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Gonçales JP, Silva Júnior JVJ, Lopes TRR, Tozetto-Mendoza TR, de Farias Guimarães D, de Morais VMS, Coêlho MRCD. Association of polymorphisms in NFκB1 promoter and NFκBIA gene with the development of antibodies against HHV-8 in HIV-infected individuals. Virology 2019; 535:255-260. [PMID: 31344550 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2019.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2019] [Revised: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Human gammaherpesvirus 8 (HHV-8) is the etiologic agent of Kaposi's sarcoma, multicentric Castleman's disease and primary effusion lymphoma. Like other herpesviruses, the HHV-8 may exhibit latent or lytic cycle, both regulated by viral and host factors. Regarding host factors, we analysed the association of polymorphisms in NFkB1 promoter (NFkB1-94 ins/del ATTG) and NFκBIA gene (NFκBIA 3'UTR A→G) with the development of antibodies against latent or lytic antigens from HHV-8. The ins/del [OR 7.9 (95% CI 3.3-19.1), p < 0.001], AG [OR 12.3 (95% CI 4.3-34.9) p < 0.001], GG [OR 9.4 (95% CI 3.2-27.9), p < 0.001], ins/del + AG [OR 94.5 (95% CI 9.6-924.4), <0.0001], ins/del + GG [OR 50.4 (95% CI 5.2-482.2, p < 0.0001] and G allele [OR 3.3 (95% CI 2.0-5.6), p < 0.001] were strongly related with the presence of antibodies to lytic antigens. This is the first association of polymorphisms in NFκB1 promoter and NFκBIA gene with the development of antibodies against HHV-8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Prado Gonçales
- Virology Sector, Laboratory of Immunopathology Keizo Asami, Federal University of Pernambuco, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - José Valter Joaquim Silva Júnior
- Virology Sector, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Thaísa Regina Rocha Lopes
- Virology Sector, Laboratory of Immunopathology Keizo Asami, Federal University of Pernambuco, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Maria Rosangela Cunha Duarte Coêlho
- Virology Sector, Laboratory of Immunopathology Keizo Asami, Federal University of Pernambuco, Pernambuco, Brazil; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Center of Biosciences, Federal University of Pernambuco, Pernambuco, Brazil.
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Etta EM, Alayande DP, Mavhandu-Ramarumo LG, Gachara G, Bessong PO. HHV-8 Seroprevalence and Genotype Distribution in Africa, 1998⁻2017: A Systematic Review. Viruses 2018; 10:E458. [PMID: 30150604 PMCID: PMC6164965 DOI: 10.3390/v10090458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2018] [Revised: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human herpes virus type 8 (HHV-8) is the causative agent of Kaposi's sarcoma (KS). We systematically reviewed literature published between 1998 and 2017, according to the PRISMA guidelines, to understand the distribution of HHV-8 infection in Africa. More than two-thirds (64%) of studies reported on seroprevalence and 29.3% on genotypes; 9.5% were on both seroprevalence and genotypes. About 45% of African countries had data on HHV-8 seroprevalence exclusively, and more than half (53%) had data on either seroprevalence or genotypes. Almost half (47%) of the countries had no data on HHV-8 infection. There was high heterogeneity in the types of tests and interpretation algorithms used in determining HHV-8 seropositivity across the different studies. Generally, seroprevalence ranged from 2.0% in a group of young children in Eritrea to 100% in a small group of individuals with KS in Central African Republic, and in a larger group of individuals with KS in Morocco. Approximately 16% of studies reported on children. Difference in seroprevalence across the African regions was not significant (95% CI, χ² = 0.86; p = 0.35), although specifically a relatively significant level of infection was observed in HIV-infected children. About 38% of the countries had data on K1 genotypes. K1 genotypes A, A5, B, C, F and Z occurred at frequencies of 5.3%, 26.3%, 42.1%, 18.4%, 5.3% and 2.6%, respectively. Twenty-three percent of the countries had data for K15 genotypes, and genotypes P, M and N occurred at frequencies of 52.2%, 39.1%, and 8.7%, respectively. Data on HHV-8 inter-genotype recombinants in Africa are scanty. HHV-8 may be endemic in the entire Africa continent but there is need for a harmonized testing protocol for a better understanding of HHV-8 seropositivity. K1 genotypes A5 and B, and K15 genotypes P and M, from Africa, should be considered in vaccine design efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth M Etta
- HIV/AIDS & Global Health Research Programme, University of Venda, Thohoyandou 0950, South Africa.
| | - Doyinmola P Alayande
- HIV/AIDS & Global Health Research Programme, University of Venda, Thohoyandou 0950, South Africa.
| | | | - George Gachara
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Kenyatta University, Nairobi 34556-00100, Kenya.
| | - Pascal O Bessong
- HIV/AIDS & Global Health Research Programme, University of Venda, Thohoyandou 0950, South Africa.
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KSHV oral shedding and plasma viremia result in significant changes in the extracellular tumorigenic miRNA expression profile in individuals infected with the malaria parasite. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0192659. [PMID: 29425228 PMCID: PMC5806893 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0192659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Kaposi's sarcoma herpesvirus (KSHV) is the etiological agent of Kaposi’s sarcoma (KS). Both KSHV and HIV infections are endemic in Uganda, where KS is among the most common cancers in HIV-infected individuals. Recent studies examined the use of small RNAs as biomarkers of disease, including microRNAs (miRNAs), with viral and tumor-derived miRNAs being detected in exosomes from individuals with KSHV-associated malignancies. In the current study, the host and viral extracellular mature miRNA expression profiles were analyzed in blood of KS-negative individuals in Uganda, comparing those with or without KSHV detectable from the oropharynx. We observed increased levels of cellular oncogenic miRNAs and decreased levels of tumor-suppressor miRNAs in plasma of infected individuals exhibiting oral KSHV shedding. These changes in host oncomiRs were exacerbated in people co-infected with HIV, and partially reversed after 2 years of anti-retroviral therapy. We also detected KSHV miRNAs in plasma of KSHV infected individuals and determined that their expression levels correlated with KSHV plasma viremia. Deep sequencing revealed an expected profile of small cellular RNAs in plasma, with miRNAs constituting the major RNA biotype. In contrast, the composition of small RNAs in exosomes was highly atypical with high levels of YRNA and low levels of miRNAs. Mass spectrometry analysis of the exosomes revealed eleven different peptides derived from the malaria parasite, Plasmodium falciparum, and small RNA sequencing confirmed widespread plasmodium co-infections in the Ugandan cohorts. Proteome analysis indicated an exosomal protein profile consistent with erythrocyte and keratinocyte origins for the plasma exosomes. A strong correlation was observed between the abundance of Plasmodium proteins and cellular markers of malaria. As Plasmodium falciparum is an endemic pathogen in Uganda, our study shows that co-infection with other pathogens, such as KSHV, can severely impact the small RNA repertoire, complicating the use of exosome miRNAs as biomarkers of disease.
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Speicher DJ, Wanzala P, D'Lima M, Njiru A, Chindia M, Dimba E, Johnson NW. Diagnostic challenges of oral and cutaneous Kaposi's sarcoma in resource-constrained settings. J Oral Pathol Med 2015; 44:842-9. [PMID: 25782476 DOI: 10.1111/jop.12315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Kaposi's sarcoma (KS), caused by HHV-8, is the most frequent HIV-associated malignancy worldwide and remains a major scourge in Sub-Saharan Africa. KS is also endemic in much of Africa. There is a risk of misdiagnosis based solely on clinical appearance and haematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining, especially with other reactive and neoplastic vascular proliferations which occur in the mouth. This study examined oral and cutaneous biopsies from clinically diagnosed lesions of KS in Kenya, using histopathology supplemented with immunohistochemistry (IHC) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for HHV-8 as confirmation of diagnosis. METHODS Biopsies of 49 lesions (28 oral, 21 cutaneous) previously diagnosed as 'KS' were re-examined by H&E staining and IHC targeting HHV-8 LANA-1. Positive controls were sections from embedded BCBL-1 cell lines. Negative controls were from three different HHV-8-negative biopsies. Confirmation of HHV-8 immunohistochemistry was sought by PCR and by determining the HHV-8 ORFK1 subtype. RESULTS Whilst most cases were confirmed, 12 oral and 4 cutaneous lesions displayed clinical and histological features of KS but were negative to HHV-8 IHC. These oral lesions were re-diagnosed as pyogenic granulomata (n = 6), deep mycosis (n = 1), inflamed mucosa (n = 2) or 'uncertain but not KS' (n = 3). Whilst PCR is usually helpful in differentiating HHV-8 disease, all samples were HHV-8 PCR positive, with identical sequences, suggesting cross-contamination of samples in the original pathology laboratories. CONCLUSION HHV-8 IHC is essential for the correct diagnosis of KS, but due to the high level of contamination in resource-poor settings, PCR is inadvisable.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Speicher
- School of Dentistry and Oral Health, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Qld, Australia.,Molecular Basis of Disease Research Program, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Qld, Australia.,Population & Social Health Research Program (Population Oral Health), Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Qld, Australia
| | - Peter Wanzala
- Centre for Public Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Melvin D'Lima
- Centre for Public Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | - Mark Chindia
- School of Dental Sciences, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Elisabeth Dimba
- School of Dental Sciences, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Newell W Johnson
- Molecular Basis of Disease Research Program, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Qld, Australia.,Population & Social Health Research Program (Population Oral Health), Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Qld, Australia
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Su CC, Lai CL, Tsao SM, Lin MN, Hsieh TC, Lu JJ, Chu TY. High prevalence of human herpesvirus type 8 infection in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis in Taiwan. Clin Microbiol Infect 2014; 21:266.e5-7. [PMID: 25658539 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2014.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2014] [Revised: 10/17/2014] [Accepted: 10/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Blood samples were collected from 101 untreated pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) patients and 101 age- and sex-matched healthy control subjects. TB patients had lower lymphocyte and a higher monocyte counts than control subjects (p <0.0001 for both). The seropositive rate of human herpesvirus (HHV) type 8 antibody was higher in patients (30/101) than in control subjects (15/101) (p = 0.01). Antibody titres in patients also exceeded those in control subjects (p 0.006). Lymphocyte and monocyte counts between seronegative and seropositive subjects were not different. Four patients were positive for HHV-8 DNA. The study revealed a significantly higher HHV-8 seroprevalence in untreated pulmonary TB patients than in general population.
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Affiliation(s)
- C-C Su
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Tzu Chi University, Taiwan; Departments of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Taiwan; Departments of Clinical Pathology and Anatomic Pathology, Taiwan.
| | - C-L Lai
- School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Taiwan; Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Internal Medicine, Taiwan
| | - S-M Tsao
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, and Sections of Infectious Diseases and Chest Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - M-N Lin
- Department of Family Medicine, Buddhist Dalin Tzu Chi Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - T-C Hsieh
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Tzu Chi University, Taiwan
| | - J-J Lu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - T-Y Chu
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Tzu Chi University, Taiwan; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Center, Hualien, Taiwan.
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Effect of uraemic status on immunofluorescence and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for detection of human herpesvirus type 8 antibodies. Pathology 2014; 46:566-8. [PMID: 25158811 DOI: 10.1097/pat.0000000000000147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Our previous study showed that human herpesvirus type 8 (HHV-8) seroprevalence was significantly higher in patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) immediately after haemodialysis than in healthy controls based on an immunofluorescence assay (IFA) and an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). However, other studies indicated that ESRD patients and healthy controls had similar HHV-8 seroprevalence. This study aimed to investigate whether this discrepancy is due to the effect of uraemic status.Plasma samples from 162 ESRD patients, taken immediately before and after haemodialysis, and 162 age and sex matched healthy controls were analysed for HHV-8 antibodies using both IFA and ELISA.HHV-8 seropositivities based on IFA and ELISA, both before and after haemodialysis, were significantly greater in ESRD patients than in healthy controls (p < 0.008 for all comparisons). The seropositivities and antibody titres of ESRD patients obtained with IFA were similar before and after haemodialysis. Seropositivities based on ELISA were identical before and after haemodialysis. The seropositivities obtained with the IFA markedly exceeded those with ELISA in each group of subjects (p < 0.0001 for all comparisons).Uraemic status did not significantly affect the IFA or ELISA results for HHV-8 antibodies.
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Butler LM, Dorsey G, Hladik W, Rosenthal PJ, Brander C, Neilands TB, Mbisa G, Whitby D, Kiepiela P, Mosam A, Mzolo S, Dollard SC, Martin JN. Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) seroprevalence in population-based samples of African children: evidence for at least 2 patterns of KSHV transmission. J Infect Dis 2009; 200:430-8. [PMID: 19534596 PMCID: PMC3975590 DOI: 10.1086/600103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) infection is endemic among adult populations in Africa. A prevailing view is that childhood transmission is primarily responsible for the high seroprevalence of KSHV among adults that is observed throughout the continent. However, few studies have directly examined children, particularly in locations where KS is not commonly endemic. METHODS Participants were children aged 1.5-8.9 years, including 427 children from a population-based sample in South Africa, 422 from a population-based sample in Uganda, and 567 from a clinic-based sample in Uganda. All serum specimens were tested by the same laboratory for KSHV antibodies with use of 2 enzyme immunoassays (against K8.1 and ORF65) and 1 immunofluorescence assay. RESULTS KSHV seroprevalence was 7.5%-9.0% among South African children and was not associated with age. In contrast, in the Ugandan population-based sample, KSHV seroprevalence increased from 10% among 2-year-old children to 30.6% among 8-year-old children (P(trend) < .001). In the Ugandan clinic-based sample, seroprevalence increased from 9.3% among 2-year-old children to 36.4% among 8-year-old children (P(trend) < .001). CONCLUSION Two distinct relationships between age and KSHV infection among children imply that KSHV transmission among children is not uniform throughout Africa and is therefore not always responsible for the high seroprevalence observed in adults. There are at least 2 patterns of KSHV transmission in Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M Butler
- University of California, San Francisco, 50 Beale St., Suite 120, San Francisco, California 94105, USA.
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