5460 Corrientes Argentina
| | - Jorge E. Lozano
- PLAPIQUI, UNS, CONICET; Camino La Carrindanga Km.7 Bahía Blanca 8000 Argentina
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Magomere T, Obukosia S, Albertsen M, Wambugu F, Kamanga D, Njuguna M, Gaffney J, Zhao ZY, Che P, Aseta A, Kimani E, Mwasame E. Evaluation of fitness in F 2 generations of Africa Biofortified Sorghum event 188 and weedy Sorghum bicolor ssp. drummondii. ELECTRON J BIOTECHN 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejbt.2016.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
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12
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Mousa WK, Schwan A, Davidson J, Strange P, Liu H, Zhou T, Auzanneau FI, Raizada MN. An endophytic fungus isolated from finger millet (Eleusine coracana) produces anti-fungal natural products. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:1157. [PMID: 26539183 PMCID: PMC4612689 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.01157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Finger millet is an ancient African cereal crop, domesticated 7000 years ago in Ethiopia, reaching India at 3000 BC. Finger millet is reported to be resistant to various fungal pathogens including Fusarium sp. We hypothesized that finger millet may host beneficial endophytes (plant-colonizing microbes) that contribute to the antifungal activity. Here we report the first isolation of endophyte(s) from finger millet. Five distinct fungal species were isolated from roots and predicted taxonomically based on 18S rDNA sequencing. Extracts from three putative endophytes inhibited growth of F. graminearum and three other pathogenic Fusarium species. The most potent anti-Fusarium strain (WF4, predicted to be a Phoma sp.) was confirmed to behave as an endophyte using pathogenicity and confocal microscopy experiments. Bioassay-guided fractionation of the WF4 extract identified four anti-fungal compounds, viridicatol, tenuazonic acid, alternariol, and alternariol monomethyl ether. All the purified compounds caused dramatic breakage of F. graminearum hyphae in vitro. These compounds have not previously been reported to have anti-Fusarium activity. None of the compounds, except for tenuazonic acid, have previously been reported to be produced by Phoma. We conclude that the ancient, disease-tolerant crop, finger millet, is a novel source of endophytic anti-fungal natural products. This paper suggests the value of the crops grown by subsistence farmers as sources of endophytes and their natural products. Application of these natural chemicals to solve real world problems will require further validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walaa K. Mousa
- Department of Plant Agriculture, University of GuelphGuelph, ON, Canada
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Mansoura UniversityMansoura, Egypt
| | - Adrian Schwan
- Department of Chemistry, University of GuelphGuelph, ON, Canada
| | | | - Philip Strange
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Guelph Food Research CentreGuelph, ON, Canada
| | - Huaizhi Liu
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Guelph Food Research CentreGuelph, ON, Canada
| | - Ting Zhou
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Guelph Food Research CentreGuelph, ON, Canada
| | | | - Manish N. Raizada
- Department of Plant Agriculture, University of GuelphGuelph, ON, Canada
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Does a sorghum–cowpea composite porridge hold promise for contributing to alleviating oxidative stress? Food Chem 2014; 157:157-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.02.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2013] [Revised: 12/19/2013] [Accepted: 02/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Wu E, Lenderts B, Glassman K, Berezowska-Kaniewska M, Christensen H, Asmus T, Zhen S, Chu U, Cho MJ, Zhao ZY. Optimized Agrobacterium-mediated sorghum transformation protocol and molecular data of transgenic sorghum plants. IN VITRO CELLULAR & DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY. PLANT : JOURNAL OF THE TISSUE CULTURE ASSOCIATION 2014; 50:9-18. [PMID: 26316679 PMCID: PMC4544465 DOI: 10.1007/s11627-013-9583-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2013] [Accepted: 11/13/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Agrobacterium-mediated sorghum transformation frequency has been enhanced significantly via medium optimization using immature embryos from sorghum variety TX430 as the target tissue. The new transformation protocol includes the addition of elevated copper sulfate and 6-benzylaminopurine in the resting and selection media. Using Agrobacterium strain LBA4404, the transformation frequency reached over 10% using either of two different selection marker genes, moPAT or PMI, and any of three different vectors in large-scale transformation experiments. With Agrobacterium strain AGL1, the transformation frequencies were as high as 33%. Using quantitative PCR analyses of 1,182 T0 transgenic plants representing 675 independent transgenic events, data was collected for T-DNA copy number, intact or truncated T-DNA integration, and vector backbone integration into the sorghum genome. A comparison of the transformation frequencies and molecular data characterizing T-DNA integration patterns in the transgenic plants derived from LBA4404 versus AGL1 transformation revealed that twice as many transgenic high-quality events were generated when AGL1 was used compared to LBA4404. This is the first report providing molecular data for T-DNA integration patterns in a large number of independent transgenic plants in sorghum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Wu
- />DuPont Agricultural Biotechnology, DuPont Pioneer, 8305 NW 62nd Avenue, P. O. Box 7060, Johnston, IA 50131 USA
| | - Brian Lenderts
- />DuPont Agricultural Biotechnology, DuPont Pioneer, 8305 NW 62nd Avenue, P. O. Box 7060, Johnston, IA 50131 USA
| | - Kimberly Glassman
- />DuPont Agricultural Biotechnology, DuPont Pioneer, 8305 NW 62nd Avenue, P. O. Box 7060, Johnston, IA 50131 USA
| | | | - Heather Christensen
- />DuPont Agricultural Biotechnology, DuPont Pioneer, 8305 NW 62nd Avenue, P. O. Box 7060, Johnston, IA 50131 USA
| | - Tracy Asmus
- />DuPont Agricultural Biotechnology, DuPont Pioneer, 8305 NW 62nd Avenue, P. O. Box 7060, Johnston, IA 50131 USA
| | - Shifu Zhen
- />DuPont Agricultural Biotechnology, DuPont Pioneer, 8305 NW 62nd Avenue, P. O. Box 7060, Johnston, IA 50131 USA
| | - Uyen Chu
- />DuPont Agricultural Biotechnology, DuPont Pioneer, 8305 NW 62nd Avenue, P. O. Box 7060, Johnston, IA 50131 USA
| | - Myeong-Je Cho
- />DuPont Agricultural Biotechnology, DuPont Pioneer, 4010 Point Eden Way, Hayward, CA 94545 USA
| | - Zuo-Yu Zhao
- />DuPont Agricultural Biotechnology, DuPont Pioneer, 8305 NW 62nd Avenue, P. O. Box 7060, Johnston, IA 50131 USA
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Gorjanović S. A Review: Biological and Technological Functions of Barley Seed Pathogenesis-Related Proteins (PRs). JOURNAL OF THE INSTITUTE OF BREWING 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/j.2050-0416.2009.tb00389.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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Stanislava G. A Review: The Role of Barley Seed Pathogenesis-Related Proteins (PRs) in Beer Production. JOURNAL OF THE INSTITUTE OF BREWING 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/j.2050-0416.2010.tb00407.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Grabowski A, Siuda R, Lenc L, Jaroszuk-Ściseł J. Effect of the degree of fusariosis on the physical characteristics of individual wheat kernels. Int J Food Sci Technol 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2621.2012.02949.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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KUO HSIAOTING, WU POHUA, CHUNG HUIHSUAN, JIANG CHIMING, WU MINGCHANG. KOJI FERMENTATION IMPROVE THE PROTEIN DIGESTIBILITY OF SORGHUM. J FOOD PROCESS PRES 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-4549.2011.00666.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Ali TM, Hasnain A. Functional and Morphological Characterization of Low-Substituted Acetylated White Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) Starch. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF POLYMER ANALYSIS AND CHARACTERIZATION 2011. [DOI: 10.1080/1023666x.2011.562690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Biofortified sorghum in Africa: using problem formulation to inform risk assessment. Nat Biotechnol 2010; 28:900-3. [PMID: 20829822 DOI: 10.1038/nbt0910-900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Siwela M, Taylor JR, de Milliano WA, Duodu KG. Influence of phenolics in finger millet on grain and malt fungal load, and malt quality. Food Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2009.12.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Katilé SO, Perumal R, Rooney WL, Prom LK, Magill CW. Expression of pathogenesis-related protein PR-10 in sorghum floral tissues in response to inoculation with Fusarium thapsinum and Curvularia lunata. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2010; 11:93-103. [PMID: 20078779 PMCID: PMC6640511 DOI: 10.1111/j.1364-3703.2009.00580.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Differences in grain mould disease levels among different sorghum varieties grown in the same environment imply that host genes play a role in controlling disease severity. The fungi most often recovered from naturally infected sorghum grain, Fusarium thapsinum and Curvularia lunata, were used to inoculate a set of resistant and susceptible cultivars at anthesis in both field and glasshouse trials. In the field, 12 cultivars were inoculated with a mixture of F. thapsinum and C. lunata and, in the glasshouse, individual panicles from four selected cultivars were inoculated with spore suspensions of C. lunata, F. thapsinum, a mixture of the two or water to serve as a control. Based on grain mould severity ratings and germination tests on the seed from the field trial, Tx2911, Sureno, SC719-11E and SC650-11E displayed a high level of resistance to grain mould. To determine whether resistant and susceptible lines differed in response to the pathogens, PR-10 mRNA levels were measured using real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. PR-10 is a protein with antifungal properties that has been associated with defence responses in sorghum and other plant species. In field tests, most, but not all, cultivars showed significant induction of normalized relative quantities of PR-10 after dual inoculation with spores of both C. lunata and F. thapsinum. Under glasshouse-controlled conditions, glumes of inoculated plants showed the clear induction of PR-10 mRNA, and the response was greater in resistant (Tx2911 and Sureno) than in susceptible (RTx430 and SC170-6-17) cultivars. Inoculation with spores from a single mould-inducing pathogen generally induced greater responses than when spores were combined. For RTx430, SC170-6-17 and Sureno, the response to C. lunata was greater, whereas Tx2911 showed a stronger response to F. thapsinum. The results indicate that the induction of PR-10 in sorghum glumes may be a factor useful in breeding programmes designed to combine multiple factors for resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seriba O Katilé
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
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Akram A, Ongena M, Duby F, Dommes J, Thonart P. Systemic resistance and lipoxygenase-related defence response induced in tomato by Pseudomonas putida strain BTP1. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2008; 8:113. [PMID: 19000301 PMCID: PMC2596797 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2229-8-113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2008] [Accepted: 11/10/2008] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies showed the ability of Pseudomonas putida strain BTP1 to promote induced systemic resistance (ISR) in different host plants. Since ISR is long-lasting and not conducive for development of resistance of the targeted pathogen, this phenomenon can take part of disease control strategies. However, in spite of the numerous examples of ISR induced by PGPR in plants, only a few biochemical studies have associated the protective effect with specific host metabolic changes. RESULTS In this study, we showed the protective effect of this bacterium in tomato against Botrytis cinerea. Following treatment by P. putida BTP1, analyses of acid-hydrolyzed leaf extracts showed an accumulation of antifungal material after pathogen infection. The fungitoxic compounds thus mainly accumulate as conjugates from which active aglycones may be liberated through the activity of hydrolytic enzymes. These results suggest that strain BTP1 can elicit systemic phytoalexin accumulation in tomato as one defence mechanism. On another hand, we have shown that key enzymes of the lipoxygenase pathway are stimulated in plants treated with the bacteria as compared with control plants. Interestingly, this stimulation is observed only after pathogen challenge in agreement with the priming concept almost invariably associated with the ISR phenomenon. CONCLUSION Through the demonstration of phytoalexin accumulation and LOX pathway stimulation in tomato, this work provides new insights into the diversity of defence mechanisms that are inducible by non-pathogenic bacteria in the context of ISR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Akram
- Wallon Centre for Industrial Biology, University of Liège, Belgium
| | - Marc Ongena
- Bioindustry Unit, Gembloux Agricultural University, Belgium
| | - Francéline Duby
- Laboratory of plant molecular biology and biotechnology, University of Liège, Belgium
| | - Jacques Dommes
- Laboratory of plant molecular biology and biotechnology, University of Liège, Belgium
| | - Philippe Thonart
- Wallon Centre for Industrial Biology, University of Liège, Belgium
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Rayapuram C, Wu J, Haas C, Baldwin IT. PR-13/Thionin but not PR-1 mediates bacterial resistance in Nicotiana attenuata in nature, and neither influences herbivore resistance. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2008; 21:988-1000. [PMID: 18533839 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-21-7-0988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Increases in pathogenesis-related (PR) transcripts are commonly interpreted as evidence of plants' resistance responses to pathogens; however, few studies have examined whether increases in PR proteins protect plants growing under natural conditions. Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3,000, which is virulent and causes disease in Arabidopsis, is also pathogenic to the native tobacco Nicotiana attenuata. N. attenuata responds to P. syringae pv. tomato DC3,000's challenges with increases in salicylic acid and transcripts of at least two PR genes, PR-1 and PR13/Thionin. To determine if either of these PR proteins functions in bacterial resistance, we independently silenced both genes by RNAi and found that only PR-13/Thionin mediates resistance to P. syringae pv. tomato DC3,000 in glasshouse experiments. When NaPR-1- and NaThionin-silenced plants were transplanted into the plant's native habitat in the Great Basin Desert of Utah, opportunistic Pseudomonas spp. performed better on NaThionin-silenced plants compared with NaPR-1-silenced and wild-type (WT) plants, and accounted for increased plant mortality. The native herbivore community of N. attenuata attacked both NaPR-1- and PR-13/NaThionin-silenced plants to the same degree as it did in WT plants, indicating that neither PR protein provides resistance to herbivores. Although PR-1 is generally considered a marker gene of disease resistance, we found no evidence that it has an antimicrobial function. In contrast, PR-13/NaThionin is clearly an ecologically relevant defense protein involved in resisting pathogens in N. attenuata.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cbgowda Rayapuram
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll Str. 8, D-07745 Jena, Germany
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Dracatos PM, Cogan NOI, Dobrowolski MP, Sawbridge TI, Spangenberg GC, Smith KF, Forster JW. Discovery and genetic mapping of single nucleotide polymorphisms in candidate genes for pathogen defence response in perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.). TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2008; 117:203-219. [PMID: 18446316 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-008-0766-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2007] [Accepted: 04/03/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Susceptibility to foliar pathogens commonly causes significant reductions in productivity of the important temperate forage perennial ryegrass. Breeding for durable disease resistance involves not only the deployment of major genes but also the additive effects of minor genes. An approach based on in vitro single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) discovery in candidate defence response (DR) genes has been used to develop potential diagnostic genetic markers. SNPs were predicted, validated and mapped for representatives of the pathogenesis-related (PR) protein-encoding and reactive oxygen species (ROS)-generating gene classes. The F(1)(NA(6) x AU(6)) two-way pseudo-test cross population was used for SNP genetic mapping and detection of quantitative trait loci (QTLs) in response to a crown rust field infection. Novel resistance QTLs were coincident with mapped DR gene SNPs. QTLs on LG3 and LG7 also coincided with both herbage quality QTLs and candidate genes for lignin biosynthesis. Multiple DR gene SNP loci additionally co-located with QTLs for grey leaf spot, bacterial wilt and crown rust resistance from other published studies. Further functional validation of DR gene SNP loci using methods such as fine-mapping and association genetics will improve the efficiency of parental selection based on superior allele content.
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Affiliation(s)
- P M Dracatos
- Department of Primary Industries, Biosciences Research Division, La Trobe Research and Development Park, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia
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