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Shalaby NE, Shoheib ZS, Yassin NA, El-Kaliny HH, Hasby Saad MA. Pyroptosis Tuning in Intestinal Cryptosporidiosis via the Natural Histone Deacetylase Inhibitor Romidepsin. Parasite Immunol 2024; 46:e13032. [PMID: 38497997 DOI: 10.1111/pim.13032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 02/17/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Cryptosporidium is an opportunistic protozoan, with many species of cross-human infectivity. It causes life-threatening diarrhoea in children and CD4-defective patients. Despite its limited efficacy, nitazoxanide remains the primary anti-cryptosporidial drug. Cryptosporidium infects the intestinal brush border (intracellular-extracytoplasmic) and down-regulates pyroptosis to prevent expulsion. Romidepsin is a natural histone deacetylase inhibitor that triggers pyroptosis. Romidepsin's effect on cryptosporidiosis was assessed in immunocompromised mice via gasdermin-D (GSDM-D) immunohistochemical expression, IFN-γ, IL-1β and IL-18 blood levels by ELISA, and via parasite scanning by modified Ziehl-Neelsen staining and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Oocyst deformity and local cytokines were also assessed in ex vivo ileal explants. Following intraperitoneal injection of romidepsin, oocyst shedding significantly reduced at the 9th, 12th and 15th d.p.i. compared with infected-control and drug-control (nitazoxanide-treated) mice. H&E staining of intestinal sections from romidepsin-treated mice showed significantly low intestinal scoring with marked reduction in epithelial hyperplasia, villous blunting and cellular infiltrate. SEM revealed marked oocyst blebbing and paucity (in vivo and ex vivo) after romidepsin compared with nitazoxanide. Regarding pyroptosis, romidepsin triggered significantly higher intestinal GSDM-D expression in vivo, and higher serum/culture IFN-γ, IL-1β and IL-18 levels in romidepsin-treated mice than in the control groups. Collectively, in cryptosporidiosis, romidepsin succeeded in enhancing pyroptosis in the oocysts and infected epithelium, reducing infection and shifting the brush border towards normalisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noha E Shalaby
- Medical Parasitology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Zeinab S Shoheib
- Medical Parasitology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Nabila A Yassin
- Medical Parasitology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Heba H El-Kaliny
- Histology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
- Anatomy and Histology Department, Mutah University, Mutah, Jordan
| | - Marwa A Hasby Saad
- Medical Parasitology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
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2
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Lu X, Liu M, Yang J, Yi Q, Zhang X. Panobinostat enhances NK cell cytotoxicity in soft tissue sarcoma. Clin Exp Immunol 2022; 209:127-139. [PMID: 35867577 DOI: 10.1093/cei/uxac068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Sarcoma is a rare and heterogeneous class of mesenchymal malignancies with poor prognosis. Panobinostat (LBH589) as one of histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors, has demonstrated anti-tumor activity in patients with sarcoma, but its mechanisms remains unclear. Here, we found that LBH589 alone inhibited the proliferation and colony formation of soft tissue sarcoma(STS) cell lines. Transcriptome analysis showed that treatment with LBH589 augmented the NK cell mediated cytotoxicity. Quantitative real-time PCR and flow cytometric analysis (FACS) further confirmed that LBH589 increased the expression of NKG2D ligands MICA/MICB. Mechanistically, LBH589 activated the Wnt/β-catenin pathway by upregulating the histone acetylation in β-catenin promoter. In vitro co-culture experiments and in vivo animal experiments showed that LBH589 increased the cytotoxicity of natural killer (NK) cells while Wnt/β-catenin inhibitor decreased the effects. Our findings suggests that LBH589 facilitates the anti-tumor effect of NK cells, highlights LBH589 an effective assistance drug in NK cell-based immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuxia Lu
- Melanoma and Sarcoma Medical Oncology Unit, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, 651 Dongfeng Road East, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Mengmeng Liu
- Melanoma and Sarcoma Medical Oncology Unit, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, 651 Dongfeng Road East, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Jing Yang
- Melanoma and Sarcoma Medical Oncology Unit, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, 651 Dongfeng Road East, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Que Yi
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510060, P. R. China
| | - Xing Zhang
- Melanoma and Sarcoma Medical Oncology Unit, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, 651 Dongfeng Road East, Guangzhou, 510060, China
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3
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Jonus HC, Burnham RE, Ho A, Pilgrim AA, Shim J, Doering CB, Spencer HT, Goldsmith KC. Dissecting the cellular components of ex vivo γδ T cell expansions to optimize selection of potent cell therapy donors for neuroblastoma immunotherapy trials. Oncoimmunology 2022; 11:2057012. [PMID: 35371623 PMCID: PMC8966991 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2022.2057012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
γδ T lymphocytes represent an emerging class of cellular immunotherapy with preclinical promise to treat cancer, notably neuroblastoma. The innate-like immune cell subset demonstrates inherent cytoxicity toward tumor cells independent of MHC recognition, enabling allogeneic administration of healthy donor-derived γδ T cell therapies. A current limitation is the substantial interindividual γδ T cell expansion variation among leukocyte collections. Overcoming this limitation will enable realization of the full potential of allogeneic γδ T-based cellular therapy. Here, we characterize γδ T cell expansions from healthy adult donors and observe that highly potent natural killer (NK) lymphocytes expand with γδ T cells under zoledronate and IL-2 stimulation. The presence of NK cells correlates with both the expansion potential of γδ T cells and the overall potency of the γδ T cell therapy. However, the potency of the cell therapy in combination with an antibody-based immunotherapeutic, dinutuximab, appears to be independent of γδ T/NK cell content both in vitro and in vivo, which minimizes the implication of interindividual expansion differences toward efficacy. Collectively, these studies highlight the utility of maintaining the NK cell population within expanded γδ T cell therapies and suggest a synergistic action of combined innate cell immunotherapy toward neuroblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hunter C. Jonus
- Department of Pediatrics, Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Rebecca E. Burnham
- Department of Pediatrics, Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Andrew Ho
- Department of Pediatrics, Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Adeiye A. Pilgrim
- Department of Pediatrics, Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jenny Shim
- Department of Pediatrics, Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Christopher B. Doering
- Department of Pediatrics, Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - H. Trent Spencer
- Department of Pediatrics, Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Kelly C. Goldsmith
- Department of Pediatrics, Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, USA
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4
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Jhita N, Raikar SS. Allogeneic gamma delta T cells as adoptive cellular therapy for hematologic malignancies. EXPLORATION OF IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 2:334-350. [PMID: 35783107 PMCID: PMC9249101 DOI: 10.37349/ei.2022.00054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy, especially T-cell driven targeting, has significantly evolved and improved over the past decade, paving the way to treat previously refractory cancers. Hematologic malignancies, given their direct tumor accessibility and less immunosuppressive microenvironment compared to solid tumors, are better suited to be targeted by cellular immunotherapies. Gamma delta (γδ) T cells, with their unique attributes spanning the entirety of the immune system, make a tantalizing therapeutic platform for cancer immunotherapy. Their inherent anti-tumor properties, ability to act like antigen-presenting cells, and the advantage of having no major histocompatibility complex (MHC) restrictions, allow for greater flexibility in their utility to target tumors, compared to their αβ T cell counterpart. Their MHC-independent anti-tumor activity, coupled with their ability to be easily expanded from peripheral blood, enhance their potential to be used as an allogeneic product. In this review, the potential of utilizing γδ T cells to target hematologic malignancies is described, with a specific focus on their applicability as an allogeneic adoptive cellular therapy product.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sunil S. Raikar
- Correspondence: Sunil S. Raikar, Cell and Gene Therapy Program, Department of Pediatrics, Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Emory University School of Medicine, 1760 Haygood Drive NE, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
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5
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Chu Y, Nayyar G, Jiang S, Rosenblum JM, Soon-Shiong P, Safrit JT, Lee DA, Cairo MS. Combinatorial immunotherapy of N-803 (IL-15 superagonist) and dinutuximab with ex vivo expanded natural killer cells significantly enhances in vitro cytotoxicity against GD2 + pediatric solid tumors and in vivo survival of xenografted immunodeficient NSG mice. J Immunother Cancer 2021; 9:jitc-2020-002267. [PMID: 34244307 PMCID: PMC8268924 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2020-002267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Children with recurrent and/or metastatic osteosarcoma (OS), neuroblastoma (NB) and
glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) have a dismal event-free survival (<25%).
The majority of these solid tumors highly express GD2. Dinutuximab, an anti-GD2
monoclonal antibody, significantly improved event-free survival in children with
GD2+ NB post autologous stem cell transplantation and enhanced natural
killer (NK) cell-mediated antibody-dependent cell cytotoxicity. Thus, approaches to
increase NK cell number and activity, improve persistence and trafficking, and enhance
tumor targeting may further improve the clinical benefit of dinutuximab. N-803 is a
superagonist of an interleukin-15 (IL-15) variant bound to an IL-15 receptor alpha Su-Fc
fusion with enhanced biological activity. Methods The anti-tumor combinatorial effects of N-803, dinutuximab and ex vivo expanded
peripheral blood NK cells (exPBNK) were performed in vitro using cytoxicity assays
against GD2+ OS, NB and GBM cells. Perforin and interferon (IFN)-γ
levels were measured by ELISA assays. Multiple cytokines/chemokines/growth factors
released were measured by multiplex assays. Human OS, GBM or NB xenografted
NOD/SCID/IL2rγnull (NSG) mice were used to investigate the anti-tumor
combinatorial effects in vivo. Results N-803 increased the viability and proliferation of exPBNK. The increased viability and
proliferation are associated with increased phosphorylation of Stat3, Stat5, AKT,
p38MAPK and the expression of NK activating receptors. The combination of dinutuximab
and N-803 significantly enhanced in vitro cytotoxicity of exPBNK with enhanced perforin
and IFN-γ release against OS, GBM and NB. The combination of
exPBNK+N-803+dinutuximab significantly reduced the secretion of tumor necrosis
factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL), platelet-derived growth factor-BB
(PDGF-BB), and stem cell growth factor beta (SCGF-β) from OS or GBM tumor cells.
Furthermore, OS or GBM significantly inhibited the secretion of regulated on activation,
normal T cell expressed and presumably secreted (RANTES) and stromal cell-derived
factor-1 alpha (SDF-1α) from exPBNK cells (p<0.001) but significantly
enhanced monokine induced by gamma interferon (MIG) secretion from exPBNK cells
(p<0.001). N-803 combined with dinutuximab and exPBNK cells significantly
extended the survival of OS, GBM or NB xenografted NSG mice. Conclusions Our results provide the rationale for the development of a clinical trial of N-803 in
combination with dinutuximab and ex vivo exPBNK cells in patients with recurrent or
metastatic GD2+ solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaya Chu
- Department of Pediatrics, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, USA
| | - Gaurav Nayyar
- Department of Pediatrics, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, USA
| | - Susiyan Jiang
- Department of Pediatrics, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, USA
| | - Jeremy M Rosenblum
- Department of Pediatrics, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, USA
| | | | | | - Dean A Lee
- Department of Hem/Onc/BMT, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Mitchell S Cairo
- Department of Pediatrics, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, USA .,Department of Medicine, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, USA.,Department of Pathology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, USA.,Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, USA
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6
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Story JY, Zoine JT, Burnham RE, Hamilton JAG, Spencer HT, Doering CB, Raikar SS. Bortezomib enhances cytotoxicity of ex vivo-expanded gamma delta T cells against acute myeloid leukemia and T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Cytotherapy 2020; 23:12-24. [PMID: 33168453 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2020.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Engagement between the natural killer group 2, member D (NKG2D) receptor and its ligands is one of the main mechanisms used by immune cells to target stressed cells for cell death. NKG2D ligands are known markers of cellular stress and are often upregulated on tumor cells. Certain drugs can further increase NKG2D ligand levels, thereby making tumor cells more susceptible to immune cell detection and destruction. However, the effectiveness of this approach appears to be limited with drug treatment alone, possibly due to immune dysregulation in the setting of malignancies. We hypothesized that a more effective approach would be a combination of NKG2D ligand-inducing drugs, such as the proteasome inhibitor bortezomib, and ex vivo-expanded peripheral blood γδ T cells (i.e., Vγ9Vδ2 T cells). Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a high-risk hematologic malignancy, and treatment has shown limited benefit with the addition of bortezomib to standard chemotherapy regimens. Two AML cells lines, Nomo-1 and Kasumi-1, were treated with increasing concentrations of bortezomib, and changes in NKG2D ligand expression were measured. Bortezomib treatment significantly increased expression of the NKG2D ligand UL16 binding protein (ULBP) 2/5/6 in both cell lines. Vγ9Vδ2 T cells were expanded and isolated from peripheral blood of healthy donors to generate a final cellular product with a mean of 96% CD3+/γδ T-cell receptor-positive cells. Combination treatment of the AML cell lines with γδ T cells and bortezomib resulted in significantly greater cytotoxicity than γδ T cells alone, even at lower effector-to-target ratios. Based on the positive results against AML and the generalizable mechanism of this combination approach, it was also tested against T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL), another high-risk leukemia. Similarly, bortezomib increased ULBP 2/5/6 expression in T-ALL cell lines, Jurkat and MOLT-4 and improved the cytotoxicity of γδ T cells against each line. Collectively, these results show that bortezomib enhances γδ T-cell-mediated killing of both AML and T-ALL cells in part through increased NKG2D ligand-receptor interaction. Furthermore, proof-of-concept for the combination of ex vivo-expanded γδ T cells with stress ligand-inducing drugs as a therapeutic platform for high-risk leukemias is demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie Y Story
- Molecular and Systems Pharmacology Graduate Program, Graduate Division of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Laney Graduate School, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA; Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Jaquelyn T Zoine
- Cancer Biology Graduate Program, Graduate Division of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Laney Graduate School, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA; Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Rebecca E Burnham
- Molecular and Systems Pharmacology Graduate Program, Graduate Division of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Laney Graduate School, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA; Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Jamie A G Hamilton
- Cancer Biology Graduate Program, Graduate Division of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Laney Graduate School, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA; Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - H Trent Spencer
- Molecular and Systems Pharmacology Graduate Program, Graduate Division of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Laney Graduate School, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA; Cancer Biology Graduate Program, Graduate Division of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Laney Graduate School, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA; Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Christopher B Doering
- Molecular and Systems Pharmacology Graduate Program, Graduate Division of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Laney Graduate School, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA; Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
| | - Sunil S Raikar
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA; Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia, USA.
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7
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Zhao Y, Zhou X. Engineering chimeric antigen receptor-natural killer cells for cancer immunotherapy. Immunotherapy 2020; 12:653-664. [DOI: 10.2217/imt-2019-0139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Adoptive cell transfer has attracted considerable attention as a treatment for cancer. The success of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-engineered T (CAR-T) cells for the treatment of haematologic tumors has demonstrated the potential of CAR. In this review, we describe the current CAR-engineered natural killer (CAR-NK) cell construction strategies, including the design principles and structural characteristics of the extracellular, transmembrane and intracellular regions of the CAR structure. In addition, we review different cellular carriers used to develop CAR-NK cells, highlighting existing problems and challenges. We further discuss possible ways to optimize CAR from the perspective of the tumor microenvironment to harness the strength of CAR-NK cells and provided rationales to combine CAR-NK cells with other treatment regimens to enhance antitumor effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhao
- Department of Immunology, Nantong University, School of Medicine
| | - Xiaorong Zhou
- Department of Immunology, Nantong University, School of Medicine
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8
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Molecular remission using low-dose immunotherapy for relapsed refractory Philadelphia chromosome-positive precursor B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia post-allogeneic stem cell transplant. Future Sci OA 2019; 5:FSO380. [PMID: 31245042 PMCID: PMC6554698 DOI: 10.2144/fsoa-2019-0009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Adults with relapsed/refractory acute lymphoblastic leukemia have a poor prognosis. While current immunotherapies are promising, they are toxic, with graft-versus-host disease a major complication of allogeneic therapy. Here, we report a patient with high-risk relapsed/refractory Philadelphia chromosome-positive B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) following chemotherapy induction, matched related donor allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HCT), donor lymphocyte infusion and two tyrosine kinase inhibitors. The patient achieved a complete molecular and cytogenetic remission with minimal adverse events or evidence of GVHD following recombinant human IL-2 (rIL-2), in combination with a tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI). There was a ninefold increase in natural killer (NK) cell activity and natural killer T cells (NKT) cells (CD2+CD26+). Personalized low dose recombinant human IL-2-mediated NK cell stimulation represents an effective, nontoxic immunotherapy administered in the outpatient setting for relapsed acute lymphoblastic leukemia and warrants further investigation.
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9
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Molecular remission using low-dose immunotherapy for relapsed refractory Philadelphia chromosome-positive precursor B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia post-allogeneic stem cell transplant. Future Sci OA 2019. [DOI: 10.4155/fsoa-2019-0009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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10
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Giuliani E, Desimio MG, Doria M. Hexamethylene bisacetamide impairs NK cell-mediated clearance of acute T lymphoblastic leukemia cells and HIV-1-infected T cells that exit viral latency. Sci Rep 2019; 9:4373. [PMID: 30867508 PMCID: PMC6416400 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-40760-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The hexamethylene bisacetamide (HMBA) anticancer drug was dismissed due to limited efficacy in leukemic patients but it may re-enter into the clinics in HIV-1 eradication strategies because of its recently disclosed capacity to reactivate latent virus. Here, we investigated the impact of HMBA on the cytotoxicity of natural killer (NK) cells against acute T lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) cells or HIV-1-infected T cells that exit from latency. We show that in T-ALL cells HMBA upmodulated MICB and ULBP2 ligands for the NKG2D activating receptor. In a primary CD4+ T cell-based latency model, HMBA did not reactivate HIV-1, yet enhanced ULBP2 expression on cells harboring virus reactivated by prostratin (PRO). However, HMBA reduced the expression of NKG2D and its DAP10 adaptor in NK cells, hence impairing NKG2D-mediated cytotoxicity and DAP10-dependent response to IL-15 stimulation. Alongside, HMBA dampened killing of T-ALL targets by IL-15-activated NK cells and impaired NK cell-mediated clearance of PRO-reactivated HIV-1+ cells. Overall, our results demonstrate a dominant detrimental effect of HMBA on the NKG2D pathway that crucially controls NK cell-mediated killing of tumors and virus-infected cells, providing one possible explanation for poor clinical outcome in HMBA-treated cancer patients and raising concerns for future therapeutic application of this drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica Giuliani
- Laboratory of Immunoinfectivology, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Piazza S. Onofrio 4, 00165, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Giovanna Desimio
- Laboratory of Immunoinfectivology, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Piazza S. Onofrio 4, 00165, Rome, Italy
| | - Margherita Doria
- Laboratory of Immunoinfectivology, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Piazza S. Onofrio 4, 00165, Rome, Italy.
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11
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Nayyar G, Chu Y, Cairo MS. Overcoming Resistance to Natural Killer Cell Based Immunotherapies for Solid Tumors. Front Oncol 2019; 9:51. [PMID: 30805309 PMCID: PMC6378304 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.00051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite advances in the diagnostic and therapeutic modalities, the prognosis of several solid tumor malignancies remains poor. Different factors associated with solid tumors including a varied genetic signature, complex molecular signaling pathways, defective cross talk between the tumor cells and immune cells, hypoxic and immunosuppressive effects of tumor microenvironment result in a treatment resistant and metastatic phenotype. Over the past several years, immunotherapy has emerged as an attractive therapeutic option against multiple malignancies. The unique ability of natural killer (NK) cells to target cancer cells without antigen specificity makes them an ideal candidate for use against solid tumors. However, the outcomes of adoptive NK cell infusions into patients with solid tumors have been disappointing. Extensive studies have been done to investigate different strategies to improve the NK cell function, trafficking and tumor targeting. Use of cytokines and cytokine analogs has been well described and utilized to enhance the proliferation, stimulation and persistence of NK cells. Other techniques like blocking the human leukocyte antigen-killer cell receptors (KIR) interactions with anti-KIR monoclonal antibodies, preventing CD16 receptor shedding, increasing the expression of activating NK cell receptors like NKG2D, and use of immunocytokines and immune checkpoint inhibitors can enhance NK cell mediated cytotoxicity. Using genetically modified NK cells with chimeric antigen receptors and bispecific and trispecific NK cell engagers, NK cells can be effectively redirected to the tumor cells improving their cytotoxic potential. In this review, we have described these strategies and highlighted the need to further optimize these strategies to improve the clinical outcome of NK cell based immunotherapy against solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaurav Nayyar
- Department of Pediatrics, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, United States
| | - Yaya Chu
- Department of Pediatrics, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, United States
| | - Mitchell S Cairo
- Department of Pediatrics, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, United States.,Department of Cell Biology & Anatomy, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, United States.,Department of Microbiology & Immunology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, United States.,Department of Medicine, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, United States.,Department of Pathology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY, United States
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12
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Hoeres T, Smetak M, Pretscher D, Wilhelm M. Improving the Efficiency of Vγ9Vδ2 T-Cell Immunotherapy in Cancer. Front Immunol 2018; 9:800. [PMID: 29725332 PMCID: PMC5916964 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing immunological knowledge and advances in techniques lay the ground for more efficient and broader application of immunotherapies. gamma delta (γδ) T-cells possess multiple favorable anti-tumor characteristics, making them promising candidates to be used in cellular and combination therapies of cancer. They recognize malignant cells, infiltrate tumors, and depict strong cytotoxic and pro-inflammatory activity. Here, we focus on human Vγ9Vδ2 T-cells, the most abundant γδ T-cell subpopulation in the blood, which are able to inhibit cancer progression in various models in vitro and in vivo. For therapeutic use they can be cultured and manipulated ex vivo and in the following adoptively transferred to patients, as well as directly stimulated to propagate in vivo. In clinical studies, Vγ9Vδ2 T-cells repeatedly demonstrated a low toxicity profile but hitherto only the modest therapeutic efficacy. This review provides a comprehensive summary of established and newer strategies for the enhancement of Vγ9Vδ2 T-cell anti-tumor functions. We discuss data of studies exploring methods for the sensitization of malignant cells, the improvement of recognition mechanisms and cytotoxic activity of Vγ9Vδ2 T-cells. Main aspects are the tumor cell metabolism, antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity, antibody constructs, as well as activating and inhibitory receptors like NKG2D and immune checkpoint molecules. Several concepts show promising results in vitro, now awaiting translation to in vivo models and clinical studies. Given the array of research and encouraging findings in this area, this review aims at optimizing future investigations, specifically targeting the unanswered questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timm Hoeres
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Paracelsus Medical University, Nuremberg, Germany
| | - Manfred Smetak
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Paracelsus Medical University, Nuremberg, Germany
| | - Dominik Pretscher
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Paracelsus Medical University, Nuremberg, Germany
| | - Martin Wilhelm
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Paracelsus Medical University, Nuremberg, Germany
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13
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Characteristics of NK cells from leukemic microenvironment in MLL-AF9 induced acute myeloid leukemia. Mol Immunol 2017; 93:68-78. [PMID: 29154208 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2017.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2017] [Revised: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
NK cells are indispensable components of tissue microenvironment and play vital in both innate and adaptive immunity. The activation and function of NK cells are affected by tumor microenvironments. NK cells are also important players in leukemic microenvironment. However, their characteristics in leukemic microenvironment, including maturation status, phenotype, subpopulations and functional roles especially immunoregulatory potential, have not been well established. Here, we studied these characteristics of NK cells in MLL-AF9 induced mouse acute myeloid leukemia (AML) model. Increase of more mature NK cells were detected in the AML spleen. Splenic AML microenvironment promoted NK cell activation in early and middle stages of leukemia. Cytotoxicity molecules and cytokines were up-regulated in activated NK cells. Furthermore, NK cells from AML microenvironment regulated T cell function, not only by maintaining the activation of CD4+ and promoting the degranulation of cytotoxic CD8+ T cells but also by influencing the differentiation of CD4+ T cells. Moreover, two NK cell subpopulations marked by DNAM-1 (CD226) had distinct cytokine expression patterns but similar regulatory effects on T cells. Collectively, these findings highlight the significance of immunoregulatory role of NK cells, and suggest novel therapeutic potential for leukemia by manipulating NK cell immunoregulatory activity.
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14
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Cifaldi L, Locatelli F, Marasco E, Moretta L, Pistoia V. Boosting Natural Killer Cell-Based Immunotherapy with Anticancer Drugs: a Perspective. Trends Mol Med 2017; 23:1156-1175. [PMID: 29133133 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2017.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Revised: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells efficiently recognize and kill tumor cells through several mechanisms including the expression of ligands for NK cell-activating receptors on target cells. Different clinical trials indicate that NK cell-based immunotherapy represents a promising antitumor treatment. However, tumors develop immune-evasion strategies, including downregulation of ligands for NK cell-activating receptors, that can negatively affect antitumor activity of NK cells, which either reside endogenously, or are adoptively transferred. Thus, restoration of the expression of NK cell-activating ligands on tumor cells represents a strategic therapeutic goal. As discussed here, various anticancer drugs can fulfill this task via different mechanisms. We envision that the combination of selected chemotherapeutic agents with NK cell adoptive transfer may represent a novel strategy for cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loredana Cifaldi
- Department of Pediatric Haematology/Oncology, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, IRCCS, Rome, Italy.
| | - Franco Locatelli
- Department of Pediatric Haematology/Oncology, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Department of Pediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Emiliano Marasco
- Department of Rheumatology, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Moretta
- Immunology Research Area, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Vito Pistoia
- Immunology Research Area, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
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15
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Engineering Natural Killer Cells for Cancer Immunotherapy. Mol Ther 2017; 25:1769-1781. [PMID: 28668320 PMCID: PMC5542803 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2017.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 282] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Revised: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 06/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The past several years have seen tremendous advances in the engineering of immune effector cells as therapy for cancer. While chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) have been used extensively to redirect the specificity of autologous T cells against hematological malignancies with striking clinical results, studies of CAR-modified natural killer (NK) cells have been largely preclinical. In this review, we focus on recent advances in NK cell engineering, particularly on preclinical evidence suggesting that NK cells may be as effective as T cells in recognizing and killing targets after genetic modification. We will discuss strategies to introduce CARs into both primary NK cells and NK cell lines in an effort to provide antigen specificity, the challenges of manufacturing engineered NK cells, and evidence supporting the effectiveness of this approach from preclinical and early-phase clinical studies using CAR-engineered NK cells. CAR-NK cells hold great promise as a novel cellular immunotherapy against refractory malignancies. Notably, NK cells can provide an "off-the-shelf" product, eliminating the need for a personalized and patient-specific product that plagues current CAR-T cell therapies. The ability to more potently direct NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity against refractory tumors through the expression of CAR is likely to contribute to the recent paradigm shift in cancer treatment.
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16
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Desimio MG, Giuliani E, Doria M. The histone deacetylase inhibitor SAHA simultaneously reactivates HIV-1 from latency and up-regulates NKG2D ligands sensitizing for natural killer cell cytotoxicity. Virology 2017; 510:9-21. [PMID: 28689087 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2017.06.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Revised: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
In pilot HIV-1 eradication studies, patients' immune responses were ineffective at killing viral reservoirs reactivated through latency reversing agents (LRAs) like suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA). We hypothesized that T cells harboring reactivated HIV-1 express MIC and ULBP ligands for the activating NKG2D receptor of natural killer (NK) cells. Here, we demonstrated that MICA/B and ULBP2 are induced by SAHA on primary T cells harboring reactivated virus. Using latently HIV-1-infected J-Lat 6.3/8.4/9.2 and J1.1 cell lines, we showed that SAHA reverts latency and, simultaneously, up-regulates MICA/B and ULBP2 acting at the transcriptional level and through ATR activation, thus sensitizing T cells with reactivated virus to NKG2D-mediated killing by NK cells. Moreover, IL-2 and IL-15 potently boosted NKG2D expression and cytotoxicity of NK cells against SAHA-reactivated p24+ target cells. Therefore, immunotherapy with cytokines enhancing NKG2D-mediated NK-cell cytotoxicity combined with administration of LRAs up-modulating NKG2D ligands, represents a promising approach towards HIV-1 eradication.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Erica Giuliani
- Laboratory of Immunoinfectivology, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Margherita Doria
- Laboratory of Immunoinfectivology, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy.
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17
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Chu Y, Yahr A, Huang B, Ayello J, Barth M, S Cairo M. Romidepsin alone or in combination with anti-CD20 chimeric antigen receptor expanded natural killer cells targeting Burkitt lymphoma in vitro and in immunodeficient mice. Oncoimmunology 2017; 6:e1341031. [PMID: 28932644 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2017.1341031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Revised: 06/02/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Facilitating the development of alternative targeted therapeutic strategies is urgently required to improve outcome or circumvent chemotherapy resistance in children, adolescents, and adults with recurrent/refractory de novo mature B-cell (CD20) non-Hodgkin lymphoma, including Burkitt lymphoma (BL). Romidepsin, a histone deacetylase inhibitor (HDACi), has been used to treat cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. We have demonstrated the significant anti-tumor effect of anti-CD20 chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) modified expanded peripheral blood natural killer (exPBNK) against rituximab-sensitive and -resistant BL. This study examined the anti-tumor activity of romidepsin alone and in combination with anti-CD20 CAR exPBNKs against rituximab-sensitive and -resistant BL in vitro and in vivo. We found that romidepsin significantly inhibited both rituximab-sensitive and -resistant BL cell proliferation in vitro (P < 0.001) and induced cell death in rituximab-sensitive Raji (P < 0.001) and cell cycle arrest in rituximab-resistant Raji-2R and Raji-4RH (P < 0.001). Consistent with in vitro observations, we also found romidepsin significantly inhibited the growth of rituximab-sensitive and -resistant BL in BL xenografted NSG mice. We also demonstrated that romidpesin significantly induced the expression of Natural Killer Group 2, Member D (NKG2D) ligands MICA/B in both rituximab-sensitive and -resistant BL cells (P < 0.001) resulting in enhancement of exPBNK in vitro cytotoxicity through NKG2D. Finally, we observed the combination of romidepsin and anti-CD20 CAR exPBNK significantly induced cell death in BL cells in vitro, reduced tumor burden and enhanced survival in humanized BL xenografted NSG mice (p < 0.05). Our data suggests that romidepsin is an active HDAC inhibitor that also potentiates expanded NK and anti-CD20 CAR exPBNK activity against rituximab-sensitive and -resistant BL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaya Chu
- Department of Pediatrics, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY
| | - Ashlin Yahr
- Department of Pediatrics, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY
| | - Brian Huang
- Department of Pediatrics, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY
| | - Janet Ayello
- Department of Pediatrics, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY
| | - Matthew Barth
- Department of Pediatrics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Mitchell S Cairo
- Department of Pediatrics, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY.,Department of Medicine, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY.,Department of Pathology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY.,Department of Microbiology & Immunology and New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY.,Department of Cell Biology & Anatomy, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY
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18
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Demoulin B, Cook WJ, Murad J, Graber DJ, Sentman ML, Lonez C, Gilham DE, Sentman CL, Agaugue S. Exploiting natural killer group 2D receptors for CAR T-cell therapy. Future Oncol 2017; 13:1593-1605. [PMID: 28613086 DOI: 10.2217/fon-2017-0102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) are genetically engineered proteins that combine an extracellular antigen-specific recognition domain with one or several intracellular T-cell signaling domains. When expressed in T cells, these CARs specifically trigger T-cell activation upon antigen recognition. While the clinical proof of principle of CAR T-cell therapy has been established in hematological cancers, CAR T cells are only at the early stages of being explored to tackle solid cancers. This special report discusses the concept of exploiting natural killer cell receptors as an approach that could broaden the specificity of CAR T cells and potentially enhance the efficacy of this therapy against solid tumors. New data demonstrating feasibility of this approach in humans and supporting the ongoing clinical trial are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Demoulin
- Research & Development Department, Celyad SA, Mont-Saint-Guibert, Belgium
| | - W James Cook
- Center for Sy+nthetic Immunity, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Lebanon, NH, USA
| | | | - David J Graber
- Center for Sy+nthetic Immunity, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Lebanon, NH, USA
| | - Marie-Louise Sentman
- Center for Sy+nthetic Immunity, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Lebanon, NH, USA
| | - Caroline Lonez
- Research & Development Department, Celyad SA, Mont-Saint-Guibert, Belgium
| | - David E Gilham
- Research & Development Department, Celyad SA, Mont-Saint-Guibert, Belgium
| | - Charles L Sentman
- Center for Sy+nthetic Immunity, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Lebanon, NH, USA
| | - Sophie Agaugue
- Research & Development Department, Celyad SA, Mont-Saint-Guibert, Belgium
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19
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Brunvand MW, Carson J. Complete remission with romidepsin in a patient with T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia refractory to induction hyper-CVAD. Hematol Oncol 2017; 36:340-343. [PMID: 28560733 PMCID: PMC5836898 DOI: 10.1002/hon.2421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Revised: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
T‐cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T‐ALL) and T‐cell lymphoblastic lymphoma (T‐LBL) are neoplasms that originate from T‐cell precursors. Outcomes in adult patients with T‐ALL/LBL remain unsatisfactory; early relapse following intensive induction chemotherapy is a concern, and patients with relapsed or refractory disease have a poor prognosis. Romidepsin is a potent, class 1 selective histone deacetylase inhibitor approved for the treatment of patients with peripheral T‐cell lymphoma who have had ≥1 prior therapy and patients with cutaneous T‐cell lymphoma who have had ≥1 prior systemic therapy. Here, we report the case of an adult patient with T‐ALL refractory to induction hyperfractionated cyclophosphamide, vincristine, doxorubicin, and dexamethasone (hyper‐CVAD). Treatment with romidepsin was initiated, and romidepsin in combination with hyper‐CVAD resulted in complete remission, with mild tumor lysis syndrome as the only detectable additional toxicity. The patient eventually underwent allogeneic stem cell transplant while in first complete remission. Prior studies have shown that romidepsin is capable of inducing durable responses with manageable toxicities in patients with mature T‐cell lymphomas. This case study describes the successful use of romidepsin in combination with hyper‐CVAD in an adult patient with refractory T‐ALL and highlights the activity of romidepsin in the T‐cell lineage. The potential of romidepsin‐containing regimens in patients with T‐ALL/LBL deserves further study.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - John Carson
- Colorado Blood Cancer Institute, Denver, CO, USA
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20
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Garrido C, Spivak AM, Soriano-Sarabia N, Checkley MA, Barker E, Karn J, Planelles V, Margolis DM. HIV Latency-Reversing Agents Have Diverse Effects on Natural Killer Cell Function. Front Immunol 2016; 7:356. [PMID: 27708642 PMCID: PMC5030263 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
In an effort to clear persistent HIV infection and achieve a durable therapy-free remission of HIV disease, extensive pre-clinical studies and early pilot clinical trials are underway to develop and test agents that can reverse latent HIV infection and present viral antigen to the immune system for clearance. It is, therefore, critical to understand the impact of latency-reversing agents (LRAs) on the function of immune effectors needed to clear infected cells. We assessed the impact of LRAs on the function of natural killer (NK) cells, the main effector cells of the innate immune system. We studied the effects of three histone deacetylase inhibitors [SAHA or vorinostat (VOR), romidepsin, and panobinostat (PNB)] and two protein kinase C agonists [prostratin (PROST) and ingenol] on the antiviral activity, cytotoxicity, cytokine secretion, phenotype, and viability of primary NK cells. We found that ex vivo exposure to VOR had minimal impact on all parameters assessed, while PNB caused a decrease in NK cell viability, antiviral activity, and cytotoxicity. PROST caused non-specific NK cell activation and, interestingly, improved antiviral activity. Overall, we found that LRAs can alter the function and fate of NK cells, and these effects must be carefully considered as strategies are developed to clear persistent HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Garrido
- UNC HIV Cure Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Adam M Spivak
- Department of Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine , Salt Lake City, UT , USA
| | - Natalia Soriano-Sarabia
- UNC HIV Cure Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Mary Ann Checkley
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University , Cleveland, OH , USA
| | - Edward Barker
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Rush University Medical Center , Chicago, IL , USA
| | - Jonathan Karn
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University , Cleveland, OH , USA
| | - Vicente Planelles
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine , Salt Lake City, UT , USA
| | - David M Margolis
- UNC HIV Cure Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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21
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Sorge CE, McDaniel JK, Xavier AC. Targeted Therapies for the Treatment of Pediatric Non-Hodgkin Lymphomas: Present and Future. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2016; 9:E28. [PMID: 27213405 PMCID: PMC4932546 DOI: 10.3390/ph9020028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Revised: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Pediatric Non-Hodgkin Lymphomas (NHL) are a diverse group of malignancies and as such treatment can vary based on the different biological characteristics of each malignancy. Significant advancements are being made in the treatment and outcomes of this group of malignancies. This is in large part due to novel targeted drug therapies that are being used in combination with traditional chemotherapy. Here, we discuss several new lines of therapy that are being developed or are in current use for pediatric patients with NHL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caryn E Sorge
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Children's Hospital of Alabama, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA.
| | - Jenny K McDaniel
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Children's Hospital of Alabama, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA.
| | - Ana C Xavier
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Children's Hospital of Alabama, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, USA.
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22
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Hekim N, Cetin Z, Nikitaki Z, Cort A, Saygili EI. Radiation triggering immune response and inflammation. Cancer Lett 2015; 368:156-63. [PMID: 25911239 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2015.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2015] [Revised: 04/13/2015] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Radiation therapy (RT) is a well-established but still under optimization branch of Cancer Therapy (CT). RT uses electromagnetic waves or charged particles in order to kill malignant cells, by accumulating the energy onto these cells. The issue at stake for RT, as well as for any other Cancer Therapy technique, is always to kill only cancer cells, without affecting the surrounding healthy ones. This perspective of CT is usually described under the terms "specificity" and "selectivity". Specificity and selectivity are the ideal goal, but the ideal is never entirely achieved. Thus, in addition to killing healthy cells, changes and effects are observed in the immune system after irradiation. In this review, we mainly focus on the effects of ionizing radiation on the immune system and its components like bone marrow. Additionally, we are interested in the effects and benefits of low-dose ionizing radiation on the hematopoiesis and immune response. Low dose radiation has been shown to induce biological responses like inflammatory responses, innate immune system activation and DNA repair (adaptive response). This review reveals the fact that there are many unanswered questions regarding the role of radiation as either an immune-activating (low dose) or immunosuppressive (high dose) agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nezih Hekim
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, SANKO University, Gaziantep, Turkey
| | - Zafer Cetin
- Department of Medical Biology & Genetics, School of Medicine, SANKO University, Gaziantep, Turkey
| | - Zacharenia Nikitaki
- Department of Physics, School of Applied Mathematical and Physical Sciences, National Technical University of Athens, Zografou 15780, Athens, Greece
| | - Aysegul Cort
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, SANKO University, Gaziantep, Turkey; Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, SANKO University, Gaziantep, Turkey
| | - Eyup Ilker Saygili
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, SANKO University, Gaziantep, Turkey.
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23
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Central nervous system acute lymphoblastic leukemia: role of natural killer cells. Blood 2015; 125:3420-31. [PMID: 25896649 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2014-08-595108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Central nervous system acute lymphoblastic leukemia (CNS-ALL) is a major clinical problem. Prophylactic therapy is neurotoxic, and a third of the relapses involve the CNS. Increased expression of interleukin 15 (IL-15) in leukemic blasts is associated with increased risk for CNS-ALL. Using in vivo models for CNS leukemia caused by mouse T-ALL and human xenografts of ALL cells, we demonstrate that expression of IL-15 in leukemic cells is associated with the activation of natural killer (NK) cells. This activation limits the outgrowth of leukemic cells in the periphery, but less in the CNS because NK cells are excluded from the CNS. Depletion of NK cells in NOD/SCID mice enabled combined systemic and CNS leukemia of human pre-B-ALL. The killing of human leukemia lymphoblasts by NK cells depended on the expression of the NKG2D receptor. Analysis of bone marrow (BM) diagnostic samples derived from children with subsequent CNS-ALL revealed a significantly high expression of the NKG2D and NKp44 receptors. We suggest that the CNS may be an immunologic sanctuary protected from NK-cell activity. CNS prophylactic therapy may thus be needed with emerging NK cell-based therapies against hematopoietic malignancies.
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24
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Chen R, Campbell JL, Chen B. Prophylaxis and treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia relapse after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Onco Targets Ther 2015; 8:405-12. [PMID: 25709473 PMCID: PMC4334331 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s78567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Relapse of acute lymphoblastic leukemia remains a major cause of death in patients following allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Several factors may affect the concurrence and outcome of relapse, which include graft-versus-host disease, minimal residual disease or intrinsic factors of the disease, and transplantation characteristics. The mainstay of relapse prevention and treatment is donor leukocyte infusions, targeted therapies, second transplantation, and other novel therapies. In this review, we mainly focus on addressing the impact of graft-versus-host disease on relapse and the prophylaxis and treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia relapse following allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. We also make recommendations for critical strategies to prevent relapse after transplantation and challenges that must be addressed to ensure success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runzhe Chen
- Department of Hematology and Oncology (Key Department of Jiangsu Medicine), Zhongda Hospital, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jos L Campbell
- Stanford University Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford, Palo Alto, CA, USA ; Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology, School of Applied Science, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Baoan Chen
- Department of Hematology and Oncology (Key Department of Jiangsu Medicine), Zhongda Hospital, Medical School, Southeast University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
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