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Lin L, Qiu J, Zhang L, Wei C. Identification and analysis of nine new flo2 allelic mutants in rice. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 301:154300. [PMID: 38964046 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2024.154300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Revised: 06/23/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024]
Abstract
FLO2 is involved in grain development and storage substance synthesis in rice, and therefore can regulate grain size and quality. In this study, we identified 4 new flo2 allelic mutants with nonsense and frameshift mutation in the exon of 6, 10, 11 and 21 and 5 new flo2 allelic mutants with alternative splicing and frameshift mutation at the splicing site of intron 13, 14, 16 and 17. Compared with wild-type rice, the outer endosperm of flo2 mutants was transparent, and the inner endosperm was floury. Different mutation sites and types of FLO2 significantly decreased kernel width, thickness and weight to some extent. The contents of storage protein, starch, amylose and amylopectin showed significant decrease at different levels among 9 flo2 mutants. The expressions of most storage protein synthesis genes and starch synthesis-related genes were significantly down-regulated, and exhibited different ranges of variation among different flo2 mutants. This study could add helpful information for the roles of flo2 alleles in rice quality regulation and provide abundant germplasm resources for rice quality breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingshang Lin
- Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology of Jiangsu Province, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China; Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops of Jiangsu Province / Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture & Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China.
| | - Jiajing Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology of Jiangsu Province, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China; Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops of Jiangsu Province / Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture & Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China.
| | - Long Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology of Jiangsu Province, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China; Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops of Jiangsu Province / Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture & Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China.
| | - Cunxu Wei
- Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology of Jiangsu Province, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China; Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops of Jiangsu Province / Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture & Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China.
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Jiang H, Xu X, Sun A, Bai C, Li Y, Nuo M, Shen X, Li W, Wang D, Tian P, Wei X, Wang G, Yang M, Wu Z. Silicon nutrition improves the quality and yield of rice under dry cultivation. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2024; 104:1897-1908. [PMID: 37922382 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.13098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dry cultivation of rice is a water-saving, emission reduction and labor-saving rice farming method. However, the development of rice under dry cultivation is hampered by the limitations of dry cultivation on rice yield and rice quality. We hypothesized that additional silicon (Si) would be a measure to address these limitations or challenges. RESULTS In the present study, we set up field trials with three treatments: flooded cultivation (W), dry cultivation (D) and dry cultivation plus Si. Yield and quality were reduced under D treatment compared to W treatment. The addition of Si promoted root development, increased plant height and leaf area, increased photosynthetic enzyme activity, net photosynthetic rate and SPAD values, and increased biomass under dry crop conditions. Under the drought conditions, silica up-regulated the expression of AGPSI, SBEI, SBEIIb, SSI and SSII-1 genes and the activities of ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (AGPase), soluble starch synthetase (SSS) and starch branching enzyme (SBE) enzymes, which reduced protein, amylose, chalkiness percentage and chalkiness degree, increased brown rice rate, milled rice rate and head milled rice rate, and also improved rice quality. In addition, the increase of AGPase, SSS and SBE enzyme activities promoted the filling rate and the number of spikes was guaranteed, whereas the yield was improved by promoting the seed setting rate and 1000-grain weight. CONCLUSION The results of the present study indicate that adding appropriate amounts of Si fertilizer can improve the yield and quality of rice under dry cultivation by regulating source supply capacity and grain starch synthesis. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Jiang
- Faculty of Agronomy, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
- National Crop Variety Approval and Characterization Station, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
- Jilin Provincial Laboratory of Crop Germplasm Resources, Changchun, China
| | - Xiaotian Xu
- Faculty of Agronomy, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Anran Sun
- Faculty of Agronomy, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Chenyang Bai
- Faculty of Agronomy, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Yunzhe Li
- Faculty of Agronomy, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Min Nuo
- Faculty of Agronomy, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Xinru Shen
- Faculty of Agronomy, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Wanchun Li
- Faculty of Agronomy, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Dongchao Wang
- Faculty of Agronomy, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Ping Tian
- Faculty of Agronomy, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Xiaoshuang Wei
- Faculty of Agronomy, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Guan Wang
- Faculty of Agronomy, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Meiying Yang
- College of Life Sciences, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Zhihai Wu
- Faculty of Agronomy, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
- National Crop Variety Approval and Characterization Station, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
- Jilin Provincial Laboratory of Crop Germplasm Resources, Changchun, China
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Janik W, Jakubski Ł, Kudła S, Dudek G. Modified polysaccharides for food packaging applications: A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 258:128916. [PMID: 38134991 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.128916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 12/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
Development of new food packaging materials is crucial to reduce the use of single-use plastics and to limit their destructive impact on the environment. Polysaccharides provide an alternative solution to this problem. This paper summarizes and discusses recent research results on the potential of modifying polysaccharides as materials for film and coating applications. Modifications of polysaccharides significantly affect their properties, as well as their application usability. Although modifications of biopolymers for packaging applications have been widely studied, polysaccharides have attracted little attention despite being a prospective, environmentally friendly, and economically viable packaging alternative. Therefore, this paper discusses approaches to the development of biodegradable, polysaccharide-based food packaging materials and focuses on modifications of four polysaccharides, such as starch, chitosan, sodium alginate and cellulose. In addition, these modifications are presented not only in terms of the selected polysaccharide, but also in terms of specific properties, i.e. hydrophilic, barrier and mechanical properties, of polysaccharides. Such a presentation of results makes it much easier to select the modification method to improve the unsatisfactory properties of the material. Moreover, very often it happens that the applied modification improves one and worsens another property, which is also presented in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weronika Janik
- Łukasiewicz Research Network - Institute of Heavy Organic Synthesis "Blachownia", Energetyków 9, 47-225 Kędzierzyn-Koźle, Poland; Department of Physical Chemistry and Technology of Polymers, Joint Doctoral School, Silesian University of Technology, Akademicka 2a, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland.
| | - Łukasz Jakubski
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Technology of Polymers, Faculty of Chemistry, Silesian University of Technology, Strzody 9, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland.
| | - Stanisław Kudła
- Łukasiewicz Research Network - Institute of Heavy Organic Synthesis "Blachownia", Energetyków 9, 47-225 Kędzierzyn-Koźle, Poland.
| | - Gabriela Dudek
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Technology of Polymers, Faculty of Chemistry, Silesian University of Technology, Strzody 9, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland.
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Wang Z, Qu L, Li J, Niu S, Guo J, Lu D. Effects of exogenous salicylic acid on starch physicochemical properties and in vitro digestion under heat stress during the grain-filling stage in waxy maize. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 254:127765. [PMID: 38287575 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.127765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2024]
Abstract
Waxy maize starch serves as a pivotal component in global food processing and industrial applications, while high temperature (HT) during the grain-filling stage seriously affects its quality. Salicylic acid (SA) has been recognized for its role in enhancing plant heat resistance. Nonetheless, its regulatory effect on the quality of waxy maize starch under HT conditions remains unclear. In this study, two waxy maize varieties, JKN2000 (heat-tolerant) and SYN5 (heat-sensitive) were treated with SA after pollination and then subjected to HT during the grain-filling stage to explore the effect of SA on grain yield and starch quality. The results indicate that exogenous SA under HT treatment led to an increase in kernel weight and starch content in both varieties. Moreover, SA reduced the HT-induced holes on the surfaces of starch granules, enlarged the starch granule size, elevated the amylopectin branching degree, and reduced amylopectin average chain length. Consequently, improvements of pasting viscosity and the decrease of retrogradation percentage of starch were observed with SA under HT. Exogenous SA reduced HT-induced rapidly digestible starch content in SYN5, but had no significant effect on that in JKN2000. In summary, SA pretreatment effectively alleviated the detrimental effects of HT on starch pasting and thermal properties of waxy maize.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zitao Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Cultivation and Physiology, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Agricultural College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, PR China
| | - Lingling Qu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Cultivation and Physiology, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Agricultural College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, PR China
| | - Jing Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Cultivation and Physiology, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Agricultural College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, PR China
| | - Shiduo Niu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Cultivation and Physiology, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Agricultural College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, PR China
| | - Jian Guo
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Cultivation and Physiology, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Agricultural College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, PR China.
| | - Dalei Lu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Cultivation and Physiology, Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Agricultural College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, PR China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, PR China.
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Identification of volatile organic compounds related to the eating quality of cooked japonica rice. Sci Rep 2022; 12:18133. [PMID: 36307468 PMCID: PMC9616908 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-21863-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Eating quality (EQ) of rice has a complex nature composed of physicochemical properties. Nevertheless, breeding programs evaluating EQ through sensory test or taste-evaluation instruments have been laborious, time-consuming and inefficient. EQ is affected by both taste and aroma. However, in actual breeding programs, aroma of cooked rice has been considered the least due to lack of information. Here we identified a total of 41 volatile compounds potentially affecting the EQ of non-aromatic, cooked japonica rice, identified by GC-MS, sensory panel test, and Toyo taste-meter analyses. Partial least squares discriminant analysis demonstrated an outstanding classification effect of the identified volatile compounds on eating-quality discrimination. Several volatile compounds related to lipid oxidation and fatty acid degradation were identified to affect the EQ in japonica rice. Of them, 1-octen-3-ol, 1-ethyl-3,5-dimethylbenzene, 2,6,11-trimethyldodecane, 3-ethyloctane, 2,7,10-trimethyldodecane, methyl salicylate, 2-octanone, and heptanal were selected as important compounds. The discriminant model for the classification of the quality of cultivars was robust and accurate, an r-squared value was 0.91, a q squared value was 0.85, and an accuracy was 1.0. Overall, the results of this study characterize EQ of rice cultivars based on volatile compounds, suggesting the application of metabolite profiling data for rice breeding of high eating quality.
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Low Light Stress Increases Chalkiness by Disturbing Starch Synthesis and Grain Filling of Rice. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23169153. [PMID: 36012414 PMCID: PMC9408977 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23169153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Low light stress increases the chalkiness of rice; however, this effect has not been fully characterized. In this study, we demonstrated that low light resulted in markedly decreased activity of ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase in the grains and those of sucrose synthase and soluble starch synthase in the early period of grain filling. Furthermore, low light also resulted in decreased activities of granule-bound starch synthase and starch branching enzyme in the late period of grain filling. Therefore, the maximum and mean grain filling rates were reduced but the time to reach the maximum grain filling rates and effective grain filling period were increased by low light. Thus, it significantly decreased the grain weight at the maximum grain filling rate and grain weight and retarded the endosperm growth and development, leading to a loose arrangement of the amyloplasts and an increase in the chalkiness of the rice grains. Compared to the grains at the top panicle part, low light led to a greater decrease in the grain weight at the maximum grain filling rate and time to reach the grain weight at the maximum grain filling rate at the bottom panicle part, which contributed to an increase in chalkiness by increasing the rates of different chalky types at the bottom panicle part. In conclusion, low light disturbed starch synthesis in grains, thereby impeding the grain filling progress and increasing chalkiness, particularly for grains at the bottom panicle part.
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Zhu Y, Zhao S, Deng K, Wu P, Feng K, Li L. Integrated mRNA and Small RNA Sequencing Reveals a microRNA Regulatory Network Associated with Starch Biosynthesis in Lotus ( Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn.) Rhizomes. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23147605. [PMID: 35886954 PMCID: PMC9318480 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23147605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Internode starch biosynthesis is one of the most important traits in lotus rhizome because of its relation to crop productivity. Understanding the microRNA (miRNA) and mRNA expression profiles related to lotus internode starch biosynthesis would help develop molecular improvement strategies, but they are not yet well-investigated. To identify genes and miRNAs involved in internode starch biosynthesis, the cDNA and small RNA libraries of Z6-1, Z6-2, and Z6-3 were sequenced, and their expression were further studied. Through combined analyses of transcriptome data and small RNA sequencing data, a complex co-expression regulatory network was constructed, in which 20 miRNAs could modulate starch biosynthesis in different internodes by tuning the expression of 10 target genes. QRT-PCR analysis, transient co-expression experiment and dual luciferase assay comprehensively confirmed that NnumiR396a down-regulated the expression of NnSS2 and ultimately prevents the synthesis of amylopectin, and NnumiR396b down-regulated the expression of NnPGM2 and ultimately prevents the synthesis of total starch. Our results suggest that miRNAs play a critical role in starch biosynthesis in lotus rhizome, and that miRNA-mediated networks could modulate starch biosynthesis in this tissue. These results have provided important insights into the molecular mechanism of starch biosynthesis in developing lotus rhizome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yamei Zhu
- School of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Wenhui East Road No. 48, Yangzhou 225000, China; (Y.Z.); (S.Z.); (K.D.); (P.W.); (K.F.)
| | - Shuping Zhao
- School of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Wenhui East Road No. 48, Yangzhou 225000, China; (Y.Z.); (S.Z.); (K.D.); (P.W.); (K.F.)
| | - Kangming Deng
- School of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Wenhui East Road No. 48, Yangzhou 225000, China; (Y.Z.); (S.Z.); (K.D.); (P.W.); (K.F.)
| | - Peng Wu
- School of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Wenhui East Road No. 48, Yangzhou 225000, China; (Y.Z.); (S.Z.); (K.D.); (P.W.); (K.F.)
| | - Kai Feng
- School of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Wenhui East Road No. 48, Yangzhou 225000, China; (Y.Z.); (S.Z.); (K.D.); (P.W.); (K.F.)
| | - Liangjun Li
- School of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Wenhui East Road No. 48, Yangzhou 225000, China; (Y.Z.); (S.Z.); (K.D.); (P.W.); (K.F.)
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety of Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225000, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-054187971026
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