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Ryzhikov AB, Ryzhikov EA, Bogryantseva MP, Usova SV, Nechaeva EA, Danilenko ED, Pyankov SA, Gudymo AS, Moiseeva AA, Onkhonova GS, Pyankov OV, Sleptsova ES, Lomakin NV, Vasilyeva VS, Tulikov MV, Gusarov VG, Pulin AA, Balalaeva MA, Erofeeva SB, Terpigorev SA, Rychkova OA, Petrov IM, Delian VY, Rafalskiy VV, Tyranovets SV, Gavrilova EV, Maksyutov RA. Assessment of Safety and Prophylactic Efficacy of the EpiVacCorona Peptide Vaccine for COVID-19 Prevention (Phase III). Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:vaccines11050998. [PMID: 37243102 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11050998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology "VECTOR" of the Federal Service for the Oversight of Consumer Protection and Welfare (Rospotrebnadzor) has developed the peptide-based EpiVacCorona vaccine, which is the first synthetic peptide-based antiviral vaccine for mass immunization in international vaccinology. An early clinical trial (Phase I-II) demonstrated that the EpiVacCorona vaccine is a safe product. The "Multicenter double-blind, placebo-controlled, comparative, randomized trial to assess the tolerability, safety, immunogenicity and prophylactic efficacy of the EpiVacCorona COVID-19 vaccine based on peptide antigens in 3000 volunteers aged 18 years and older" was performed regarding vaccine safety. The key objectives of the study were to evaluate the safety and prophylactic efficacy of the two-dose EpiVacCorona vaccine administered via the intramuscular route. The results of the clinical study (Phase III) demonstrated the safety of the EpiVacCorona vaccine. Vaccine administration was accompanied by mild local reactions in ≤27% of cases and mild systemic reactions in ≤14% of cases. The prophylactic efficacy of the EpiVacCorona COVID-19 vaccine after the completion of the vaccination series was 82.5% (CI95 = 75.3-87.6%). The high safety and efficacy of the vaccine give grounds for recommending this vaccine for regular seasonal prevention of COVID-19 as a safe and effective medicinal product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander B Ryzhikov
- State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology "VECTOR", Rospotrebnadzor, 630559 Koltsovo, Russia
| | | | - Marina P Bogryantseva
- State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology "VECTOR", Rospotrebnadzor, 630559 Koltsovo, Russia
| | - Svetlana V Usova
- State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology "VECTOR", Rospotrebnadzor, 630559 Koltsovo, Russia
| | - Elena A Nechaeva
- State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology "VECTOR", Rospotrebnadzor, 630559 Koltsovo, Russia
| | - Elena D Danilenko
- State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology "VECTOR", Rospotrebnadzor, 630559 Koltsovo, Russia
| | - Stepan A Pyankov
- State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology "VECTOR", Rospotrebnadzor, 630559 Koltsovo, Russia
| | - Andrey S Gudymo
- State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology "VECTOR", Rospotrebnadzor, 630559 Koltsovo, Russia
| | - Anastasiya A Moiseeva
- State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology "VECTOR", Rospotrebnadzor, 630559 Koltsovo, Russia
| | - Galina S Onkhonova
- State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology "VECTOR", Rospotrebnadzor, 630559 Koltsovo, Russia
| | - Oleg V Pyankov
- State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology "VECTOR", Rospotrebnadzor, 630559 Koltsovo, Russia
| | | | - Nikita V Lomakin
- Central Clinical Hospital, Administrative Directorate of the President of the Russian Federation, 121359 Moscow, Russia
| | - Veronika S Vasilyeva
- Central Clinical Hospital, Administrative Directorate of the President of the Russian Federation, 121359 Moscow, Russia
| | - Mikhail V Tulikov
- Central Clinical Hospital, Administrative Directorate of the President of the Russian Federation, 121359 Moscow, Russia
| | - Vitaly G Gusarov
- Pirogov National Medical and Surgical Center, 105203 Moscow, Russia
| | - Andrey A Pulin
- Pirogov National Medical and Surgical Center, 105203 Moscow, Russia
| | - Maria A Balalaeva
- Russian Research Center of Surgery n.a. Academician B.V. Petrovsky, 119435 Moscow, Russia
| | - Svetlana B Erofeeva
- Krasnogorsk City Hospital No. 1, 143403 Krasnogorsk, Russia
- Moscow Regional Research and Clinical Institute n.a. M.F. Vladimirsky, 129110 Moscow, Russia
| | - Stanislav A Terpigorev
- Pirogov National Medical and Surgical Center, 105203 Moscow, Russia
- Moscow Regional Research and Clinical Institute n.a. M.F. Vladimirsky, 129110 Moscow, Russia
| | - Olga A Rychkova
- Institute of Motherhood and Childhood, Tyumen State Medical University, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 625023 Tyumen, Russia
| | - Ivan M Petrov
- Institute of Motherhood and Childhood, Tyumen State Medical University, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 625023 Tyumen, Russia
| | | | - Vladimir V Rafalskiy
- Medical Institute, Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University, 236041 Kaliningrad, Russia
| | - Sergey V Tyranovets
- Limited Liability Company "Clinical Research Laboratory", 111672 Moscow, Russia
| | - Elena V Gavrilova
- State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology "VECTOR", Rospotrebnadzor, 630559 Koltsovo, Russia
| | - Rinat A Maksyutov
- State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology "VECTOR", Rospotrebnadzor, 630559 Koltsovo, Russia
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Ndondo AP, Eley B, Wilmshurst JM, Kakooza-Mwesige A, Giannoccaro MP, Willison HJ, Cruz PMR, Heckmann JM, Bateman K, Vincent A. Post-Infectious Autoimmunity in the Central (CNS) and Peripheral (PNS) Nervous Systems: An African Perspective. Front Immunol 2022; 13:833548. [PMID: 35356001 PMCID: PMC8959857 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.833548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The direct impact and sequelae of infections in children and adults result in significant morbidity and mortality especially when they involve the central (CNS) or peripheral nervous system (PNS). The historical understanding of the pathophysiology has been mostly focused on the direct impact of the various pathogens through neural tissue invasion. However, with the better understanding of neuroimmunology, there is a rapidly growing realization of the contribution of the innate and adaptive host immune responses in the pathogenesis of many CNS and PNS diseases. The balance between the protective and pathologic sequelae of immunity is fragile and can easily be tipped towards harm for the host. The matter of immune privilege and surveillance of the CNS/PNS compartments and the role of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and blood nerve barrier (BNB) makes this even more complex. Our understanding of the pathogenesis of many post-infectious manifestations of various microbial agents remains elusive, especially in the diverse African setting. Our exploration and better understanding of the neuroimmunology of some of the infectious diseases that we encounter in the continent will go a long way into helping us to improve their management and therefore lessen the burden. Africa is diverse and uniquely poised because of the mix of the classic, well described, autoimmune disease entities and the specifically "tropical" conditions. This review explores the current understanding of some of the para- and post-infectious autoimmune manifestations of CNS and PNS diseases in the African context. We highlight the clinical presentations, diagnosis and treatment of these neurological disorders and underscore the knowledge gaps and perspectives for future research using disease models of conditions that we see in the continent, some of which are not uniquely African and, where relevant, include discussion of the proposed mechanisms underlying pathogen-induced autoimmunity. This review covers the following conditions as models and highlight those in which a relationship with COVID-19 infection has been reported: a) Acute Necrotizing Encephalopathy; b) Measles-associated encephalopathies; c) Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) neuroimmune disorders, and particularly the difficulties associated with classical post-infectious autoimmune disorders such as the Guillain-Barré syndrome in the context of HIV and other infections. Finally, we describe NMDA-R encephalitis, which can be post-HSV encephalitis, summarise other antibody-mediated CNS diseases and describe myasthenia gravis as the classic antibody-mediated disease but with special features in Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvin Pumelele Ndondo
- Department of Paediatric Neurology, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Brian Eley
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,Paediatric Infectious Diseases Unit, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Jo Madeleine Wilmshurst
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,Department of Paediatric Neurology, Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Angelina Kakooza-Mwesige
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, School of Medicine, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Maria Pia Giannoccaro
- Laboratory of Neuromuscular Pathology and Neuroimmunology, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a CarattereScientifico (IRCCS) Instiuto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, UOC Clinica Neurologica Bologna, Bologna, Italy.,Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Hugh J Willison
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation (3I), University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Pedro M Rodríguez Cruz
- Centro Nacional de Analisis Genomico - Centre for Genomic Regulation (CNAG-CRG ), Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Neuromuscular Disease, University College London (UCL) Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom.,Faculté de Médecine, de Pharmacie et d'Odontologie, Université Cheikh Anta Diop, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Jeannine M Heckmann
- Neurology Division, Department of Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa.,The University of Cape Town (UCT) Neurosciences Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Kathleen Bateman
- Neurology Division, Department of Medicine, Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Angela Vincent
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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Galkin OY, Besarab OB, Gorshunov YV, Ivanova OM. New monoclonal antibodies to the Chlamydia trachomatis main outer membrane protein and their immunobiological properties. UKRAINIAN BIOCHEMICAL JOURNAL 2019. [DOI: 10.15407/ubj91.03.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Escape of pathogens from the host immune response by mutations and mimicry. Possible means to improve vaccine performance. Med Hypotheses 2015; 85:664-9. [PMID: 26341417 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2015.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2014] [Accepted: 08/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The ability of certain pathogens, such as human immunodeficiency, hepatitis C, herpes simplex, influenza viruses, Plasmodium falciparum, etc., to escape from host immune response is generally ascribed to high mutation rate of their genome. We challenge this assumption and propose that molecular mimicry of host antigens by these pathogens could also participate to this resistance. Several studies show that there is no correlation between the mutation rate value of a pathogen and the possibility to develop an effective vaccine. On the other hand, pathogens which do not respond to vaccine are usually reported to display host protein mimicry. We propose to suppress in the thymus the epitopes of the self which are in common with the pathogen. This could be achieved by intrathymic injection of antibodies against this microorganism. These antibodies would be obtained by vaccination of a foreign animal species. It is expected that the negative selection of the CD4(+) and CD8(+) T lymphocytes specific for these epitopes would be prevented, that the number of epitopes recognized as foreign to the host would be increased and that the immune response diversity would be enhanced.
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Clustered epitopes within a new poly-epitopic HIV-1 DNA vaccine shows immunogenicity in BALB/c mice. Mol Biol Rep 2014; 41:5207-14. [PMID: 24842263 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-014-3388-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2013] [Accepted: 04/29/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Despite a huge number of studies towards vaccine development against human immunodeficiency virus-1, no effective vaccine has been approved yet. Thus, new vaccines should be provided with new formulations. Herein, a new DNA vaccine candidate encoding conserved and immunogenic epitopes from HIV-1 antigens of tat, pol, gag and env is designed and constructed. After bioinformatics analyses to find the best epitopes and their tandem, nucleotide sequence corresponding to the designed multiepitope was synthesized and cloned into pcDNA3.1+ vector. Expression of pcDNA3.1-tat/pol/gag/env plasmid was evaluated in HEK293T cells by RT-PCR and western-blotting. Seven groups of BALB/c mice were intramuscularly immunized three times either with 50, 100, 200 µg of plasmid in 2-week intervals or with similar doses of insert-free plasmid. Two weeks after the last injection, proliferation of T cells and secretion of IL4 and IFN-γ cytokines were evaluated using Brdu and ELISA methods, respectively. Results showed the proper expression of the plasmid in protein and mRNA levels. Moreover, the designed multiepitope plasmid was capable of induction of both proliferation responses as well as IFN-γ and IL-4 cytokine production in a considerable level compared to the control groups. Overall, our primary data warranted further detailed studies on the potency of this vaccine.
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Sundaramurthi JC, Ramanathan V, Hanna LE. HLA-B*27:05-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte epitopes in Indian HIV type 1C. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2013; 29:47-53. [PMID: 22924625 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2011.0374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
HLA-B*27:05 is one of the widely reported alleles associated with resistance to HIV, while HLA-A24, HLA-B7, HLA-B*07:02, HLA-B*35:01, HLA-B*53:01, and HLA-B40 are reported to be associated with susceptibility to HIV. Using a bioinformatics approach we attempted to predict potential HLA-B*27:05-specific HIV-1C epitopes that do not bind to susceptibility-associated HLA alleles based on our hypothesis that such epitopes have a greater probability of eliciting a protective immune response in the host. A consensus sequence was built for all proteins of Indian clade C virus. Epitopes specific to HLA-B*27:05 were predicted from the consensus sequence using two different bioinformatics methods to enhance the accuracy of the prediction. Epitopes that were also predicted to bind to any of the susceptibility-associated HLA alleles were excluded from the list. The short-listed epitopes were modeled using MODPROPEP to refine the prediction. Fourteen peptides were identified as epitopes by both sequence-based methods and were found to interact strongly with HLA-B*27:05 by molecular modeling studies. Five of the 14 epitopes were previously reported as immunogenic by other researchers, while the remaining nine are novel. The 14 epitopes have been repeatedly identified by three different methods indicating their potential as useful candidates for an effective HIV vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jagadish Chandrabose Sundaramurthi
- Division of Biomedical Informatics, Department of Clinical Research, National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis (Formerly Tuberculosis Research Centre) (ICMR), Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - V.D. Ramanathan
- Department of Pathology, National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis (Formerly Tuberculosis Research Centre) (ICMR), Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Luke Elizabeth Hanna
- Division of HIV/AIDS, Department of Clinical Research, National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis (Formerly Tuberculosis Research Centre) (ICMR), Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
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Kanduc D. Homology, similarity, and identity in peptide epitope immunodefinition. J Pept Sci 2012; 18:487-94. [PMID: 22696298 DOI: 10.1002/psc.2419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2012] [Revised: 04/10/2012] [Accepted: 04/25/2012] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The tendency to use the terms homology, similarity, and identity interchangeably persists in comparative biology. When translated to immunology, overlapping the concepts of homology, similarity, and identity complicates the exact definition of the self-nonself dichotomy and, in particular, affects immunopeptidomics, an emerging field aimed at cataloging and distinguishing immunoreactive peptide epitopes from silent nonreactive amino acid sequences. The definition of similar/dissimilar peptides in immunology is discussed with special attention to the analysis of immunological (dis)similarity between two or more protein sequences that equates to measuring sequence similarity with the use of a proper measurement unit such as a length determinant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darja Kanduc
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Bari, Bari, Italy.
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Allard SD, de Goede AL, De Keersmaecker B, Heirman C, Lacor P, Osterhaus ADME, Demanet C, Thielemans K, Gruters RA, Aerts JL. Sequence evolution and escape from specific immune pressure of an HIV-1 Rev epitope with extensive sequence similarity to human nucleolar protein 6. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 79:174-85. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0039.2012.01837.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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10
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Abstract
Therapeutic options aimed at tackling the HIV pandemic face many obstacles. The lack of readily accessible and affordable therapies means that most of those affected go untreated. The array of escape mechanisms used by HIV has undermined the efficiency of many antiviral products and continually represents a barrier to the development of an effective vaccine. Recent developments have seen a shift away from a cytopathic viral model of HIV pathogenesis towards the crucial role of immunopathogenic features--notably generalised immune activation--in the development of AIDS. As conventional vaccine strategies have sought to promote viral neutralisation and suppressive cellular responses, novel strategies that aim to address HIV immunopathogenesis should be sought. We review current opinion on HIV-induced pathogenic immune activation and strategies aimed at eliminating HIV, including a potential role for non-neutralising antibodies as part of a therapeutic vaccine option.
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12
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Rolland M, Nickle DC, Deng W, Frahm N, Brander C, Learn GH, Heckerman D, Jojic N, Jojic V, Walker BD, Mullins JI. Recognition of HIV-1 peptides by host CTL is related to HIV-1 similarity to human proteins. PLoS One 2007; 2:e823. [PMID: 17786195 PMCID: PMC1952107 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0000823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2007] [Accepted: 05/18/2007] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background While human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes preferentially target specific regions of the viral proteome, HIV-1 features that contribute to immune recognition are not well understood. One hypothesis is that similarities between HIV and human proteins influence the host immune response, i.e., resemblance between viral and host peptides could preclude reactivity against certain HIV epitopes. Methodology/Principal Findings We analyzed the extent of similarity between HIV-1 and the human proteome. Proteins from the HIV-1 B consensus sequence from 2001 were dissected into overlapping k-mers, which were then probed against a non-redundant database of the human proteome in order to identify segments of high similarity. We tested the relationship between HIV-1 similarity to host encoded peptides and immune recognition in HIV-infected individuals, and found that HIV immunogenicity could be partially modulated by the sequence similarity to the host proteome. ELISpot responses to peptides spanning the entire viral proteome evaluated in 314 individuals showed a trend indicating an inverse relationship between the similarity to the host proteome and the frequency of recognition. In addition, analysis of responses by a group of 30 HIV-infected individuals against 944 overlapping peptides representing a broad range of individual HIV-1B Nef variants, affirmed that the degree of similarity to the host was significantly lower for peptides with reactive epitopes than for those that were not recognized. Conclusions/Significance Our results suggest that antigenic motifs that are scarcely represented in human proteins might represent more immunogenic CTL targets not selected against in the host. This observation could provide guidance in the design of more effective HIV immunogens, as sequences devoid of host-like features might afford superior immune reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgane Rolland
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - David C. Nickle
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Wenjie Deng
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Nicole Frahm
- Partners AIDS Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Christian Brander
- Partners AIDS Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Gerald H. Learn
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - David Heckerman
- Machine Learning and Applied Statistics Group, Microsoft Research, Redmond, Washington, United States of America
| | - Nebosja Jojic
- Machine Learning and Applied Statistics Group, Microsoft Research, Redmond, Washington, United States of America
| | - Vladimir Jojic
- Machine Learning and Applied Statistics Group, Microsoft Research, Redmond, Washington, United States of America
| | - Bruce D. Walker
- Partners AIDS Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - James I. Mullins
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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Antonets DV, Bakulina AY, Portnyagina OY, Sidorova OV, Novikova OD, Maksyutov AZ. Prediction of antigenically active regions in the OmpF-like porin of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis. DOKL BIOCHEM BIOPHYS 2007; 414:124-6. [PMID: 17695318 DOI: 10.1134/s160767290703009x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D V Antonets
- Vektor State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology, p. Koltsovo, Novosibirsk oblast, 630559 Russia
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Haynes BF, Montefiori DC. Aiming to induce broadly reactive neutralizing antibody responses with HIV-1 vaccine candidates. Expert Rev Vaccines 2006; 5:579-95. [PMID: 16989638 DOI: 10.1586/14760584.5.4.579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Neutralizing antibody induction is a key feature of many effective vaccines and is the only immune response that has proven to be capable of completely blocking AIDS virus infection in animal models. Unfortunately, the extensive genetic variability and complex immune-evasion strategies of HIV-1 have thwarted all attempts to date at eliciting an effective neutralizing antibody response with candidate HIV-1 vaccine immunogens. Recent advances in our understanding of how these evasion strategies operate, coupled with growing progress in unravelling the structure and immunobiology of the viral envelope glycoproteins, are contributing to novel immunogen designs to overcome the many barriers to inducing protective antibodies against HIV-1.
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Abstract
Recently, there has been a renewed interest in therapeutic vaccination as an adjunct or alternative to current treatment options for HIV. The first immunotherapeutic trial relevant to this topic was published in 1983. Since then, several dozen therapeutic vaccine trials have been carried out. The results have consistently shown that although in vitro-measured HIV-specific immune responses were evident as a result of vaccination, clinical improvement has been seldom observed. The instances of apparent clinical benefit however, were invariably associated with the usage of vaccines that acted in accord with the principles of allo- or autoimmunization. The majority of these vaccines were derived from the blood of HIV carriers or a cell culture and therefore inherently contained host-cell antigens unrelated to HIV. These observations raise the issue of whether this clinically successful approach has been unduly neglected. Most commercial vaccines on the market today are made the old-fashioned way, but very little support or attention has been given to the development of such vaccines for AIDS therapy. The current strategy, biased toward vaccines which have shown little evidence of clinical efficacy, is shortsighted and needs to be revised.
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Haynes BF, Montefiori DC. Aiming to induce broadly reactive neutralizing antibody responses with HIV-1 vaccine candidates. Expert Rev Vaccines 2006; 5:347-63. [PMID: 16827619 PMCID: PMC2716009 DOI: 10.1586/14760584.5.3.347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Neutralizing antibody induction is a key feature of many effective vaccines and is the only immune response that has proven to be capable of completely blocking AIDS virus infection in animal models. Unfortunately, the extensive genetic variability and complex immune-evasion strategies of HIV-1 have thwarted all attempts to date at eliciting an effective neutralizing antibody response with candidate HIV-1 vaccine immunogens. Recent advances in our understanding of how these evasion strategies operate, coupled with growing progress in unravelling the structure and immunobiology of the viral envelope glycoproteins, are contributing to novel immunogen designs to overcome the many barriers to inducing protective antibodies against HIV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barton F Haynes
- Box 3258, RP-1 Building, Building 107, Circuit Drive, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA, Tel: +1919 684 5279, Fax: +1 919 684 5230,
| | - David C Montefiori
- Department of Surgery, Box 2926, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA, Tel: +1 919 684 5278, Fax: +1 919 684 4288,
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Goncharova E, Ryzhikov E, Poryvaev V, Bulychev L, Karpyshev N, Maksyutov A, Ryzhikov AB. Intranasal immunization with inactivated tick-borne encephalitis virus and the antigenic peptide 89-119 protects mice against intraperitoneal challenge. Int J Med Microbiol 2006; 296 Suppl 40:195-201. [PMID: 16545605 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2006.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Detailed studies of the pathogenesis of certain neuroviral infections allow for a better understanding of the special role of the olfactory neuroepithelial cells in the invasion of viruses into the CNS. Several studies using animal models demonstrated that neurotropic viruses belonging to various families invade the brain via the olfactory tract after parenteral infection. We suppose that intranasal (i.n.) immunization inducing mucosal and systemic immunity will block neurotropic virus propagation into the brain via the olfactory pathway and neutralize virus multiplication in visceral organs. Subject of the present study was the efficacy of i.n. immunization of Balb/c mice with both killed tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) virus and antigenic peptide 89-119 from the envelope protein E of TBE virus in a nanoemulsion formulation. Intranasal immunization with nanoemulsion containing inactivated TBE virus particles induced specific both neutralizing and HAI antibodies. TBE virus specific IgA antibodies were detected in lung and nasal lavages of mice. The fourth i.n. immunization resulted in a drastic titer increase of the specific antibodies to 1:12,800, which was protective in all i.n. immunized mice against intraperitoneal (i.p.) challenge with 100 LD(50) of TBE virus. The ratio of specific IgG2a to IgG1 indicated the occurrence of a Th2 type immune response. We observed a similar balance of TBE virus-specific IgG2a/IgG1 after s.c. immunization of mice with the commercial FSME-Immun Inject vaccine against TBE virus. Thus, the experimental data obtained for the first time demonstrates the feasibility of using nanoparticles containing inactivated TBE virus for effective protection of i.n. immunized mice against the usually lethal infection. We analyzed a number of fragments of E protein of the TBE virus for antigenic similarity with human proteins by computer analysis. Local antigenic similarity of the fragments of E protein of TBE virus and human proteins allows for the identification of the epitopes, which may induce an autoimmune response if applied in a vaccine construct. One of the candidates, peptide 89-119 of E protein of the TBE virus does not contain any epitopes with local similarities to human protein epitopes. This peptide was synthesized and applied intranasally in nanoparticulate formulation. It induced TBE virus-specific antibodies and led to protection in the case of i.p. challenge with TBE virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Goncharova
- State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology Vector, Novosibirsk Region, 630559 Koltsovo, Russian Federation
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