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Hogben E, Khamrin P, Kumthip K, Yodmeeklin A, Maneekarn N. Distribution and molecular characterization of saffold virus and human cosavirus in children admitted to hospitals with acute gastroenteritis in Thailand, 2017-2022. J Med Virol 2023; 95:e29159. [PMID: 37805831 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.29159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/09/2023]
Abstract
Saffold virus (SAFV) and human cosavirus (HCoSV) are emerging viruses of the Picornaviridae family. They have been shown to associate with gastrointestinal infection and more recently these viruses have also been demonstrated to associate with other clinical infections such as the respiratory tract, cardiovascular system, and the cerebral ventricular system. In this study, 2459 stool specimens collected from pediatric patients admitted to hospitals with acute gastroenteritis from January 2017 to December 2022, were screened for SAFV and HCoSV utilizing reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Positive samples were then characterized into genotypes via nucleotide sequencing and bioinformatic analysis. Of the 2459 samples, 21 and 39 were positive for SAFV (0.9%) and HCoSV (1.6%), respectively. Three genotypes of SAFV were identified-SAFV-1 (38%), SAFV-2 (24%), and SAFV-3 (38%). Two genetic groups of HCoSV were identified-HCoSV-C (97%) and HCoSV-A (3%), demonstrating a large increase of HCoSV-C as compared to those reported previously from the same geographical region in Thailand. This study provides the prevalence of SAFV and HCoSV genotypes in Chiang Mai, Thailand during a period of 6 years from 2017 to 2022.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Hogben
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Pattara Khamrin
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Emerging and Re-emerging Diarrheal Viruses, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Kattareeya Kumthip
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Emerging and Re-emerging Diarrheal Viruses, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Arpaporn Yodmeeklin
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Emerging and Re-emerging Diarrheal Viruses, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Niwat Maneekarn
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Emerging and Re-emerging Diarrheal Viruses, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
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Okuwa T, Himeda T, Utani K, Higuchi M. Generation of a recombinant Saffold Virus expressing UnaG as a marker for the visualization of viral infection. Virol J 2023; 20:175. [PMID: 37550694 PMCID: PMC10408109 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-023-02142-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Saffold virus (SAFV), which belongs to the genus Cardiovirus of the family Picornaviridae, is associated with acute respiratory or gastrointestinal illnesses in children; it is also suspected to cause severe diseases, such as acute flaccid paralysis and aseptic meningitis. However, the understanding of the mechanism of its pathogenicity is still limited due to the many unknowns about its lifecycle; for example, the cellular receptor for its infection remains to be determined. A system to monitor SAFV infection in vitro and in vivo is required in order to accelerate research on SAFV. RESULTS We generated a recombinant SAFV expressing green fluorescent protein (GFP) or UnaG, a novel fluorescent protein derived from Japanese eel. HeLa cells infected by either GFP or UnaG-expressing SAFV showed a bright green fluorescent signal, enabling convenient monitoring of SAFV infection. However, the expression of GFP but not UnaG was quickly lost during virus passaging due to the difference in genetic stability in the SAFV virus genome; the UnaG gene was stably maintained in the virus genome after at least five passages. CONCLUSIONS SAFV infection of cultured cells can easily be monitored using UnaG-expressing SAFV, which is superior to GFP in terms of genetic stability in the virus genome. This virus could be a useful tool for SAFV research, such as comparing the susceptibility of various cells to SAFV infection and evaluating the effects of antivirals on SAFV infection in high-throughput screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takako Okuwa
- Department of Microbiology, Kanazawa Medical University School of Medicine, 1-1 Daigaku, Uchinada, Ishikawa, 920-0293, Japan
| | - Toshiki Himeda
- Department of Microbiology, Kanazawa Medical University School of Medicine, 1-1 Daigaku, Uchinada, Ishikawa, 920-0293, Japan
| | - Koichi Utani
- Department of Microbiology, Kanazawa Medical University School of Medicine, 1-1 Daigaku, Uchinada, Ishikawa, 920-0293, Japan
| | - Masaya Higuchi
- Department of Microbiology, Kanazawa Medical University School of Medicine, 1-1 Daigaku, Uchinada, Ishikawa, 920-0293, Japan.
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López GR, Martinez LM, Freyre L, Freire MC, Vladimirsky S, Rabossi A, Cisterna DM. Persistent Detection of Cosavirus and Saffold Cardiovirus in Riachuelo River, Argentina. FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL VIROLOGY 2021; 13:64-73. [PMID: 33165867 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-020-09451-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Cosaviruses (CoSV) and Saffold cardiovirus (SAFV) are novel members of the Picornaviridae family. The Matanza-Riachuelo river basin covers a total area of 2200 km2 with approximately 60 km long. Its last section is called Riachuelo River. The aim of this study was to describe the circulation of both picornaviruses and their relationship with the environmental situation of the Riachuelo River using 274 samples collected from 2005 to 2015. CoSV and SAFV were investigated in samples available by two periods: 2005-2006 and 2014-2015 (103 and 101, respectively). Physicochemical and bacteriological parameters confirmed very high levels of human fecal contamination during the 11 years evaluated. CoSV was detected in 85.7% (66/77) and 65.4% (17/26) of the samples collected in 2005-2006 and 2014-2015 periods, respectively. Species A and D were identified, the first one being widely predominant: 74.1% (20/27) and 75.0% (3/4) in both periods. SAFV virus was detected in 47.1% (32/68) and 52.6% (10/19) in periods 2005-2006 and 2014-2015, respectively. SAFV-6 was the most identified genotype in the entire study, while SAFV-3 was predominant in 2005-2006. The contribution of genotypes 1, 2, 4 and 8 was minor. The high prevalence of CoSV and SAFV suggests that both viruses have been circulating in Argentina at least since 2005. Our results show that a watercourse with high rates of human fecal contamination can become a persistent source of new viruses which capacity to produce human diseases is unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Riviello López
- Prefectura Naval Argentina, Av. Eduardo Madero 235 (1106ACC), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Leila Marina Martinez
- Departamento de Virología, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Infecciosas, ANLIS "Dr. Carlos G. Malbran", Av. Velez Sarsfield 563 (1282AFF), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Laura Freyre
- Prefectura Naval Argentina, Av. Eduardo Madero 235 (1106ACC), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Cecilia Freire
- Departamento de Virología, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Infecciosas, ANLIS "Dr. Carlos G. Malbran", Av. Velez Sarsfield 563 (1282AFF), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Sara Vladimirsky
- Departamento de Virología, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Infecciosas, ANLIS "Dr. Carlos G. Malbran", Av. Velez Sarsfield 563 (1282AFF), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alejandro Rabossi
- IIBBA-CONICET and FIL, Av. Patricias Argentinas 435 (1405BWE), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Daniel Marcelo Cisterna
- Departamento de Virología, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Infecciosas, ANLIS "Dr. Carlos G. Malbran", Av. Velez Sarsfield 563 (1282AFF), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Bonanno Ferraro G, Mancini P, Veneri C, Iaconelli M, Suffredini E, Brandtner D, La Rosa G. Evidence of Saffold virus circulation in Italy provided through environmental surveillance. Lett Appl Microbiol 2019; 70:102-108. [PMID: 31742735 DOI: 10.1111/lam.13249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Revised: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Saffold virus (SAFV) is an emerging human cardiovirus associated with respiratory and gastrointestinal infection, and, more recently, to symptoms related to the endocrine, cardiovascular, and neurological systems. Information about SAFV circulation in Italy is scarce. In order to provide insights into the epidemiology of SAFV in Italy, 141 raw sewage samples collected throughout Italy were tested using broad-range nested RT-PCR primers targeting the 5'-NC region. Seven samples (5·0%) were confirmed as SAFV in samples collected in North, Centre and Southern Italy. Typing was attempted through amplification of the VP1 coding region, using both published and newly designed primers, and one sample was characterized as SAFV-2. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: Prevalence, genetic diversity and geographic distribution of SAFV in Italy is currently unknown. This study represents the first detection of SAFV in sewage samples in Italy, suggesting that it is circulating in the population despite lack of clinical reporting. Whether the virus is associated with asymptomatic cases or with undetected gastroenteritis or respiratory illness is unknown. Further studies are needed to investigate on the occurrence and persistence of SAFV in water environments and its waterborne transmission potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Bonanno Ferraro
- Department of Environment and Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - P Mancini
- Department of Environment and Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - C Veneri
- Department of Environment and Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - M Iaconelli
- Department of Environment and Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - E Suffredini
- Department of Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | | | - G La Rosa
- Department of Environment and Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Saffold virus (SAFV) is a novel human cardiovirus that was identified in 2007. Recently, SAFV has been isolated from nasal and stool specimens of infants presenting with respiratory and gastrointestinal symptoms and from cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) specimens of children with central nervous system infection. However, little is known regarding clinical characteristics of SAFV in children. METHODS We reviewed 5412 specimens from the database of the infectious agents surveillance system in Niigata prefecture, Japan, between January 2006 and December 2013, and identified SAFV-infected patients. Subsequently, we retrospectively reviewed their medical records and evaluated their clinical characteristics. RESULTS We identified 9 SAFV-infected patients (median age: 5 years; range: 2-16 years). Seven patients were diagnosed with pharyngitis, one with meningitis and one with fever of unknown origin. Dominant symptoms were high fever, appetite loss and headache. The median duration of the fevers was 2 days in patients with pharyngitis; however, the patient with meningitis remained febrile for 5 days. All blood tests available in this case series revealed leukocytosis with a predominance of neutrophils. CSF profiles showed mild lymphocytic pleocytosis. All patients recovered fully without complications. CONCLUSIONS A few clinical characteristics of SAFV infection were clarified, including high fever of short duration in patients with pharyngitis, and neutrophil-dominant leukocytosis. The clinical course and CSF profiles of a case of meningitis were similar to those of other aseptic meningitis. SAFV needs to be included in the differential diagnosis of pharyngitis or meningitis when commonly identified viruses are not identified in such patients.
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Lindner K, Ludwig M, Bootz F, Reber U, Safavieh Z, Eis-Hübinger AM, Herberhold S. Frequent detection of Saffold cardiovirus in adenoids. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0218873. [PMID: 31269055 PMCID: PMC6608973 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0218873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Saffold virus (SAFV) is classified into the Cardiovirus genus of the Picornaviridae family. Up to now, eleven genotypes have been identified however, their clinical significance remains unclear. Here, we investigated the presence of SAFV in asymptomatic patients admitted for adenoidectomy. A total of 70 adenoid tissue samples were collected from children with clinical symptoms caused by hypertrophy of adenoids but without symptoms of airway infection. Samples were investigated for SAFV by RT-nested PCR and sequence analysis. Eleven of 70 (15.7%) samples were positive for SAFV. Nasopharyngeal swabs were available from 45 children just before surgery. SAFV was rarely found and only in children with SAFV-positive adenoids 2/8. Our findings indicate that the presence of SAFV seems to be more frequent in adenoid tissue than expected. This could support the notion of a longer than previously anticipated persistence of SAFV nucleic acids in the respiratory tract and possibly a chronic infection. Further investigations are necessary to establish the role of SAFV infection in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kira Lindner
- ENT Department, Head and Neck Surgery, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Michael Ludwig
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Friedrich Bootz
- ENT Department, Head and Neck Surgery, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Ulrike Reber
- Institute of Virology, University of Bonn Medical Centre, Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Anna Maria Eis-Hübinger
- Institute of Virology, University of Bonn Medical Centre, Bonn, Germany
- * E-mail: (AMEH); (SH)
| | - Stephan Herberhold
- ENT Department, Head and Neck Surgery, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- * E-mail: (AMEH); (SH)
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Schlaberg R, Queen K, Simmon K, Tardif K, Stockmann C, Flygare S, Kennedy B, Voelkerding K, Bramley A, Zhang J, Eilbeck K, Yandell M, Jain S, Pavia AT, Tong S, Ampofo K. Viral Pathogen Detection by Metagenomics and Pan-Viral Group Polymerase Chain Reaction in Children With Pneumonia Lacking Identifiable Etiology. J Infect Dis 2017; 215:1407-1415. [PMID: 28368491 PMCID: PMC5565793 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jix148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background. Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is a leading cause of pediatric hospitalization. Pathogen identification fails in approximately 20% of children but is critical for optimal treatment and prevention of hospital-acquired infections. We used two broad-spectrum detection strategies to identify pathogens in test-negative children with CAP and asymptomatic controls. Methods. Nasopharyngeal/oropharyngeal (NP/OP) swabs from 70 children <5 years with CAP of unknown etiology and 90 asymptomatic controls were tested by next-generation sequencing (RNA-seq) and pan viral group (PVG) PCR for 19 viral families. Association of viruses with CAP was assessed by adjusted odds ratios (aOR) and 95% confidence intervals controlling for season and age group. Results. RNA-seq/PVG PCR detected previously missed, putative pathogens in 34% of patients. Putative viral pathogens included human parainfluenza virus 4 (aOR 9.3, P = .12), human bocavirus (aOR 9.1, P < .01), Coxsackieviruses (aOR 5.1, P = .09), rhinovirus A (aOR 3.5, P = .34), and rhinovirus C (aOR 2.9, P = .57). RNA-seq was more sensitive for RNA viruses whereas PVG PCR detected more DNA viruses. Conclusions. RNA-seq and PVG PCR identified additional viruses, some known to be pathogenic, in NP/OP specimens from one-third of children hospitalized with CAP without a previously identified etiology. Both broad-range methods could be useful tools in future epidemiologic and diagnostic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Schlaberg
- Department of Pathology.,ARUP Institute for Clinical and Experimental Pathology, Salt Lake City, Utah ; and
| | - Krista Queen
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | | | - Keith Tardif
- ARUP Institute for Clinical and Experimental Pathology, Salt Lake City, Utah; and
| | | | | | - Brett Kennedy
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah, and
| | - Karl Voelkerding
- Department of Pathology.,ARUP Institute for Clinical and Experimental Pathology, Salt Lake City, Utah ; and
| | - Anna Bramley
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Jing Zhang
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | | | - Mark Yandell
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah, and
| | - Seema Jain
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | | | - Suxiang Tong
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
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Tan SZK, Tan MZY, Prabakaran M. Saffold virus, an emerging human cardiovirus. Rev Med Virol 2016; 27. [PMID: 27723176 PMCID: PMC7169152 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.1908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Revised: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Saffold virus (SAFV) is an emerging human cardiovirus that has been shown to be ubiquitous. Initial studies of SAFV focused on respiratory and gastrointestinal infection; however, it has also recently been associated with diverse clinical symptoms including the endocrine, cardiovascular, and neurological systems. Given the systemic nature of SAFV, and its high prevalence, understanding its pathogenicity and clinical impact is of utmost importance. This comprehensive review highlights and discusses recent developments in epidemiology, human pathogenicity, animal, and molecular studies related to SAFV. It also provides detailed insights into the neuropathogenicity of SAFV. We argue that human studies have been confounded by coinfections and therefore require support from robust molecular and animal research. Thereby, we aim to provide foresight into further research to better understand this emerging virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawn Zheng Kai Tan
- Temasek Life Science Laboratory, 1 Research Link, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
| | - Mark Zheng Yi Tan
- Critical Care Unit, Central Manchester Foundation NHS Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - Mookkan Prabakaran
- Temasek Life Science Laboratory, 1 Research Link, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Republic of Singapore
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