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Fan Y, Guo C, Zhu Y, Liu D, Liu Y. Effects of different drying methods on physicochemical, textural, flavor, and sensory characteristics of yak jerky. Meat Sci 2024; 216:109570. [PMID: 38908105 DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2024.109570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/24/2024]
Abstract
The work aimed to study the effect of four drying methods, namely constant temperature hot air drying (HD), microwave drying (MD), hot air microwave drying (HMD), and gradient hot air drying (GHD), on quality characteristics of dried yak meat. The analyses of physicochemical, textural, flavor, and sensory characteristics were carried out based on these four drying methods. The results revealed that microwave dried yak jerky exhibited better color and received the highest sensory score. Hardness of samples were affected by the drying methods, which showed significant differences. There were 21 free amino acids (FAAs) detected in dried yak samples. The samples treated by microwave drying showed the highest total free amino acid content (73.30 mg/100 g) and the EUC value was significantly higher than other methods, indicating the sample displayed greater flavor. A total of 153 volatile compounds were identified in dried yak meat samples, primarily including aldehydes, ketones, and esters. Moreover, the sensory evaluation indicated that the drying methods could significantly affect on color, flavor, and overall acceptability of different samples. Microwave drying samples scored higher than other drying methods. Overall, considering aspects of quality, time savings, and energy efficiency, microwave drying of yak jerky emerges as a more satisfactory option. This study could provide important theoretical support for the application of drying methods to improve the quality of yak jerky and enhance production efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxia Fan
- Department of Food Science & Engineering, School of Agriculture & Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 20024, China
| | - Chenglin Guo
- Department of Food Science & Engineering, School of Agriculture & Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 20024, China; College of Food Science and Engineering, Bohai University, Storage and Processing and Safety Control Technology of Fresh Agricultural Products, National Cooperation Engineering Research Center, Jinzhou, Liaoning 121013, China; Jiangsu Province Meat Production and Processing Quality Safety Control Synergy Innovation Center, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yiwen Zhu
- Department of Food Science & Engineering, School of Agriculture & Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 20024, China
| | - Dengyong Liu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Bohai University, Storage and Processing and Safety Control Technology of Fresh Agricultural Products, National Cooperation Engineering Research Center, Jinzhou, Liaoning 121013, China; Jiangsu Province Meat Production and Processing Quality Safety Control Synergy Innovation Center, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Yuan Liu
- Department of Food Science & Engineering, School of Agriculture & Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 20024, China; School of Food Science and Engineering, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China.
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Fan L, Ma S, Li L, Huang J. Fermentation biotechnology applied to wheat bran for the degradation of cell wall fiber and its potential health benefits: A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 275:133529. [PMID: 38950806 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.133529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2024] [Revised: 06/19/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024]
Abstract
Consumption of wheat bran is associated with health benefits. However, the insoluble cell layer fiber and considerable levels of anti-nutritional factors limit bioavailability of wheat bran, which can be effectively improved through fermentation. To comprehensively elucidate the precise biotransformation and health benefits mechanisms underlying wheat bran fermentation. This review investigates current fermentation biotechnology for wheat bran, nutritional effects of fermented wheat bran, mechanisms by which fermented wheat bran induces health benefits, and the application of fermented wheat bran in food systems. The potential strategies to improve fermented wheat bran and existing limitations on its application are also covered. Current findings support that microorganisms produce enzymes that degrade the cell wall fiber of wheat bran during the fermentation, releasing nutrients and producing new active substances while degrading anti-nutrient factors in order to effectively improve nutrient bioavailability, enhance antioxidant activity, and regulate gut microbes for health effects. Fermentation has been an effective way to degrade cell wall fiber, thereby improving nutrition and quality of whole grain or bran-rich food products. Currently, there is a lack of standardization in fermentation and human intervention studies. In conclusion, understanding effects of fermentation on wheat bran should guide the development and application of bran-rich products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, College of Agriculture, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan 475004, China
| | - Sen Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, College of Agriculture, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan 475004, China; College of Food Science and Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China.
| | - Li Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, College of Agriculture, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan 475004, China; College of Food Science and Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China.
| | - Jihong Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, College of Agriculture, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan 475004, China; College of Food Science and Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Functional Food by Green Manufacturing, Food and Pharmacy College, Xuchang University, Xuchang, Henan 461000, China.
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3
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Figueiredo CCM, Granero FO, Silva LP, Nogueira IFA, de Souza JF, Escaramboni B, de Oliva Neto P, da Silva RMG. Solid-state fermentation using wheat bran to produce glucose syrup and functional cereal bars. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2024; 47:1081-1094. [PMID: 38739268 DOI: 10.1007/s00449-024-03032-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
Wheat bran is one of the most abundant by-products from grain milling, which can be used as substrate for solid-state fermentation (SSF) to obtain enzymes able to convert this agro-industrial waste into glucose syrup, which in turn can be applied for the production of different food products. The present study aimed to determine centesimal composition of wheat bran, obtain enzymatic extract that converts wheat bran into wheat glucose syrup (WGS), produce rice flakes cereal bars (RFCB), and evaluate their nutritional composition and the presence of functional compounds, as well as their antioxidant potential. Determination of centesimal composition of wheat bran demonstrated its nutritional potential. Enzymatic extract was obtained and it converted wheat bran into WGS, which were applied to rice flakes producing RFCB. These cereal bars proved to be a source of dietary fiber (1.8 g) and soluble protein (7.2 g) while RCFB produced with corn glucose syrup did not present these nutritional components. In addition, RFCB produced with WGS showed polyphenolic compounds, among them flavonoids, which exhibited antioxidant activity by DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging (47.46% and 711.89 μM Trolox Equivalent/g, respectively), and iron ion reduction (71.70 μM Trolox equivalent/g). Final product showed a decrease in caloric value and sodium content. Therefore, the present study showed that the bioprocess of SSF yields a nutritional, ecological, and functional food product, which might be of great interest for food industry, adding nutritional and functional value to a well-stablished product.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Joyce Faria de Souza
- School of Sciences, Humanities and Languages, Bioenergy Research Institute, Bioprocess Unit, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Assis, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bruna Escaramboni
- School of Sciences, Humanities and Languages, Bioenergy Research Institute, Bioprocess Unit, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Assis, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Pedro de Oliva Neto
- School of Sciences, Humanities and Languages, Bioenergy Research Institute, Bioprocess Unit, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Assis, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Regildo Márcio Gonçalves da Silva
- Institute of Chemistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil.
- Laboratory of Herbal Medicine and Natural Products, Department of Biotechnology, School of Sciences, Humanities and Languages, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Dom Antonio Avenue 2100, Assis, São Paulo, 19806-900, Brazil.
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Chen Y, Qi J, Yang H, Lei X, Jiang J, Song Y, Qin Y, Liu YL. Fungal dynamic during apricot wine spontaneous fermentation and aromatic characteristics of Pichia kudriavzevii for potential as starter. Food Chem X 2023; 19:100862. [PMID: 37780311 PMCID: PMC10534236 DOI: 10.1016/j.fochx.2023.100862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Microbial activity during spontaneous fermentation in alcoholic beverages have driven in developing the chemical and aromatic characteristic of products but not clear in apricot wines. We have characterised the composition of fungal communities and volatile metabolites in apricot wine spontaneous fermentation among two Shaanxi regions. Results showed that Aureobasidium, Alternaria, Pichia and Saccharomyces, were the dominant fungi in apricot wine fermentation. A total of 80 volatiles including esters, alcohols, acids and terpenes were detected from two apricot wines. Their correlations suggested that apricot wine aroma was mainly affected by Pichia kudriavzevii, rather than Saccharomyces cerevisiae we commonly considered. Furthermore, reinforced inoculation of P. kudriavzevii LQD20 has exhibited the commendable potential in enhancing sensory qualities. The results of this study provide fundamental information of the indigenous microbiota in microbial dynamic during apricot wine fermentation, which would be helpful in exploiting the strains with potential for industrial use as starter cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Chen
- College of Enology, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Jiali Qi
- College of Enology, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Hanyu Yang
- College of Enology, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Xingmeng Lei
- College of Enology, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Jiao Jiang
- College of Enology, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Yuyang Song
- College of Enology, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, China
- Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Viti-Viniculture, Yangling 712100, China
- Ningxia Helan Mountain's East Foothill Wine Experiment and Demonstration Station of Northwest A&F University, Yongning, Ningxia 750104, China
| | - Yi Qin
- College of Enology, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, China
- Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Viti-Viniculture, Yangling 712100, China
- Ningxia Helan Mountain's East Foothill Wine Experiment and Demonstration Station of Northwest A&F University, Yongning, Ningxia 750104, China
| | - Yan-Lin Liu
- College of Enology, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, China
- Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Viti-Viniculture, Yangling 712100, China
- Ningxia Helan Mountain's East Foothill Wine Experiment and Demonstration Station of Northwest A&F University, Yongning, Ningxia 750104, China
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Song P, Zhang X, Wang S, Xu W, Wang F, Fu R, Wei F. Microbial proteases and their applications. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1236368. [PMID: 37779686 PMCID: PMC10537240 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1236368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Proteases (proteinases or peptidases) are a class of hydrolases that cleave peptide chains in proteins. Endopeptidases are a type of protease that hydrolyze the internal peptide bonds of proteins, forming shorter peptides; exopeptidases hydrolyze the terminal peptide bonds from the C-terminal or N-terminal, forming free amino acids. Microbial proteases are a popular instrument in many industrial applications. In this review, the classification, detection, identification, and sources of microbial proteases are systematically introduced, as well as their applications in food, detergents, waste treatment, and biotechnology processes in the industry fields. In addition, recent studies on techniques used to express heterologous microbial proteases are summarized to describe the process of studying proteases. Finally, future developmental trends for microbial proteases are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Song
- College of Life Sciences, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, China
- Shandong Aobo Biotech Co. Ltd., Liaocheng, China
- Jiangxi Zymerck Biotech Co. Ltd., Nanchang, China
| | - Xue Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, China
| | - Shuhua Wang
- Shandong Aobo Biotech Co. Ltd., Liaocheng, China
| | - Wei Xu
- College of Life Sciences, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, China
| | - Fei Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, China
| | - Rongzhao Fu
- Jiangxi Zymerck Biotech Co. Ltd., Nanchang, China
| | - Feng Wei
- College of Life Sciences, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, China
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Xiao J, Li Y, Niu L, Chen R, Tang J, Tong Z, Xiao C. Effect of Adding Fermented Proso Millet Bran Dietary Fiber on Micro-Structural, Physicochemical, and Digestive Properties of Gluten-Free Proso Millet-Based Dough and Cake. Foods 2023; 12:2964. [PMID: 37569233 PMCID: PMC10419140 DOI: 10.3390/foods12152964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The increasing demand for functional foods has pushed the food industry to produce fiber-enriched products. In this study, rheological, microstructural, physicochemical, and functional characteristics were investigated for whole proso millet dough and cake, fortified with fermented proso millet bran dietary fiber flour (F-DF). Results showed that proso millet flour is less absorbent and stable than the control group. Adding proso millet flour and F-DF reduced the elasticity of the dough and increased its hardness, but had no significant effect on viscosity, cohesion, and resilience. The microstructure analysis exhibited an unformed continuous network formation in proso millet dough. Analyses suggested that proso millet flour combined with the fermented dietary fiber group had significantly higher total phenol content (0.46 GAE mg/g), DPPH• scavenging activity (66.84%), and ABTS•+ scavenging activity (87.01%) than did the other group. In addition, F-DF led to a significant reduction in the predicted released glucose contents of reformulated cakes. In summary, cakes prepared with the involvement of whole proso millet flour and F-DF exhibited less adverse sensory impact and possessed the potential to decrease postprandial blood glucose levels resulting purely from cake consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Xiao
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; (J.X.); (Y.L.); (L.N.); (R.C.); (J.T.)
| | - Yinxia Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; (J.X.); (Y.L.); (L.N.); (R.C.); (J.T.)
| | - Li Niu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; (J.X.); (Y.L.); (L.N.); (R.C.); (J.T.)
| | - Ronghui Chen
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; (J.X.); (Y.L.); (L.N.); (R.C.); (J.T.)
| | - Jiayu Tang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; (J.X.); (Y.L.); (L.N.); (R.C.); (J.T.)
| | - Zongbo Tong
- College of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China;
| | - Chunxia Xiao
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; (J.X.); (Y.L.); (L.N.); (R.C.); (J.T.)
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Qian M, Ruan F, Zhao W, Dong H, Bai W, Li X, Huang X, Li Y. The dynamics of physicochemical properties, microbial community, and flavor metabolites during the fermentation of semi-dry Hakka rice wine and traditional sweet rice wine. Food Chem 2023; 416:135844. [PMID: 36893639 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.135844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
Abstract
The dynamics of physicochemical properties, microbial community and flavor metabolites during fermentation of two typical Hakka rice wine were investigated. Results showed that total sugar content was 136.83 g/L in sweet rice wine, which almost 8 times higher than that in semi-dry rice wine. Its amino acid contents especially bitterness amino acids were also higher than those in semi-dry rice wine. Most organic acids in Hakka rice wine had the tendency of increase in initial stage of fermentation, following a decrease and finally being almost stable. A total of 131 volatiles including esters, alcohols, aldehydes, acids, ketones were detected. Pediococcus, Bacillus, Acinetobacter, Pantoea, Enterobacter and Lactobacillus were the dominant bacterial genera and Monascus, Saccharomyces, Rhizopus were the dominant fungal genera, which are strongly associated with the significant changes in flavor metabolites during Hakka rice wine fermentation. The obtained findings provided reference data for the optimization of Hakka rice wine fermentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Qian
- College of Light Industry and Food Sciences, Academy of Contemporary Agricultural Engineering Innovations, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510225, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Lingnan Specialty Food Science and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China; Key Laboratory of Green Processing and Intelligent Manufacturing of Lingnan Specialty Food, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou 510225, China
| | - Fengxi Ruan
- College of Light Industry and Food Sciences, Academy of Contemporary Agricultural Engineering Innovations, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510225, China
| | - Wenhong Zhao
- College of Light Industry and Food Sciences, Academy of Contemporary Agricultural Engineering Innovations, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510225, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Lingnan Specialty Food Science and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China; Key Laboratory of Green Processing and Intelligent Manufacturing of Lingnan Specialty Food, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou 510225, China.
| | - Hao Dong
- College of Light Industry and Food Sciences, Academy of Contemporary Agricultural Engineering Innovations, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510225, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Lingnan Specialty Food Science and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China; Key Laboratory of Green Processing and Intelligent Manufacturing of Lingnan Specialty Food, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou 510225, China.
| | - Weidong Bai
- College of Light Industry and Food Sciences, Academy of Contemporary Agricultural Engineering Innovations, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510225, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Lingnan Specialty Food Science and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China; Key Laboratory of Green Processing and Intelligent Manufacturing of Lingnan Specialty Food, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou 510225, China.
| | - Xiangluan Li
- College of Light Industry and Food Sciences, Academy of Contemporary Agricultural Engineering Innovations, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510225, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Lingnan Specialty Food Science and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou 510225, China; Key Laboratory of Green Processing and Intelligent Manufacturing of Lingnan Specialty Food, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou 510225, China
| | - Xiaoyuan Huang
- College of Light Industry and Food Sciences, Academy of Contemporary Agricultural Engineering Innovations, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510225, China
| | - Yanxin Li
- College of Light Industry and Food Sciences, Academy of Contemporary Agricultural Engineering Innovations, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510225, China
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Dietary carbohydrates: a trade-off between appealing organoleptic and physicochemical properties and ability to control glucose release and weight management. Curr Opin Food Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cofs.2022.100976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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9
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Jin Y, Bai S, Huang Z, You L, Zhang T. Technology characteristics and flavor changes of traditional green wheat product nian zhuan in Northern China. Front Nutr 2022; 9:996337. [PMID: 36245503 PMCID: PMC9557182 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.996337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Nian zhuan has its aroma as one of the perceived principal characteristics. The current study was aimed mainly to investigate the potential to include the aroma of nian zhuan as a new target criterion into the green wheat product chain. By improving the conditions for the traditional processing of nian zhuan, the optimal processing conditions were determined as green wheat (GW) 14 d, steaming the green wheat with the skin (SGWS) 26 min and cooked green wheat peeled (CGWP) 280 min, to evaluate the feasibility of using electronic nose (E-nose) and gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) to discriminate nian zhuan in different stages. E-nose was used to recognize nian zhuan odors in different processing stages, and GC-MS to identify the individual volatile compounds. A total of 139 volatile compounds were detected by GC-MS, of which 71 key were screened by t-test (P < 0.01). The W1W, W1S, W2W and W2S sensors of E-nose gave higher responses to all samples, and effectively discriminated the samples. The most volatile compounds were produced in the millstone milling (MSM) stage of nian zhuan, and millstone could promote the release of volatile compounds from cooked green wheat by milling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yadong Jin
- College of Animal Sciences, Xichang University, Xichang, China
- School of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Shuang Bai
- College of Animal Sciences, Xichang University, Xichang, China
- School of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, China
- *Correspondence: Shuang Bai
| | - Zengwen Huang
- College of Animal Sciences, Xichang University, Xichang, China
| | - Liqin You
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, North Minzu University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Tonggang Zhang
- School of Biology and Brewing Engineering, Taishan University, Taian, China
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