1
|
Seppälä EM, Oikarinen S, Lehtonen JP, Neupane S, Honkanen H, Tyni I, Siljander H, Ilonen J, Sillanpää S, Laranne J, Knip M, Hyöty H. Association of Picornavirus Infections With Acute Otitis Media in a Prospective Birth Cohort Study. J Infect Dis 2021; 222:324-332. [PMID: 32108877 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiaa087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human rhinoviruses (HRVs), human enteroviruses (HEVs) and human parechoviruses (HPeVs) have been linked to acute otitis media (AOM). We evaluated this association in a prospective birth cohort setting. METHODS A total of 324 healthy infants were followed up from birth to age 3 years. Nasal swab samples were collected at age 3, 6, 12, 18, 24, and 36 months and screened for HRV and HEV using real-time reverse-transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Stool samples were collected monthly and analyzed for HRV, HEV, and HPeV. AOM episodes diagnosed by physicians were reported by parents in a diary. The association of viruses with AOM was analyzed using generalized estimation equations, and their relative contributions using population-attributable risk percentages. RESULTS A clear association was found between AOM episodes and simultaneous detection of HEV (adjusted odds ratio for the detection of virus in stools, 2.04; 95% confidence interval, 1.06-3.91) and HRV (1.54; 1.04-2.30). HPeV showed a similar, yet nonsignificant trend (adjusted odds ratio, 1.44; 95% confidence interval, .81-2.56). HRV and HEV showed higher population-attributable risk percentages (25% and 20%) than HPeV (11%). CONCLUSIONS HEVs and HRVs may contribute to the development of AOM in a relatively large proportion of cases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elina M Seppälä
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Sami Oikarinen
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Jussi P Lehtonen
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Subas Neupane
- Unit of Health Sciences, Faculty of Social Sciences, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Hanna Honkanen
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Iiris Tyni
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Heli Siljander
- Children's Hospital, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Research Program for Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jorma Ilonen
- Immunogenetics Laboratory, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Clinical Microbiology, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Saara Sillanpää
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Jussi Laranne
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Central Ostrobothnia Central Hospital, Kokkola, Finland
| | - Mikael Knip
- Children's Hospital, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Research Program for Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Folkhälsan Research Center, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Heikki Hyöty
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland.,Fimlab Laboratories, Pirkanmaa Hospital District, Tampere, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Mozhgani SH, Keshavarz M, Mousavi N, Namdari H, Salimi V, Mokhtari-Azad T, Zarei-Ghobadi M, Nadji SA, Ghavami N, Rezaei F. Frequent detection of enterovirus D68 and rhinovirus type C in children with acute respiratory infections. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2020; 40:637-642. [PMID: 33011904 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-020-04051-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of human rhinoviruses (HRVs) and the emergence of enterovirus D68 (EV-D68) in children. A total of 322 nasopharyngeal swab samples were provided from children with an initial diagnosis of upper and lower respiratory tract infections. A total of 34 and 70 cases were positive for EV-D68 and HRV, respectively. The phylogenetic analysis revealed that the clades A and B are the prevalent genotypes for EV-D68 and the HRV-positive samples belong to three types including HRV-A, HRV-B, and HRV-C. The results showed that EV-D68 and HRV-C are circulating in Iran especially in the winter.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sayed-Hamidreza Mozhgani
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
- Non-communicable Diseases Research Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| | - Mohsen Keshavarz
- The Persian Gulf Tropical Medicine Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Neda Mousavi
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 1471613151, Iran
| | - Haideh Namdari
- Iranian Tissue Bank and Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Vahid Salimi
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 1471613151, Iran
| | - Talat Mokhtari-Azad
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 1471613151, Iran
| | | | - Seyed Alireza Nadji
- Virology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nastaran Ghavami
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 1471613151, Iran
| | - Farhad Rezaei
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 1471613151, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Thornton RB, Hakansson A, Hood DW, Nokso-Koivisto J, Preciado D, Riesbeck K, Richmond PC, Su YC, Swords WE, Brockman KL. Panel 7 - Pathogenesis of otitis media - a review of the literature between 2015 and 2019. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2020; 130 Suppl 1:109838. [PMID: 31879085 PMCID: PMC7062565 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijporl.2019.109838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To perform a comprehensive review of the literature from July 2015 to June 2019 on the pathogenesis of otitis media. Bacteria, viruses and the role of the microbiome as well as the host response are discussed. Directions for future research are also suggested. DATA SOURCES PubMed database of the National Library of Medicine. REVIEW METHODS PubMed was searched for any papers pertaining to OM pathogenesis between July 2015 and June 2019. If in English, abstracts were assessed individually for their relevance and included in the report. Members of the panel drafted the report based on these searches and on new data presented at the 20th International Symposium on Recent Advances in Otitis Media. CONCLUSIONS The main themes that arose in OM pathogenesis were around the need for symptomatic viral infections to develop disease. Different populations potentially having different mechanisms of pathogenesis. Novel bacterial otopathogens are emerging and need to be monitored. Animal models need to continue to be developed and used to understand disease pathogenesis. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE The findings in the pathogenesis panel have several implications for both research and clinical practice. The most urgent areas appear to be to continue monitoring the emergence of novel otopathogens, and the need to develop prevention and preventative therapies that do not rely on antibiotics and protect against the development of the initial OM episode.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R B Thornton
- Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, Western Australia, Australia; School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty Health and Medical Science, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - A Hakansson
- Experimental Infection Medicine, Dept. of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - D W Hood
- MRC Harwell Institute, Mammalian Genetics Unit, Harwell Campus, Oxfordshire, OX11 0RD, UK
| | - J Nokso-Koivisto
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - D Preciado
- Sheikh Zayed Center for Pediatric Surgical Innovation, Children's National Health System, Washington, DC, USA; Division of Pediatric Otolaryngology, Children's National Health System, Washington, DC, USA
| | - K Riesbeck
- Clinical Microbiology, Dept. of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - P C Richmond
- School of Medicine, Division of Paediatrics, Faculty Health and Medical Science, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia; Perth Children's Hospital, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Y C Su
- Clinical Microbiology, Dept. of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - W E Swords
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - K L Brockman
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Da Costa L, Scheers E, Coluccia A, Casulli A, Roche M, Di Giorgio C, Neyts J, Terme T, Cirilli R, La Regina G, Silvestri R, Mirabelli C, Vanelle P. Structure-Based Drug Design of Potent Pyrazole Derivatives against Rhinovirus Replication. J Med Chem 2018; 61:8402-8416. [PMID: 30153009 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b00931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Rhinoviruses (RVs) have been linked to exacerbations of many pulmonary diseases, thus increasing morbidity and/or mortality in subjects at risk. Unfortunately, the wide variety of RV genotypes constitutes a major hindrance for the development of Rhinovirus replication inhibitors. In the current investigation, we have developed a novel series of pyrazole derivatives that potently inhibit the Rhinovirus replication. Compounds 10e and 10h behave as early stage inhibitors of Rhinovirus infection with a broad-spectrum activity against RV-A and RV-B species (EC50 < 0.1 μM). We also evaluate the dynamics of the emerging resistance of these promising compounds and their in vitro genotoxicity. Molecular docking experiments shed light on the pharmacophoric elements interacting with residues of the drug-binding pocket.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laurène Da Costa
- Aix-Marseille Univ, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire , Laboratoire de Pharmacochimie Radicalaire , UMR 7273 CNRS, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin , 13385 Marseille , Cedex 05 , France
| | - Els Scheers
- KU Leuven-University of Leuven , Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy , B-3000 Leuven , Belgium
| | - Antonio Coluccia
- Department of Drug Chemistry and Technologies , Sapienza University of Rome, Laboratory affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti , Piazzale Aldo Moro 5 , I-00185 Rome , Italy
| | - Adriano Casulli
- WHO Collaborating Centre for the Epidemiology, Detection and Control of Cystic and Alveolar Echinococcosis, European Reference Laboratory for Parasites, Department of Infectious Diseases , Istituto Superiore di Sanità , Viale Regina Elena 299 , I-00161 Rome , Italy
| | - Manon Roche
- Aix-Marseille Univ, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire , Laboratoire de Pharmacochimie Radicalaire , UMR 7273 CNRS, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin , 13385 Marseille , Cedex 05 , France
| | - Carole Di Giorgio
- Aix-Marseille Univ, CNRS, IRD, Avignon Université, IMBE UMR 7263, Laboratoire de Mutagénèse Environnementale , 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin , 13385 Marseille , Cedex 05 , France
| | - Johan Neyts
- KU Leuven-University of Leuven , Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy , B-3000 Leuven , Belgium
| | - Thierry Terme
- Aix-Marseille Univ, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire , Laboratoire de Pharmacochimie Radicalaire , UMR 7273 CNRS, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin , 13385 Marseille , Cedex 05 , France
| | - Roberto Cirilli
- Centro nazionale per il controllo e la valutazione dei farmaci , Istituto Superiore di Sanità , Viale Regina Elena 299 , I-00161 Rome , Italy
| | - Giuseppe La Regina
- Department of Drug Chemistry and Technologies , Sapienza University of Rome, Laboratory affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti , Piazzale Aldo Moro 5 , I-00185 Rome , Italy
| | - Romano Silvestri
- Department of Drug Chemistry and Technologies , Sapienza University of Rome, Laboratory affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti , Piazzale Aldo Moro 5 , I-00185 Rome , Italy
| | - Carmen Mirabelli
- KU Leuven-University of Leuven , Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy , B-3000 Leuven , Belgium
| | - Patrice Vanelle
- Aix-Marseille Univ, Institut de Chimie Radicalaire , Laboratoire de Pharmacochimie Radicalaire , UMR 7273 CNRS, 27 Boulevard Jean Moulin , 13385 Marseille , Cedex 05 , France
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Kim J, Shin JS, Ahn S, Han SB, Jung YS. 3-Aryl-1,2,4-oxadiazole Derivatives Active Against Human Rhinovirus. ACS Med Chem Lett 2018; 9:667-672. [PMID: 30034598 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.8b00134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The human rhinovirus (hRV) is the causative agent of the common cold that often aggravates respiratory complications in patients with asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The high rate of mutations and variety of serotypes are limiting the development of anti-hRV drugs, which emphasizes the need for the discovery of novel lead compounds. Previously, we identified antiviral compound 1 that we used here as the starting material for developing a novel compound series with high efficacy against hRV-A and -B. Improved metabolic stability was achieved by substituting an ester moiety with a 1,2,4-oxadiazole group. Specifically, compound 3k exhibited a high efficacy against hRV-B14, hRV-A21, and hRV-A71, with EC50 values of 66.0, 22.0, and 3.7 nM, respectively, and a relevant hepatic stability (59.6 and 40.7% compound remaining after 30 min in rat and human liver microsomes, respectively). An in vivo study demonstrated that 3k possessed a desirable pharmacokinetic profile with low systemic clearance (0.158 L·h-1·kg-1) and modest oral bioavailability (27.8%). Hence, 3k appears to be an interesting candidate for the development of antiviral lead compounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinwoo Kim
- Bio & Drug Discovery Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, 141 Gajeongro, Yuseong, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Soo Shin
- Bio & Drug Discovery Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, 141 Gajeongro, Yuseong, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunjoo Ahn
- Bio & Drug Discovery Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, 141 Gajeongro, Yuseong, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo Bong Han
- Bio & Drug Discovery Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, 141 Gajeongro, Yuseong, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacology, University of Science and Technology, 217 Gajeongro, Yuseong, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Sik Jung
- Bio & Drug Discovery Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, 141 Gajeongro, Yuseong, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacology, University of Science and Technology, 217 Gajeongro, Yuseong, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Pennino F, Nardone A, Montuori P, Aurino S, Torre I, Battistone A, Delogu R, Buttinelli G, Fiore S, Amato C, Triassi M. Large-Scale Survey of Human Enteroviruses in Wastewater Treatment Plants of a Metropolitan Area of Southern Italy. FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL VIROLOGY 2018; 10:187-192. [PMID: 29248990 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-017-9331-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Human enteroviruses (HEVs) occur in high concentrations in wastewater and can contaminate receiving environmental waters, constituting a major cause of acute waterborne disease worldwide. In this study, we investigated the relative abundance, occurrence, and seasonal distribution of polio and other enteroviruses at three wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in Naples, Southern Italy, from January 2010 to December 2014. Influent and effluent samples from the three WWTPs were collected monthly. One hundred and sixty-one of the 731 wastewater samples collected (22.0%) before and after water treatment were CPE positive on RD cells; while no samples were positive on L20B cells from any WWTPs. Among the 140 non-polio enterovirus isolated from inlet sewage, 69.3% were Coxsackieviruses type B and 30.7% were Echoviruses. Among these, CVB3 and CVB5 were most prevalent, followed by CVB4 and Echo6. The twenty-one samples tested after treatment contained 6 CVB4, 5 CVB3, 3 Echo11, and 2 Echo6; while other serotypes were isolated less frequently. Data on viral detection in treated effluents of WWTPs confirmed the potential environmental contamination by HEVs and could be useful to establish standards for policies on wastewater management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Pennino
- Department of Public Health, University of Naples "Federico II", Via Sergio Pansini No 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Antonio Nardone
- Department of Public Health, University of Naples "Federico II", Via Sergio Pansini No 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Paolo Montuori
- Department of Public Health, University of Naples "Federico II", Via Sergio Pansini No 5, 80131, Naples, Italy.
| | - Sara Aurino
- Department of Public Health, University of Naples "Federico II", Via Sergio Pansini No 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Ida Torre
- Department of Public Health, University of Naples "Federico II", Via Sergio Pansini No 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Andrea Battistone
- National Center for the Control and Evaluation of Medicines (CNCF), Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Roberto Delogu
- National Center for the Control and Evaluation of Medicines (CNCF), Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Gabriele Buttinelli
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano Fiore
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Concetta Amato
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Triassi
- Department of Public Health, University of Naples "Federico II", Via Sergio Pansini No 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Kim J, Jung YK, Kim C, Shin JS, Scheers E, Lee JY, Han SB, Lee CK, Neyts J, Ha JD, Jung YS. A Novel Series of Highly Potent Small Molecule Inhibitors of Rhinovirus Replication. J Med Chem 2017; 60:5472-5492. [PMID: 28581749 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b00175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Human rhinoviruses (hRVs) are the main causative pathogen for common colds and are associated with the exacerbation of asthma. The wide variety in hRV serotypes has complicated the development of rhinovirus replication inhibitors. In the current investigation, we developed a novel series of benzothiophene derivatives and their analogues (6-8) that potently inhibit the replication of both hRV-A and hRV-B strains. Compound 6g inhibited the replication of hRV-B14, A21, and A71, with respective EC50 values of 0.083, 0.078, and 0.015 μM. The results of a time-of-addition study against hRV-B14 and hRV-A16 and resistant mutation analysis on hRV-B14 implied that 6g acts at the early stage of the viral replication process, interacting with viral capsid protein. A molecular docking study suggested that 6g has a capsid-binding mode similar to that of pleconaril. Finally, derivatives of 6 also displayed significant inhibition against poliovirus 3 (PV3) replication, implying their potential inhibitory activities against other enterovirus species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinwoo Kim
- Bio & Drug Discovery Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology , 141 Gajeongro, Yuseong, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu Kyoung Jung
- Bio & Drug Discovery Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology , 141 Gajeongro, Yuseong, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea.,Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacology, University of Science and Technology , 217 Gajeongro, Yuseong, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Chonsaeng Kim
- Bio & Drug Discovery Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology , 141 Gajeongro, Yuseong, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Soo Shin
- Bio & Drug Discovery Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology , 141 Gajeongro, Yuseong, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Els Scheers
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Leuven , B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Joo-Youn Lee
- Korea Chemical Bank, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology , 141 Gajeongro, Yuseong, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo Bong Han
- Bio & Drug Discovery Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology , 141 Gajeongro, Yuseong, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea.,Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacology, University of Science and Technology , 217 Gajeongro, Yuseong, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Chong-Kyo Lee
- Bio & Drug Discovery Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology , 141 Gajeongro, Yuseong, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Johan Neyts
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Leuven , B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jae-Du Ha
- Bio & Drug Discovery Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology , 141 Gajeongro, Yuseong, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Sik Jung
- Bio & Drug Discovery Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology , 141 Gajeongro, Yuseong, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea.,Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacology, University of Science and Technology , 217 Gajeongro, Yuseong, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|