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Bezerra CS, Portilho MM, Frota CC, Villar LM. Comparison of four extraction methods for the detection of hepatitis B virus DNA in dried blood spot samples. Microbiologyopen 2021; 10:e1161. [PMID: 33970537 PMCID: PMC8107022 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.1161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The dried blood spot (DBS) samples are a useful resource for viral DNA isolation and important in increasing access to HBV diagnosis. However, the choice of the DNA extraction method is crucial for reliable results. We compared the reliability of four DNA extraction methods using DBS samples for the qualitative and quantitative detection of HBV. A panel of serially diluted HBV DNA in whole blood was spotted onto filter paper (Whatman 903 paper and Whatman FTA cards). Four methods were used to extract DNA: QIAamp® DNA Blood Mini Kit (Qiagen); High Pure Viral Nucleic Acid Kit (Roche); Invisorb Spin Blood Midi Kit (Invitek), and DBS Genomic DNA Isolation Kit (Norgen Biotek). Two qualitative PCRs for the core and surface gene regions of HBV were used, and in‐house real‐time PCR was also evaluated. It was possible to detect HBV DNA using all extraction and PCR protocols. The lowest limit of detection was found using Whatman 903 paper, Roche extraction, and qualitative PCR (20 copies of HBV DNA per ml) for the surface/polymerase HBV region. In the case of in‐house real‐time PCR, the lowest limit of detection was found using both Roche and Qiagen assays (estimated 2 × 103 copies per ml). These results suggest the importance of both the extraction method and PCR protocol in detecting HBV DNA in DBS. This study provides insights into the utility of DBS samples in HBV molecular diagnosis and their feasibility in low resource areas where cold storage and transportation may be difficult.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristianne Sousa Bezerra
- Viral Hepatitis Laboratory, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Departamento de Educação, Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Moyra Machado Portilho
- Viral Hepatitis Laboratory, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Instituto de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, Fiocruz, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Cristiane Cunha Frota
- Departamento de Patologia e Medicina Legal, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Lívia Melo Villar
- Viral Hepatitis Laboratory, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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2
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Min KL, Ryu JY, Chang MJ. Development and clinical applications of the dried blood spot method for therapeutic drug monitoring of anti‐epileptic drugs. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2019; 125:215-236. [DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.13269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kyoung Lok Min
- Department of Pharmaceutical Medicine and Regulatory Sciences, Colleges of Medicine and Pharmacy Yonsei University Incheon Korea
| | - Jae Yeoul Ryu
- Department of Pharmacy and Yonsei Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy Yonsei University Incheon Korea
| | - Min Jung Chang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Medicine and Regulatory Sciences, Colleges of Medicine and Pharmacy Yonsei University Incheon Korea
- Department of Pharmacy and Yonsei Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy Yonsei University Incheon Korea
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3
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Abstract
HIV diagnostics have played a central role in the remarkable progress in identifying, staging, initiating, and monitoring infected individuals on life-saving antiretroviral therapy. They are also useful in surveillance and outbreak responses, allowing for assessment of disease burden and identification of vulnerable populations and transmission "hot spots," thus enabling planning, appropriate interventions, and allocation of appropriate funding. HIV diagnostics are critical in achieving epidemic control and require a hybrid of conventional laboratory-based diagnostic tests and new technologies, including point-of-care (POC) testing, to expand coverage, increase access, and positively impact patient management. In this review, we provide (i) a historical perspective on the evolution of HIV diagnostics (serologic and molecular) and their interplay with WHO normative guidelines, (ii) a description of the role of conventional and POC testing within the tiered laboratory diagnostic network, (iii) information on the evaluations and selection of appropriate diagnostics, (iv) a description of the quality management systems needed to ensure reliability of testing, and (v) strategies to increase access while reducing the time to return results to patients. Maintaining the central role of HIV diagnostics in programs requires periodic monitoring and optimization with quality assurance in order to inform adjustments or alignment to achieve epidemic control.
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4
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Luo W, Davis G, Li L, Shriver MK, Mei J, Styer LM, Parker MM, Smith A, Paz-Bailey G, Ethridge S, Wesolowski L, Owen SM, Masciotra S. Evaluation of dried blood spot protocols with the Bio-Rad GS HIV Combo Ag/Ab EIA and Geenius™ HIV 1/2 Supplemental Assay. J Clin Virol 2017; 91:84-89. [PMID: 28366544 PMCID: PMC11111259 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2017.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Revised: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE FDA-approved antigen/antibody combo and HIV-1/2 differentiation supplemental tests do not have claims for dried blood spot (DBS) use. We compared two DBS-modified protocols, the Bio-Rad GS HIV Combo Ag/Ab (BRC) EIA and Geenius™ HIV-1/2 (Geenius) Supplemental Assay, to plasma protocols and evaluated them in the CDC/APHL HIV diagnostic algorithm. METHODS BRC-DBS p24 analytical sensitivity was calculated from serial dilutions of p24. DBS specimens included 11 HIV-1 seroconverters, 151 HIV-1-positive individuals, including 20 on antiretroviral therapy, 31 HIV-2-positive and one HIV-1/HIV-2-positive individuals. BRC-reactive specimens were tested with Geenius using the same DBS eluate. Matched plasma specimens were tested with BRC, an IgG/IgM immunoassay and Geenius. DBS and plasma results were compared using the McNemar's test. A DBS-algorithm applied to 348 DBS from high-risk individuals who participated in surveillance was compared to HIV status based on local testing algorithms. RESULTS BRC-DBS detects p24 at a concentration 18 times higher than in plasma. In seroconverters, BRC-DBS detected more infections than the IgG/IgM immunoassay in plasma (p=0.0133), but fewer infections than BRC-plasma (p=0.0133). In addition, the BRC/Geenius-plasma algorithm identified more HIV-1 infections than the BRC/Geenius-DBS algorithm (p=0.0455). The DBS protocols correctly identified HIV status for established HIV-1 infections, including those on therapy, HIV-2 infections, and surveillance specimens. CONCLUSIONS The DBS protocols exhibited promising performance and allowed rapid supplemental testing. Although the DBS algorithm missed some early infections, it showed similar results when applied to specimens from a high-risk population. Implementation of a DBS algorithm would benefit testing programs without capacity for venipuncture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Luo
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - LiXia Li
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Joanne Mei
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Linda M Styer
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Monica M Parker
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Amanda Smith
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Steve Ethridge
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - S Michele Owen
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Krone CL, Oja AE, van de Groep K, Sanders EAM, Bogaert D, Trzciński K. Dried Saliva Spots: A Robust Method for Detecting Streptococcus pneumoniae Carriage by PCR. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:343. [PMID: 26959014 PMCID: PMC4813204 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17030343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Revised: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The earliest studies in the late 19th century on Streptococcus pneumoniae (S. pneumoniae) carriage used saliva as the primary specimen. However, interest in saliva declined after the sensitive mouse inoculation method was replaced by conventional culture, which made isolation of pneumococci from the highly polymicrobial oral cavity virtually impossible. Here, we tested the feasibility of using dried saliva spots (DSS) for studies on pneumococcal carriage. Saliva samples from children and pneumococcus-spiked saliva samples from healthy adults were applied to paper, dried, and stored, with and without desiccant, at temperatures ranging from -20 to 37 °C for up to 35 days. DNA extracted from DSS was tested with quantitative-PCR (qPCR) specifically for S. pneumoniae. When processed immediately after drying, the quantity of pneumococcal DNA detected in spiked DSS from adults matched the levels in freshly spiked raw saliva. Furthermore, pneumococcal DNA was stable in DSS stored with desiccant for up to one month over a broad range of temperatures. There were no differences in the results when spiking saliva with varied pneumococcal strains. The collection of saliva can be a particularly useful in surveillance studies conducted in remote settings, as it does not require trained personnel, and DSS are resilient to various transportation conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra L Krone
- Pediatric Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3508 AB Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Anna E Oja
- Pediatric Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3508 AB Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Kirsten van de Groep
- Pediatric Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3508 AB Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Elisabeth A M Sanders
- Pediatric Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3508 AB Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Debby Bogaert
- Pediatric Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3508 AB Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Krzysztof Trzciński
- Pediatric Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3508 AB Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Downs JA, Corstjens PLAM, Mngara J, Lutonja P, Isingo R, Urassa M, Kornelis D, van Dam GJ. Correlation of serum and dried blood spot results for quantitation of Schistosoma circulating anodic antigen: a proof of principle. Acta Trop 2015; 150:59-63. [PMID: 26149541 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2015.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2015] [Revised: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 06/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Circulating anodic antigen (CAA) testing is a powerful, increasingly-used tool for diagnosis of active schistosome infection. We sought to determine the feasibility and reliability of measuring CAA in blood spots collected on Whatman 903 protein saver cards, which are the predominant filter papers used worldwide for dried blood spot (DBS) research and clinical care. CAA was eluted from blood spots collected from 19 individuals onto Whatman 903 cards in Mwanza, Tanzania, and the assay was optimized to achieve CAA ratios comparable to those obtained from the spots' corresponding serum samples. The optimized assay was then used to determine the correlation of serum samples (n=16) with DBS from cards that had been stored for 8 years at ambient temperature. Using a DBS volume equivalent to approximately four times the quantity of serum, CAA testing in DBS had a sensitivity of 76% and a specificity of 79% compared to CAA testing in serum. CAA testing was reliable in samples eluted from Whatman 903 cards that had been stored for 8 years at ambient temperature. The overall kappa coefficient was 0.53 (standard error 0.17, p<0.001). We conclude that CAA can be reliably and accurately measured in DBS collected onto the filter paper that is most commonly used for clinical care and research, and that can be stored from prolonged periods of time. This finding opens new avenues for future work among more than 700million individuals living in areas worldwide in which schistosomes are endemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A Downs
- Center for Global Health, Weill Cornell Medical College, 402 E. 67th Street, Second Floor, New York, NY, USA; Department of Medicine, Bugando Medical Centre, Box 1370, Mwanza, Tanzania.
| | - Paul L A M Corstjens
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Postzone S1-P, Postbus 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Julius Mngara
- National Institute for Medical Research-Mwanza Research Centre, Box 1462, Mwanza, Tanzania.
| | - Peter Lutonja
- National Institute for Medical Research-Mwanza Research Centre, Box 1462, Mwanza, Tanzania.
| | - Raphael Isingo
- National Institute for Medical Research-Mwanza Research Centre, Box 1462, Mwanza, Tanzania.
| | - Mark Urassa
- National Institute for Medical Research-Mwanza Research Centre, Box 1462, Mwanza, Tanzania.
| | - Dieuwke Kornelis
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Govert J van Dam
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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Grüner N, Stambouli O, Ross RS. Dried blood spots--preparing and processing for use in immunoassays and in molecular techniques. J Vis Exp 2015:52619. [PMID: 25867233 PMCID: PMC4397000 DOI: 10.3791/52619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The idea of collecting blood on a paper card and subsequently using the dried blood spots (DBS) for diagnostic purposes originated a century ago. Since then, DBS testing for decades has remained predominantly focused on the diagnosis of infectious diseases especially in resource-limited settings or the systematic screening of newborns for inherited metabolic disorders and only recently have a variety of new and innovative DBS applications begun to emerge. For many years, pre-analytical variables were only inappropriately considered in the field of DBS testing and even today, with the exception of newborn screening, the entire pre-analytical phase, which comprises the preparation and processing of DBS for their final analysis has not been standardized. Given this background, a comprehensive step-by-step protocol, which covers al the essential phases, is proposed, i.e., collection of blood; preparation of blood spots; drying of blood spots; storage and transportation of DBS; elution of DBS, and finally analyses of DBS eluates. The effectiveness of this protocol was first evaluated with 1,762 coupled serum/DBS pairs for detecting markers of hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus, and human immunodeficiency virus infections on an automated analytical platform. In a second step, the protocol was utilized during a pilot study, which was conducted on active drug users in the German cities of Berlin and Essen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nico Grüner
- Institute of Virology, National Reference Centre for Hepatitis C, Essen University Hospital, University of Duisburg-Essen
| | - Oumaima Stambouli
- Institute of Virology, National Reference Centre for Hepatitis C, Essen University Hospital, University of Duisburg-Essen
| | - R Stefan Ross
- Institute of Virology, National Reference Centre for Hepatitis C, Essen University Hospital, University of Duisburg-Essen;
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Chang J, Omuomo K, Anyango E, Kingwara L, Basiye F, Morwabe A, Shanmugam V, Nguyen S, Sabatier J, Zeh C, Ellenberger D. Field evaluation of Abbott Real Time HIV-1 Qualitative test for early infant diagnosis using dried blood spots samples in comparison to Roche COBAS Ampliprep/COBAS TaqMan HIV-1 Qual test in Kenya. J Virol Methods 2014; 204:25-30. [PMID: 24726703 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2014.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2013] [Revised: 03/11/2014] [Accepted: 03/14/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Timely diagnosis and treatment of infants infected with HIV are critical for reducing infant mortality. High-throughput automated diagnostic tests like Roche COBAS AmpliPrep/COBAS TaqMan HIV-1 Qual Test (Roche CAPCTM Qual) and the Abbott Real Time HIV-1 Qualitative (Abbott Qualitative) can be used to rapidly expand early infant diagnosis testing services. In this study, the performance characteristics of the Abbott Qualitative were evaluated using two hundred dried blood spots (DBS) samples (100 HIV-1 positive and 100 HIV-1 negative) collected from infants attending the antenatal facilities in Kisumu, Kenya. The Abbott Qualitative results were compared to the diagnostic testing completed using the Roche CAPCTM Qual in Kenya. The sensitivity and specificity of the Abbott Qualitative were 99.0% (95% CI: 95.0-100.0) and 100.0% (95% CI: 96.0-100.0), respectively, and the overall reproducibility was 98.0% (95% CI: 86.0-100.0). The limits of detection for the Abbott Qualitative and Roche CAPCTM Qual were 56.5 and 6.9copies/mL at 95% CIs (p=0.005), respectively. The study findings demonstrate that the Abbott Qualitative test is a practical option for timely diagnosis of HIV in infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joy Chang
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - Kenneth Omuomo
- Kenya Medical Research Institute (CDC/KEMRI), Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Emily Anyango
- Kenya Medical Research Institute (CDC/KEMRI), Kisumu, Kenya
| | | | - Frank Basiye
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Kenya
| | - Alex Morwabe
- Kenya Medical Research Institute (CDC/KEMRI), Kisumu, Kenya
| | | | - Shon Nguyen
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Clement Zeh
- Kenya Medical Research Institute (CDC/KEMRI), Kisumu, Kenya
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Rincón JP, Meesters RJW. Evaluation of peripheral blood microsampling techniques in combination with liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry for the determination of drug pharmacokinetics in clinical studies. Drug Test Anal 2013; 6:568-77. [PMID: 24259410 DOI: 10.1002/dta.1582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2013] [Revised: 09/30/2013] [Accepted: 10/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
New bioanalytical assays were developed, validated, and applied in a clinical study for quantitative measurement of acetaminophen concentrations in blood and plasma samples. Furthermore, after validation, the bioanalytical assays were used for determination of pharmacokinetics within a group of six healthy male human volunteers after admission of a single oral dose of 500 mg of acetaminophen. Quantitative analyses were done by means of liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry and blood samples were collected at various sampling time points using different peripheral blood microsampling techniques. Post-dose peripheral collected blood samples were applied for the preparation of dry blood spots, dried matrix on paper discs, and peripheral plasma. Pharmacokinetic parameters determined were clearance (Cl), area under the curve (AUC), volume of distribution (Vd ), peak concentration (Cmax ), time of occurrence of peak concentration (Tmax ) and half-life time (T½ ). Observed pharmacokinetic values were not statistically (ANOVA) different compared to in literature reported values based on venous blood collection. The present pilot study demonstrated the feasibility of peripheral blood microsampling techniques in combination with quantitative liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry analysis for the determination of pharmacokinetics in clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan P Rincón
- Grupo de Investigación en Química Analítica y Bioanalítica (GABIO), Universidad de los Andes, Cra. 1 No. 18ª-10, Bogotá D.C., Colombia
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State-of-the-art dried blood spot analysis: an overview of recent advances and future trends. Bioanalysis 2013; 5:2187-208. [DOI: 10.4155/bio.13.175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Dried blood spots have become a popular method in a variety of micro blood-sampling techniques in the life sciences sector, consequently competing with the field of conventional, invasive blood sampling by venepuncture. Dried blood spots are widely applied in numerous bioanalytical assays and have gained a significant role in the screening of inherited metabolic diseases, in PK and PD modeling; in the treatment and diagnosis of infectious diseases; and in therapeutic drug monitoring. Recent technological developments such as automation, online extraction, mass spectrometric direct analysis and also conventional dried blood spot bioanalysis, as well as future developments in dried blood spot bioanalysis are highlighted and presented in this article.
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Measuring the TREC ratio in dried blood spot samples: Intra- and inter-filter paper cards reproducibility. J Immunol Methods 2013; 389:1-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2012.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2012] [Revised: 12/06/2012] [Accepted: 12/10/2012] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Abstract
Although personalised nutrition is frequently considered in the context of diet-gene interactions, increasingly, personalised nutrition is seen to exist at three levels. The first is personalised dietary advice using Internet-delivered services, which ultimately will become automated and which will also draw on mobile phone technology. The second level of personalised dietary advice will include phenotypic information on anthropometry, physical activity, clinical parameters and biochemical markers of nutritional status. It remains possible that in addition to personalised dietary advice based on phenotypic data, advice at that group or metabotype level may be offered where metabotypes are defined by a common metabolic profile. The third level of personalised nutrition will involve the use of genomic data. While the genomic aspect of personalised nutrition is often considered as its main driver, there are significant challenges to translation of data on SNP and diet into personalised advice. The majority of the published data on SNP and diet emanate from observational studies and as such do not offer any cause-effect associations. To achieve this, purpose-designed dietary intervention studies will be needed with subjects recruited according to their genotype. Extensive research indicates that consumers would welcome personalised dietary advice including dietary advice based on their genotype. Unlike personalised medicine where genotype data are linked to the risk of developing a disease, in personalised nutrition the genetic data relate to the optimal diet for a given genotype to reduce disease risk factors and thus there are few ethical and legal issues in personalised nutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Plamen A. Demirev
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel,
Maryland 20723, United States
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Lang PO, Govind S, Dramé M, Aspinall R. Comparison of manual and automated DNA purification for measuring TREC in dried blood spot (DBS) samples with qPCR. J Immunol Methods 2012; 384:118-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2012.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2012] [Revised: 07/24/2012] [Accepted: 07/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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