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SARS-CoV-2, Zika viruses and mycoplasma: Structure, pathogenesis and some treatment options in these emerging viral and bacterial infectious diseases. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2021; 1867:166264. [PMID: 34481867 PMCID: PMC8413106 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2021.166264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The molecular evolution of life on earth along with changing environmental, conditions has rendered mankind susceptible to endemic and pandemic emerging infectious diseases. The effects of certain systemic viral and bacterial infections on morbidity and mortality are considered as examples of recent emerging infections. Here we will focus on three examples of infections that are important in pregnancy and early childhood: SARS-CoV-2 virus, Zika virus, and Mycoplasma species. The basic structural characteristics of these infectious agents will be examined, along with their general pathogenic mechanisms. Coronavirus infections, such as caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, likely evolved from zoonotic bat viruses to infect humans and cause a pandemic that has been the biggest challenge for humanity since the Spanish Flu pandemic of the early 20th century. In contrast, Zika Virus infections represent an expanding infectious threat in the context of global climate change. The relationship of these infections to pregnancy, the vertical transmission and neurological sequels make these viruses highly relevant to the topics of this special issue. Finally, mycoplasmal infections have been present before mankind evolved, but they were rarely identified as human pathogens until recently, and they are now recognized as important coinfections that are able to modify the course and prognosis of various infectious diseases and other chronic illnesses. The infectious processes caused by these intracellular microorganisms are examined as well as some general aspects of their pathogeneses, clinical presentations, and diagnoses. We will finally consider examples of treatments that have been used to reduce morbidity and mortality of these infections and discuss briefly the current status of vaccines, in particular, against the SARS-CoV-2 virus. It is important to understand some of the basic features of these emerging infectious diseases and the pathogens involved in order to better appreciate the contributions of this special issue on how infectious diseases can affect human pregnancy, fetuses and neonates.
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Zhao YL, Gou ZP, Shang JH, Li WY, Kuang Y, Li MY, Luo XD. Anti-microbial Effects In Vitro and In Vivo of Alstonia scholaris. NATURAL PRODUCTS AND BIOPROSPECTING 2021; 11:127-135. [PMID: 33389714 PMCID: PMC7778864 DOI: 10.1007/s13659-020-00294-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Alstonia scholaris could be used as a traditional medicinal plant in China for the treatment of acute respiratory, which might be caused by respiratory tract infections. The investigation tested the anti-infective effects of total alkaloids extract (TA) from leaves of A. scholaris, and as a result, TA inhibited herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1), respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and influenza A virus (H1N1) in vitro respectively. In addition, the survival days of mice were prolonged, and the lung weights and mortality of mice were decreased significantly, after oral administrated TA in H1N1 and beta-hemolytic streptococcus infectious models in vivo respectively. The finding supported partly the traditional usage of A. scholaris in the treatment of respiratory infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Li Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education; Yunnan Provincial Center for Research & Development of Natural Products; School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, P. R. China
| | - Zhong-Ping Gou
- Institute of Drug Clinical Trials, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Jian-Hua Shang
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education; Yunnan Provincial Center for Research & Development of Natural Products; School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, P. R. China
| | - Wan-Yi Li
- West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yu Kuang
- West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Ming-Yuan Li
- West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
| | - Xiao-Dong Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry for Natural Resource, Ministry of Education; Yunnan Provincial Center for Research & Development of Natural Products; School of Chemical Science and Technology, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, P. R. China.
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Ma Q, Yu Q, Xing X, Liu S, Shi C, Luo J. San Wu Huangqin Decoction, a Chinese Herbal Formula, Inhibits Influenza a/PR/8/34 (H1N1) Virus Infection In Vitro and In Vivo. Viruses 2018. [PMID: 29522425 PMCID: PMC5869510 DOI: 10.3390/v10030117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The San Wu Huangqin Decoction (SWHD), a traditional Chinese medicine formula, is used to treat colds caused by exposure to wind-pathogen, hyperpyrexia, infectious diseases and cancer; moreover, it is used for detoxification. The individual herbs of SWHD, such as Sophora flavescens and Scutellaria baicalensis, exhibit a wide spectrum of antiviral, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, anticancer and other properties. The Chinese compound formula of SWHD is composed of S. flavescens, S. baicalensis and Rehmannia glutinosa. However, the effect of SWHD on the influenza virus (IFV) and its mechanism remain unknown. The aim of this study was to evaluate, for the first time, whether SWHD could be used to treat influenza. Results showed that SWHD could effectively inhibit influenza A/PR/8/34 (H1N1) virus at different stages of viral replication (confirmed through antiviral effect assay, penetration assay, attachment assay and internalization assay) in vitro. It could reduce the infection of the virus in a dose- and time-dependent manner, as confirmed by observing the cell cytopathic effect and calculating the cell viability (p < 0.05). SWHD demonstrated better antiviral activity than oseltamivir in the evaluation of antiviral prophylaxis on influenza (p < 0.05). The antiviral activity of SWHD may be related to its regulation ability on the immune system. Western blot, real-time polymerase chain reaction and indirect immunofluorescence assay showed that the expression of the four target viral proteins of the IFV (namely, haemagglutinin (HA), neuraminidase (NA), nucleoprotein (NP) and matrix-2 (M2)) reduced significantly (p < 0.05). Moreover, SWHD (23.40 and 11.70 g/kg) significantly alleviated the clinical signs, reduced the mortality and increased the survival time of infected mice (p < 0.05). The lung index, virus titres, pathological changes in lung tissues and the expression of key proteins of the IFV in mice also decreased (p < 0.05). In conclusion, SWHD possessed anti-influenza activity. This work provided a new view of complementary therapy and drug discovery for clinical treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinhai Ma
- School of Traditional Chinese Medical Science, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Pharmaceutics, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.
| | - Qingtian Yu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medical Science, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Pharmaceutics, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.
| | - Xuefeng Xing
- School of Traditional Chinese Medical Science, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Pharmaceutics, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.
| | - Sinian Liu
- Biosafety Level-3 Laboratory, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.
| | - Chunyu Shi
- School of Traditional Chinese Medical Science, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Pharmaceutics, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.
| | - Jiabo Luo
- School of Traditional Chinese Medical Science, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicine Pharmaceutics, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.
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Zhu H, Chen M, Shi X, Shi C, Huang C. Material basis studies of anti-Influenza A active ingredients in Tanreqing Injection. Biomed Chromatogr 2017; 32. [PMID: 28921579 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.4097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Revised: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Tanreqing Injection (TRQ) has been used primarily in treating infections of the upper respiratory tract and serious influenza in China, as a classical compound herbal recipe. TRQ had been demonstrated to have effects of clearing heat, eliminating phlegm, detoxification, reducing inflammation and alleviating cough. The survival rate, histopathology of lungs and viral titers in mice were evaluated in this study to verify the curative effect of TRQ. However, there is not enough information about the components. In the present study, a high-performance and practical LC/QTOF/MS method was developed for characterization and identification of the natural ingredients in TRQ. A total of 60 compounds, including 10 amino acids, 10 iridoid glucosides, 14 flavonoids, 13 other phenolic compounds, 10 steroid acids and three other compounds, were characterized and identified. We also confirmed the material basis of anti-Influenza A active ingredients in TRQ. Therefore, we have developed an accurate analytical method. LC/QTOF/MS could be applied for identification the complex components in traditional Chinese medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Zhu
- Department of Microbiological and Biochemical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mingcang Chen
- Shanghai Institutes of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xunlong Shi
- Department of Microbiological and Biochemical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chenchen Shi
- Department of Microbiological and Biochemical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chenggang Huang
- Shanghai Institutes of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
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Peng D, Wei W, Pan Y, Wang Y, Chen D, Liu Z, Wang X, Dai M, Yuan Z. Preparation of a monoclonal antibody against amantadine and rimantadine and development of an indirect competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detecting the same in chicken muscle and liver. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2017; 133:56-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2016.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Revised: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Rong R, Li RR, Hou YB, Li J, Ding JX, Zhang CB, Yang Y. Mahuang-Xixin-Fuzi decoction reduces the infection of influenza A virus in Kidney-Yang deficiency syndrome mice. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2016; 192:217-224. [PMID: 27401293 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2016.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2016] [Revised: 06/19/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Mahuang-Xixin-Fuzi Decoction (MXF) as a famous formula for the treatment of colds, fever, nasal congestion and headache with elder people, has always been widely used in traditional Chinese medicine. The present study is aimed at investigating the treatment effect of MXF on Kidney-Yang deficiency syndrome in mice simultaneously infected with H1N1 virus. MATERIALS AND METHODS We employed the Kidney-Yang deficiency mouse model to investigate the effect of MXF against influenza A virus (A/FM/1/47, H1N1). Mice were infected with the virus after fifteen days Kidney-Yang deficiency syndrome was established (intraperitoneal injection of estradiol benzoate), while MXF was orally administrated with 1.2-4.7g/kg/d for 6 consecutive days after inoculation. Body weight, rectal temperature, morbidity, and mortality were recorded daily. Histopathologic changes, antioxidant activity of SOD and MDA were detected. Moreover, levels of inflammatory cytokines including IL-6, IL-10, MCP-1, TNF-α were measured in the sera of mice. RESULTS We found that the extract of MXF at dosages of 2.3-4.7g/kg could effectively diminish mortality rate, ameliorate lung edema and inflammation. Administration of MXF decoction significantly depressed the expression of IL-6, MCP-1 and TNF-α, and markedly increased expression of IL-10 in serum. Simultaneously, the extract was also found to reduce MDA and increase SOD in the lung tissue of mice. CONCLUSION These data support the notion that the extract of MXF could treat Kidney-Yang deficiency syndrome in mice simultaneously infected with influenza A virus by reducing inflammation and increasing antioxidant activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Rong
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China
| | - Rong-Rong Li
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China; Municipal Hospital of Yantai City Government, Yantai 264000, China
| | - Yan-Bao Hou
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China
| | - Jing Li
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China
| | - Jia-Xing Ding
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China; Shandong Lvye Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Yantai 264003, China
| | - Cheng-Bo Zhang
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China
| | - Yong Yang
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250355, China
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Drews SJ. The Role of Clinical Virology Laboratory and the Clinical Virology Laboratorian in Ensuring Effective Surveillance for Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses: Points to Consider and Pitfalls to Avoid. CURRENT TREATMENT OPTIONS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2016; 8:165-176. [PMID: 32226325 PMCID: PMC7100664 DOI: 10.1007/s40506-016-0081-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Influenza and respiratory viruses have a global impact on public health. Clinical virology laboratories and laboratorians play an important role in not only the diagnosis but also the surveillance of these pathogens. Surveillance for influenza and other respiratory pathogens is important, as it informs public health decision making in terms of influenza vaccine and antiviral effectiveness, informs clinicians and public health practitioners about the pathogenicity of specific viral strains, guides clinical practice, and supports laboratory panning activities. Key background issues include the following: the fact that the laboratory is only one of several data providers to a surveillance system, the biologic nature of influenza and respiratory viruses and the laboratory needs to keep up to date on the diagnosis of these agents, the need for laboratorians to be involved in case definition development, the impact of push and pull data flow models on laboratory resources, and the fact that laboratories may be asked to provide more than just test results to surveillance programs. This review also identifies some key issues or questions that arise during the pre-analytic, analytic, and post-analytic phases that could impact on the ability of the laboratory to link to surveillance programs. Finally, issues surrounding virus characterization programs and how they link to surveillance programs are identified and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven J. Drews
- Provincial Laboratory for Public Health (ProvLab), 2B1.03 WMC, University of Alberta Hospital, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2J2 Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta Canada
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Quiñones-Mateu ME, Avila S, Reyes-Teran G, Martinez MA. Deep sequencing: becoming a critical tool in clinical virology. J Clin Virol 2014; 61:9-19. [PMID: 24998424 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2014.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2014] [Revised: 06/12/2014] [Accepted: 06/14/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Population (Sanger) sequencing has been the standard method in basic and clinical DNA sequencing for almost 40 years; however, next-generation (deep) sequencing methodologies are now revolutionizing the field of genomics, and clinical virology is no exception. Deep sequencing is highly efficient, producing an enormous amount of information at low cost in a relatively short period of time. High-throughput sequencing techniques have enabled significant contributions to multiples areas in virology, including virus discovery and metagenomics (viromes), molecular epidemiology, pathogenesis, and studies of how viruses to escape the host immune system and antiviral pressures. In addition, new and more affordable deep sequencing-based assays are now being implemented in clinical laboratories. Here, we review the use of the current deep sequencing platforms in virology, focusing on three of the most studied viruses: human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), and influenza virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel E Quiñones-Mateu
- University Hospital Translational Laboratory, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA; Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Santiago Avila
- Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Mexico City, Mexico; Centro de Investigaciones en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Gustavo Reyes-Teran
- Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Mexico City, Mexico; Centro de Investigaciones en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Miguel A Martinez
- Fundació irsicaixa, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain
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Liu Q, Lu L, Hua M, Xu Y, Xiong H, Hou W, Yang Z. Jiawei-Yupingfeng-Tang, a Chinese herbal formula, inhibits respiratory viral infections in vitro and in vivo. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2013; 150:521-528. [PMID: 24051026 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2013.08.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2013] [Revised: 07/13/2013] [Accepted: 08/29/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Jiawei-Yupingfeng-Tang (JYT) is a Chinese herbal formula that is widely used to treat respiratory tract illness. However, the effect of JYT on respiratory viruses remains unknown. The influenza virus (IFV) and the human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV) cause millions of cases of severe illness per year, and many of these illnesses develop into lethal pneumonia. The aim of this study is to evaluate whether JYT can be used to treat these infections. MATERIALS AND METHODS The effect of JYT against IFV and HRSV was tested using a plaque reduction assay in the lower respiratory tract cell line A549. The expression of ICAM-1 was determined by real-time RT-PCR and western blotting. A mouse model infected with lethal influenza developing into interstitial pneumonia was used to evaluate the effect of JYT in vivo. RESULTS JYT extract inhibited both IFV and HRSV in a dose-dependent manner when given before, during and after a viral infection. JYT was effective in blocking the entry of the virus. Furthermore, pre-treatment with JYT reduced the susceptibility of cells to the invasion of HRSV by inhibiting the expression of ICAM-1. Importantly, JYT extract increased the survival rate of lethal influenza-infected mice, prolonged the survival time and alleviated the virus-induced lung lesions, which is comparable with the effects of ribavirin treatment. CONCLUSIONS These data support JYT as an alternative modality to be used in the treatment of respiratory viral infection induced by HRSV and IFV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Institute of Medical Virology, Research Centre of Food and Drug Evaluation, School of Medicine, Wuhan University, 185 Donghu Road, Wuhan 430071, PR China; State Laboratory of Antiviral and Tumour of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Institute of Medical Virology, Research Centre of Food and Drug Evaluation, School of Medicine, Wuhan University, 185 Donghu Road, Wuhan 430071, PR China
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Pabbaraju K, Wong S, Drews SJ. Rethinking approaches to improve the utilization of nucleic acid amplification tests for detection and characterization of influenza A in diagnostic and reference laboratories. Future Microbiol 2011; 6:1443-60. [PMID: 22122441 DOI: 10.2217/fmb.11.126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza A virus (IFVA) is a significant cause of respiratory infections worldwide and was also responsible for a recent pandemic in 2009. Laboratory identification of IFVA can guide antiviral therapy, assist in cohorting of patients and prevent antibiotic use. Characterization of the virus can track the emergence of novel strains, identify resistance and determine how circulating strains match with vaccine components. The gold standard for detection and characterization of IFVA is nucleic acid amplification technology (e.g., reverse transcriptase PCR [RT-PCR]), which must contend with a constantly evolving viral genome. Although molecular technology has been available for over two decades, there is still an operational gap between assay design and utilization of these tests for the diagnosis and characterization of IFVA. This review will discuss issues surrounding the implementation and use of RT-PCR for the identification and characterization of IFVA, and speculate on why RT-PCR has not been used more widely in clinical laboratories or moved closer to the patient. Newer, less widely used technologies that may change our laboratory practices will be identified and the authors will close with an attempt to identify some future applications of RT-PCR-based technologies for the detection and characterization of IFVA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanti Pabbaraju
- Provincial Laboratory for Public Health, Microbiology, 3030 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 4W4, Canada
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Abstract
Most viral diseases, with the exception of those caused by human immunodeficiency virus, are self-limited illnesses that do not require specific antiviral therapy. The currently available antiviral drugs target 3 main groups of viruses: herpes, hepatitis, and influenza viruses. With the exception of the antisense molecule fomivirsen, all antiherpes drugs inhibit viral replication by serving as competitive substrates for viral DNA polymerase. Drugs for the treatment of influenza inhibit the ion channel M(2) protein or the enzyme neuraminidase. Combination therapy with Interferon-α and ribavirin remains the backbone treatment for chronic hepatitis C; the addition of serine protease inhibitors improves the treatment outcome of patients infected with hepatitis C virus genotype 1. Chronic hepatitis B can be treated with interferon or a combination of nucleos(t)ide analogues. Notably, almost all the nucleos(t) ide analogues for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B possess anti-human immunodeficiency virus properties, and they inhibit replication of hepatitis B virus by serving as competitive substrates for its DNA polymerase. Some antiviral drugs possess multiple potential clinical applications, such as ribavirin for the treatment of chronic hepatitis C and respiratory syncytial virus and cidofovir for the treatment of cytomegalovirus and other DNA viruses. Drug resistance is an emerging threat to the clinical utility of antiviral drugs. The major mechanisms for drug resistance are mutations in the viral DNA polymerase gene or in genes that encode for the viral kinases required for the activation of certain drugs such as acyclovir and ganciclovir. Widespread antiviral resistance has limited the clinical utility of M(2) inhibitors for the prevention and treatment of influenza infections. This article provides an overview of clinically available antiviral drugs for the primary care physician, with a special focus on pharmacology, clinical uses, and adverse effects.
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Synergistic activity of baicalein with ribavirin against influenza A (H1N1) virus infections in cell culture and in mice. Antiviral Res 2011; 91:314-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2011.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2011] [Revised: 06/01/2011] [Accepted: 07/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Adamantane resistance in seasonal human influenza A viruses from Calgary, Alberta (January 2007 to August 2008). CANADIAN JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES & MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY 2011; 21:e87-91. [PMID: 21629611 DOI: 10.1155/2010/710149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The available antivirals for the treatment and prophylaxis of influenza A infections include the adamantanes (amantadine and rimantadine), which are matrix (M2) protein inhibitors, and the neuraminidase inhibitors (oseltamivir and zanamivir). Resistance to the adamantanes is conferred by mutations at amino acid positions 26, 27, 30, 31 or 34 within the M2 protein of influenza A viruses. A significant increase in adamantane resistance has been reported worldwide since 2003, reflected by a similar increase in Canada. The present study reports on the frequency of adamantane resistance in seasonal influenza A viruses in Calgary, Alberta, for the period between January 2007 and August 2008, as an update to the previous report. Positive influenza A samples (221 original patient specimens and 34 isolates obtained by viral culture) were analyzed for changes in the critical amino acid residues of the M2 gene. The amplification and sequencing of regions that confer adamantane resistance directly from RNA extracts of clinical samples (without previous culture) makes this approach a fast and efficient process for monitoring resistance. The results showed that the frequency of resistance varied from 37.5% to 49.2% in circulating influenza A H3N2 virus strains (n=213) between January 2007 and April 2007. The frequency of resistance increased to 100% in May 2007, after which all H3N2 viruses were resistant until the end of the monitoring period. All resistant H3N2 viruses contained the serine to asparagine substitution at amino acid position 31. Resistance was not observed in the H1N1 viruses tested (n=39) within this monitoring period. The level of adamantane resistance in H3N2 viruses continues to remain high since resistant viruses became the prevalent circulating strains in 2005. Recent reports have indicated that the currently circulating swine-origin influenza A H1N1 subtype viruses are adamantane resistant. It is, thus, important to continue to monitor seasonal influenza A viruses for antiviral resistance markers to ensure optimal prophylaxis and treatment.
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Lee BE, Mukhi SN, Drews SJ. Association between patient age and influenza A subtype during influenza outbreaks. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2010; 31:535-7. [PMID: 20334548 DOI: 10.1086/652159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
The distribution of influenza A subtypes was studied in specimens recovered from patients in long-term care facility (LTCF) outbreaks and in non-LTCF outbreaks in Alberta, Canada, for 3 years before the influenza pandemic of 2009. We found that H3 but not H1 was associated with infection in older adults. Therefore, H3 was more commonly found than H1 in outbreaks in LTCFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bonita E Lee
- Provincial Public Health Laboratory (ProvLab), Calgary, AB, Canada, T2N 4W4
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15
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Wu W, Tang YW. Emerging molecular assays for detection and characterization of respiratory viruses. Clin Lab Med 2010; 29:673-93. [PMID: 19892228 PMCID: PMC7130760 DOI: 10.1016/j.cll.2009.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
This article describes several emerging molecular assays that have potential applications in the diagnosis and monitoring of respiratory viral infections. These techniques include direct nucleic acid detection by quantum dots, loop-mediated isothermal amplification, multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification, amplification using arbitrary primers, target-enriched multiplexing amplification, pyrosequencing, padlock probes, solid and suspension microarrays, and mass spectrometry. Several of these systems already are commercially available to provide multiplex amplification and high-throughput detection and identification of a panel of respiratory viral pathogens. Further validation and implementation of such emerging molecular assays in routine clinical virology services will enhance the rapid diagnosis of respiratory viral infections and improve patient care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjuan Wu
- Department of Pathology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
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16
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Sheu TG, Deyde VM, Garten RJ, Klimov AI, Gubareva LV. Detection of antiviral resistance and genetic lineage markers in influenza B virus neuraminidase using pyrosequencing. Antiviral Res 2009; 85:354-60. [PMID: 19887086 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2009.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2009] [Revised: 09/29/2009] [Accepted: 10/22/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We report here the design of a pyrosequencing approach for the detection of molecular markers of resistance to the neuraminidase inhibitors zanamivir and oseltamivir in influenza viruses of type B. Primers were designed to analyze the sequences at eight amino acid positions E119, R152, D198, I222, S250, H274, R371, and G402 (universal A/N2 numbering) in the neuraminidase (NA) which have been previously found to be associated with resistance or reduced susceptibility to oseltamivir and/or zanamivir in the NA inhibition assay. In addition, the designed primers could be utilized to the distinguish between the NAs of influenza B viruses from the two major lineages (Victoria and Yamagata) that have co-circulated globally in recent years, thus providing a valuable tool for virus strain surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany G Sheu
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
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Switching gears for an influenza pandemic: validation of a duplex reverse transcriptase PCR assay for simultaneous detection and confirmatory identification of pandemic (H1N1) 2009 influenza virus. J Clin Microbiol 2009; 47:3805-13. [PMID: 19794033 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.01344-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Rapid methods for the detection and confirmatory identification of pandemic influenza A virus (also known as pandemic [H1N1] 2009) are of utmost importance. In this study, a conventional reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR) assay for the detection of influenza A virus and the hemagglutinin of swine lineage H1 (swH1) was designed, optimized, and validated. Nucleic acids were extracted from 198 consecutive nasopharyngeal, nasal, or throat swab specimens collected early in the outbreak (127 negative specimens, 66 specimens with pandemic [H1N1] 2009 influenza virus, 3 specimens with seasonal [H1N1] influenza A virus, and 2 specimens with seasonal [H3N2] influenza A virus). The performance characteristics of the duplex RT-PCR assay were assessed and compared to those of various detection methods: a monoplex RT-PCR assay at the National Microbiology Laboratory, a real-time RT-PCR assay using a Centers for Disease Control and Prevention protocol, an in-house multiplex RT-PCR assay (targeting influenza A virus, influenza B virus, and respiratory syncytial virus), and a rapid antigen test (the Binax Now Influenza A & B assay). The sensitivity of the duplex RT-PCR assay for influenza A virus detection was 97.2%, whereas the sensitivities were 74.6%, 71.8%, 47.8%, and 12.7% for the other four assays, respectively. The duplex RT-PCR assay was also able to identify swH1 in 94% of the cases, thereby reducing the number of specimens forwarded to reference laboratories for confirmatory identification. Only a limited number of specimens that contained influenza A virus had amounts of virus that fell below the limit of detection of the assay with the swH1 primers. Overall, the duplex RT-PCR assay is a reliable method for the simultaneous detection and confirmatory identification of pandemic (H1N1) 2009 influenza virus and would be particularly attractive to laboratories without real-time RT-PCR capabilities.
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Ramakrishnan MA, Tu ZJ, Singh S, Chockalingam AK, Gramer MR, Wang P, Goyal SM, Yang M, Halvorson DA, Sreevatsan S. The feasibility of using high resolution genome sequencing of influenza A viruses to detect mixed infections and quasispecies. PLoS One 2009; 4:e7105. [PMID: 19771155 PMCID: PMC2740821 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0007105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2009] [Accepted: 08/27/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The rapidly expanding availability of de novo sequencing technologies can greatly facilitate efforts to monitor the relatively high mutation rates of influenza A viruses and the detection of quasispecies. Both the mutation rates and the lineages of influenza A viruses are likely to play an important role in the natural history of these viruses and the emergence of phenotypically and antigenically distinct strains. METHODOLOGY AND PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We evaluated quasispecies and mixed infections by de novo sequencing the whole genomes of 10 virus isolates, including eight avian influenza viruses grown in embryonated chicken eggs (six waterfowl isolates - five H3N2 and one H4N6; an H7N3 turkey isolate; and a bald eagle isolate with H1N1/H2N1 mixed infection), and two tissue cultured H3N2 swine influenza viruses. Two waterfowl cloacal swabs were included in the analysis. Full-length sequences of all segments were obtained with 20 to 787-X coverage for the ten viruses and one cloacal swab. The second cloacal swab yielded 15 influenza reads of approximately 230 bases, sufficient for bioinformatic inference of mixed infections or quasispecies. Genomic subpopulations or quasispecies of viruses were identified in four egg grown avian influenza isolates and one cell cultured swine virus. A bald eagle isolate and the second cloacal swab showed evidence of mixed infections with two (H1 and H2) and three (H1, H3, and H4) HA subtypes, respectively. Multiple sequence differences were identified between cloacal swab and the virus recovered using embryonated chicken eggs. CONCLUSIONS We describe a new approach to comprehensively identify mixed infections and quasispecies in low passage influenza A isolates and cloacal swabs and add to the understanding of the ecology of influenza A virus populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muthannan A. Ramakrishnan
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Zheng Jin Tu
- Minnesota Supercomputer Institute, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Sushmita Singh
- Biomedical Genomics Center, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Ashok K. Chockalingam
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Marie R. Gramer
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Ping Wang
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Sagar M. Goyal
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - My Yang
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - David A. Halvorson
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Srinand Sreevatsan
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
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Deyde VM, Gubareva LV. Influenza genome analysis using pyrosequencing method: current applications for a moving target. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2009; 9:493-509. [PMID: 19580433 DOI: 10.1586/erm.09.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Pyrosequencing is a high-throughput non-gel-based DNA sequencing method that was introduced in the late 1990s. It employs a DNA sequencing-by-synthesis approach based on real-time measurement of pyrophosphate released from incorporation of dNTPs. A cascade of enzymatic reactions proportionally converts the pyrophosphate to a light signal recorded in a form of peaks, known as pyrograms. Routinely, a 45-60-nucleotide sequence is obtained per reaction. Recent improvements introduced in the assay chemistry have extended the read to approximately 100 nucleotides. Since its advent, pyrosequencing has been applied in the fields of microbiology, molecular biology and pharmacogenomics. The pyrosequencing approach was first applied to analysis of influenza genome in 2005, when it played a critical role in the timely detection of an unprecedented rise in resistance to the adamantane class of anti-influenza drugs. More recently, pyrosequencing was successfully applied for monitoring the emergence and spread of influenza A (H1N1) virus resistance to oseltamivir, a newer anti-influenza drug. The present report summarizes known applications of the pyrosequencing approach for influenza genome analysis with an emphasis on drug-resistance detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varough M Deyde
- Virus Surveillance and Diagnosis Branch, Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Mail Stop G-16, 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
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