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Li M, Yang Y, Lu Y, Zhang D, Liu Y, Cui X, Yang L, Liu R, Liu J, Li G, Qu J. Natural Host-Environmental Media-Human: A New Potential Pathway of COVID-19 Outbreak. ENGINEERING (BEIJING, CHINA) 2020; 6:1085-1098. [PMID: 33520330 PMCID: PMC7834166 DOI: 10.1016/j.eng.2020.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Identifying the first infected case (patient zero) is key in tracing the origin of a virus; however, doing so is extremely challenging. Patient zero for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is likely to be permanently unknown. Here, we propose a new viral transmission route by focusing on the environmental media containing viruses of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) or RaTG3-related bat-borne coronavirus (Bat-CoV), which we term the "environmental quasi-host." We reason that the environmental quasi-host is likely to be a key node in helping recognize the origin of SARS-CoV-2; thus, SARS-CoV-2 might be transmitted along the route of natural host-environmental media-human. Reflecting upon viral outbreaks in the history of humanity, we realize that many epidemic events are caused by direct contact between humans and environmental media containing infectious viruses. Indeed, contacts between humans and environmental quasi-hosts are greatly increasing as the space of human activity incrementally overlaps with animals' living spaces, due to the rapid development and population growth of human society. Moreover, viruses can survive for a long time in environmental media. Therefore, we propose a new potential mechanism to trace the origin of the COVID-19 outbreak.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Li
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yunfeng Yang
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yun Lu
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Dayi Zhang
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yi Liu
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xiaofeng Cui
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Lei Yang
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Ruiping Liu
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jianguo Liu
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Guanghe Li
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jiuhui Qu
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
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Polyvalent Human Immune Globulin: A Prospective, Open-Label Study Assessing Anti-Hepatitis A Virus (HAV) Antibody Levels, Pharmacokinetics, and Safety in HAV-Seronegative Healthy Subjects. Adv Ther 2020; 37:2373-2389. [PMID: 32301062 PMCID: PMC7467477 DOI: 10.1007/s12325-020-01327-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Background Analytical data suggesting that immunoglobulin given intramuscularly (IGIM) may have reduced protection against hepatitis A virus (HAV) infection led to an update in the recommended IGIM dose (0.2 ml/kg). Methods This prospective, open-label, single-arm clinical study evaluated whether a single 0.2 ml/kg dose of IGIM provided protective levels of anti-HAV antibodies (≥ 10 mIU/ml for up to 60 days) in HAV-seronegative healthy adults. Results Of the 28 subjects enrolled and dosed, 26 (93%) completed the study. Mean uncorrected anti-HAV antibody titers peaked at 109 mIU/ml on day 5 and stayed above 10 mIU/ml through day 60 (N = 26). The mean uncorrected anti-HAV antibody titers had a median Tmax of 95.33 h, a mean Cmax of 118 mIU/ml, and a mean observed Thalf of 63.3 days; baseline-corrected titers had a median Tmax of 95.33 h, a mean Cmax of 114 mIU/ml, and a mean observed Thalf of 47.1 days (N = 27). All subjects (28/28) experienced at least 1 treatment-emergent adverse event (TEAE), with a total of 83 TEAEs reported; none was serious, and 96% (80/83) resolved without sequelae. Most (63%) events judged definitely and possibly related to study treatment involved localized pain due to intramuscular injections. There were no serious adverse events and no deaths or discontinuations due to TEAEs. Conclusions A single 0.2 ml/kg dose of IGIM provided protective anti-HAV levels for at least 60 days, with acceptable safety and tolerability profiles in healthy subjects. Uncorrected and baseline-corrected pharmacokinetic findings were similar and consistent with the corresponding sampling points in previous research. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier, NCT03351933.
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Melgaço FG, Corrêa AA, Ganime AC, Brandão MLL, Medeiros VDM, Rosas CDO, Lopes SMDR, Miagostovich MP. Evaluation of skimmed milk flocculation method for virus recovery from tomatoes. Braz J Microbiol 2018; 49 Suppl 1:34-39. [PMID: 30166268 PMCID: PMC6328929 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjm.2018.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2018] [Revised: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the elution-concentration methodology based on skimmed milk flocculation from three varieties of tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum L. [globe], Solanum lycopersicum var. cerasiforme [cherry] and hybrid cocktail [grape tomato]) for further monitoring of field samples. Spiking experiments were performed to determine the success rate and efficiency recovery of human norovirus (NoV) genogroup II, norovirus murine-1 (MNV-1) used as sample process control virus and human adenovirus (HAdV). Mean values of 18.8%, 2.8% and 44.0% were observed for NoV GII, MNV-1 and HAdV, respectively with differences according to the types of tomatoes, with lower efficiency for cherry tomatoes. Analysis of 90 samples, obtained at commercial establishments in the metropolitan region of Rio de Janeiro State, revealed 4.5% positivity for HAdV. Bacterial analysis was also performed with no detection of Salmonella spp., L. monocytogenes and fecal coliforms. Data demonstrated that the skimmed milk flocculation method is suitable for recovering HAdV from tomatoes and highlights the need for considering investigation in order to improve food safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiana Gil Melgaço
- Instituto Oswaldo Cruz - Fiocruz, Laboratório de Virologia Comparativa e Ambiental, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
| | | | - Ana Carolina Ganime
- Instituto Oswaldo Cruz - Fiocruz, Laboratório de Virologia Comparativa e Ambiental, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Luiz Lima Brandão
- Instituto Oswaldo Cruz - Fiocruz, Instituto Nacional de Controle de Qualidade em Saúde, Departamento de Imunologia, Laboratório de Vacinas Virais, Biofarmacêuticos e Cultura Celular, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Valéria de Mello Medeiros
- Instituto Oswaldo Cruz - Fiocruz, Instituto Nacional de Controle de Qualidade em Saúde, Departamento de Microbiologia, Setor de Alimentos, Laboratório de Alimentos e Saneantes, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Carla de Oliveira Rosas
- Instituto Oswaldo Cruz - Fiocruz, Instituto Nacional de Controle de Qualidade em Saúde, Departamento de Microbiologia, Setor de Alimentos, Laboratório de Alimentos e Saneantes, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Silvia Maria Dos Reis Lopes
- Instituto Oswaldo Cruz - Fiocruz, Instituto Nacional de Controle de Qualidade em Saúde, Departamento de Microbiologia, Setor de Alimentos, Laboratório de Alimentos e Saneantes, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Marize Pereira Miagostovich
- Instituto Oswaldo Cruz - Fiocruz, Laboratório de Virologia Comparativa e Ambiental, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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Muñoz-Martínez SG, Díaz-Hernández HA, Suárez-Flores D, Sánchez-Ávila JF, Gamboa-Domínguez A, García-Juárez I, Torre A. Atypical manifestations of hepatitis A virus infection. REVISTA DE GASTROENTEROLOGÍA DE MÉXICO 2018; 83:134-143. [PMID: 29685743 DOI: 10.1016/j.rgmx.2017.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Revised: 09/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Acute hepatitis due to the hepatitis A virus usually has a short, benign and self-limited course, without causing chronic hepatitis. However, some cases have an atypical presentation, such as relapsing hepatitis, prolonged or persistent cholestasis, fulminant hepatic failure, or liver failure associated with autoimmune hepatitis. The typical clinical course of acute hepatitis A virus infection is spontaneous remission in 90% of the cases, but atypical cases have a prevalence that varies from less than 1 to 20%, depending on the manifestation (overall prevalence ∼7%). There is little information on the atypical clinical courses of hepatitis A virus infection and the lack of recognizing those presentations in clinical practice often results in carrying out numerous studies and treatments that not only are unnecessary, but can also be harmful. The aim of the present article was to describe 3 clinical cases of atypical hepatitis A infection and provide a literature review of such cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- S G Muñoz-Martínez
- Departamento de Gastroenterología, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Ciudad de México, México
| | - H A Díaz-Hernández
- Departamento de Gastroenterología, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Ciudad de México, México
| | - D Suárez-Flores
- Departamento de Anatomía Patológica, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Ciudad de México, México
| | - J F Sánchez-Ávila
- Departamento de Gastroenterología, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Ciudad de México, México; Unidad de Hepatología y Trasplante hepático, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Ciudad de México, México
| | - A Gamboa-Domínguez
- Departamento de Anatomía Patológica, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Ciudad de México, México
| | - I García-Juárez
- Departamento de Gastroenterología, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Ciudad de México, México; Unidad de Hepatología y Trasplante hepático, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Ciudad de México, México
| | - A Torre
- Departamento de Gastroenterología, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Ciudad de México, México; Unidad de Hepatología y Trasplante hepático, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Ciudad de México, México.
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Shin E, Kim JS, Oh KH, Oh SS, Kwon M, Kim S, Park J, Kwak HS, Chung GT, Kim CJ, Kim J. A waterborne outbreak involving hepatitis A virus genotype IA at a residential facility in the Republic of Korea in 2015. J Clin Virol 2017; 94:63-66. [PMID: 28759774 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2017.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Revised: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 07/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatitis A virus (HAV), a major cause of acute hepatitis, has had the highest occurrence among group 1 nationally notifiable infectious diseases in Korea since 2010.Recently,the annual increase in the HAV infection rate among young adults has become a public health concern. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to describe an outbreak of acute hepatitis in a residential facility in April 2015 and to identify potential sources of this outbreak. STUDY DESIGN Sera from all exposed residents were tested for anti-HAV IgM or IgG antibodies by ELISA. Clinical (sera and stool) and environmental samples were screened for the presence of HAV RNA using one-step RT-PCR and nested PCR. The VP3-VP1 regions of HAV were analyzed using the BLAST database and MEGA7 software. RESULTS Of the 82 persons in the facility, 12 (14.6%, including 10 residents and 2 health care workers) were diagnosed with hepatitis A. Clinical symptoms were evident in 9 individuals, one of whom died, and the remaining four patients were asymptomatic. Traceback investigation revealed that HAV-RNA (genotype IA) was detected in the patients' stools and the groundwater used in the facility. CONCLUSIONS We described an HAV outbreak in a facility for the disabled due to using a water supply that was mixed with contaminated groundwater. Therefore, HAV vaccination and periodic water inspections in group facilities should be emphasized to prevent HAV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunkyung Shin
- Division of Enteric Diseases, Center for Infectious Diseases, Korea National Institute of Health, Chungcheongbuk-do, Republic of Korea; College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon Metropolitan City, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Seok Kim
- Division of Enteric Diseases, Center for Infectious Diseases, Korea National Institute of Health, Chungcheongbuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Hwan Oh
- Division of Enteric Diseases, Center for Infectious Diseases, Korea National Institute of Health, Chungcheongbuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Suck Oh
- Incheon Research Institute of Public Health and Environment, Incheon Metropolitan City, Republic of Korea
| | - MunJu Kwon
- Incheon Research Institute of Public Health and Environment, Incheon Metropolitan City, Republic of Korea
| | - Soojin Kim
- Division of Enteric Diseases, Center for Infectious Diseases, Korea National Institute of Health, Chungcheongbuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Jungsun Park
- Division of Enteric Diseases, Center for Infectious Diseases, Korea National Institute of Health, Chungcheongbuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo-Sun Kwak
- Division of Enteric Diseases, Center for Infectious Diseases, Korea National Institute of Health, Chungcheongbuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyung Tae Chung
- Division of Enteric Diseases, Center for Infectious Diseases, Korea National Institute of Health, Chungcheongbuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Chul-Joong Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon Metropolitan City, Republic of Korea
| | - Junyoung Kim
- Division of Enteric Diseases, Center for Infectious Diseases, Korea National Institute of Health, Chungcheongbuk-do, Republic of Korea.
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Miura Y, Kanda T, Yasui S, Takahashi K, Haga Y, Sasaki R, Nakamura M, Wu S, Nakamoto S, Arai M, Nishizawa T, Okamoto H, Yokosuka O. Hepatitis A virus genotype IA-infected patient with marked elevation of aspartate aminotransferase levels. Clin J Gastroenterol 2016; 10:52-56. [PMID: 27848147 DOI: 10.1007/s12328-016-0700-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
We describe a case of acute liver failure (ALF) without hepatic encephalopathy with marked elevation of aminotransferase due to hepatitis A, according to the revised Japanese criteria of ALF. This liver biopsy of the patient showed compatible to acute viral hepatitis and she immediately recovered without intensive care. She had no comorbid disorders. Of interest, phylogenetic tree analysis using almost complete genomes of hepatitis A virus (HAV) demonstrated that the HAV isolate from her belonged to the HAV subgenotype IA strain and was similar to the HAJFF-Kan12 strain (99% nucleotide identity) or FH1 strain (98% nucleotide identity), which is associated with severe or fulminant hepatitis A. Careful interpretation of the association between HAV genome variations and severity of hepatitis A is needed and the mechanism of the severe hepatitis should be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshifumi Miura
- Department of Gastroenterology and Nephrology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan
| | - Tatsuo Kanda
- Department of Gastroenterology and Nephrology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan.
| | - Shin Yasui
- Department of Gastroenterology and Nephrology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan
| | - Koji Takahashi
- Department of Gastroenterology and Nephrology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan
| | - Yuki Haga
- Department of Gastroenterology and Nephrology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan
| | - Reina Sasaki
- Department of Gastroenterology and Nephrology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan
| | - Masato Nakamura
- Department of Gastroenterology and Nephrology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan
| | - Shuang Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Nephrology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan
| | - Shingo Nakamoto
- Department of Molecular Virology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan
| | - Makoto Arai
- Department of Gastroenterology and Nephrology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Nishizawa
- Division of Virology, Department of Infection and Immunity, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, 329-0498, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Okamoto
- Division of Virology, Department of Infection and Immunity, Jichi Medical University School of Medicine, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, 329-0498, Japan
| | - Osamu Yokosuka
- Department of Gastroenterology and Nephrology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-8670, Japan
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Ronholm J, Nasheri N, Petronella N, Pagotto F. Navigating Microbiological Food Safety in the Era of Whole-Genome Sequencing. Clin Microbiol Rev 2016; 29:837-57. [PMID: 27559074 PMCID: PMC5010751 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00056-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The epidemiological investigation of a foodborne outbreak, including identification of related cases, source attribution, and development of intervention strategies, relies heavily on the ability to subtype the etiological agent at a high enough resolution to differentiate related from nonrelated cases. Historically, several different molecular subtyping methods have been used for this purpose; however, emerging techniques, such as single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)-based techniques, that use whole-genome sequencing (WGS) offer a resolution that was previously not possible. With WGS, unlike traditional subtyping methods that lack complete information, data can be used to elucidate phylogenetic relationships and disease-causing lineages can be tracked and monitored over time. The subtyping resolution and evolutionary context provided by WGS data allow investigators to connect related illnesses that would be missed by traditional techniques. The added advantage of data generated by WGS is that these data can also be used for secondary analyses, such as virulence gene detection, antibiotic resistance gene profiling, synteny comparisons, mobile genetic element identification, and geographic attribution. In addition, several software packages are now available to generate in silico results for traditional molecular subtyping methods from the whole-genome sequence, allowing for efficient comparison with historical databases. Metagenomic approaches using next-generation sequencing have also been successful in the detection of nonculturable foodborne pathogens. This review addresses state-of-the-art techniques in microbial WGS and analysis and then discusses how this technology can be used to help support food safety investigations. Retrospective outbreak investigations using WGS are presented to provide organism-specific examples of the benefits, and challenges, associated with WGS in comparison to traditional molecular subtyping techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Ronholm
- Bureau of Microbial Hazards, Food Directorate, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Neda Nasheri
- Bureau of Microbial Hazards, Food Directorate, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Nicholas Petronella
- Biostatistics and Modelling Division, Bureau of Food Surveillance and Science Integration, Food Directorate, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Franco Pagotto
- Bureau of Microbial Hazards, Food Directorate, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada Listeriosis Reference Centre, Bureau of Microbial Hazards, Food Directorate, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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Epidemiological investigation of a jaundice outbreak in Kishangarh, Rajasthan, India, 2014. J Public Health (Oxf) 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10389-015-0702-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Li KK, Penrice GM, Gunson RN. An outbreak of hepatitis A virus associated with a multi-national inner-city nursery in Glasgow, Scotland. J Clin Virol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2015.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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