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Juvancz Z, Bodane-Kendrovics R, Agoston C, Czegledi B, Kaleta Z, Jicsinszky L, Riszter G. Chiral Selectivities of Permethylated α-, β-, and γ-Cyclodextrins Containing Gas Chromatographic Stationary Phases towards Ibuprofen and Its Derivatives. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:7802. [PMID: 39063043 PMCID: PMC11276992 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25147802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2024] [Revised: 07/08/2024] [Accepted: 07/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Ibuprofen is a well-known and broadly used, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory and painkiller medicine. Ibuprofen is a chiral compound, and its two isomers have different biological effects, therefore, their chiral separation is necessary. Ibuprofen and its derivatives were used as model compounds to establish transportable structure chiral selectivity relationships. Chiral selectors were permethylated α-, β-, and γ-cyclodextrins containing gas chromatographic stationary phases. The chiral selectivity of ibuprofen as a free acid and its various alkyl esters (methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl, and isoamyl esters) derivatives were tested at different temperatures. Every tested stationary phase was capable of the chiral separations of ibuprofen in its free acid form. The less strong included S optical isomers eluted before R optical isomers in every separate case. The results offer to draw transportable guidelines for the chiral selectivity vs. analyte structures. It was recognized that the S isomers of free ibuprofen acid showed an overloading phenomenon, but the R isomer did not. The results were supported by molecular modeling studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoltan Juvancz
- Rejtő Sándor Faculty of Light Industry and Environmental Engineering, Institute of Environmental Engineering and Natural Science, Óbuda University, Doberdó út 6, H-1034 Budapest, Hungary; (R.B.-K.); (C.A.)
| | - Rita Bodane-Kendrovics
- Rejtő Sándor Faculty of Light Industry and Environmental Engineering, Institute of Environmental Engineering and Natural Science, Óbuda University, Doberdó út 6, H-1034 Budapest, Hungary; (R.B.-K.); (C.A.)
| | - Csaba Agoston
- Rejtő Sándor Faculty of Light Industry and Environmental Engineering, Institute of Environmental Engineering and Natural Science, Óbuda University, Doberdó út 6, H-1034 Budapest, Hungary; (R.B.-K.); (C.A.)
| | - Balazs Czegledi
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Semmelweis University, Hőgyes Endre Street 7, H-1092 Budapest, Hungary; (B.C.); (G.R.)
| | - Zoltan Kaleta
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Semmelweis University, Hőgyes Endre Street 7, H-1092 Budapest, Hungary; (B.C.); (G.R.)
| | - Laszlo Jicsinszky
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, University of Turin, Via P. Giuria, 9, 10125 Turin, Italy;
| | - Gergo Riszter
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Semmelweis University, Hőgyes Endre Street 7, H-1092 Budapest, Hungary; (B.C.); (G.R.)
- Artificial Transporters Research Group, Institute of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Magyar Tudósok Körútja 2, H-1117, Budapest, Hungary
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Peng J, Li S, Ti H. Sensitize Tumor Immunotherapy: Immunogenic Cell Death Inducing Nanosystems. Int J Nanomedicine 2024; 19:5895-5930. [PMID: 38895146 PMCID: PMC11184231 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s457782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Low immunogenicity of tumors poses a challenge in the development of effective tumor immunotherapy. However, emerging evidence suggests that certain therapeutic approaches, such as chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and phototherapy, can induce varying degrees of immunogenic cell death (ICD). This ICD phenomenon leads to the release of tumor antigens and the maturation of dendritic cells (DCs), thereby enhancing tumor immunogenicity and promoting immune responses. However, the use of a single conventional ICD inducer often fails to achieve in situ tumor ablation and establish long-term anti-tumor immune responses. Furthermore, the induction of ICD induction varies among different approaches, and the distribution of the therapeutic agent within the body influences the level of ICD and the occurrence of toxic side effects. To address these challenges and further boost tumor immunity, researchers have explored nanosystems as inducers of ICD in combination with tumor immunotherapy. This review examines the mechanisms of ICD and different induction methods, with a specific focus on the relationship between ICD and tumor immunity. The aim is to explore the research advancements utilizing various nanomaterials to enhance the body's anti-tumor effects by inducing ICD. This paper aims to contribute to the development and clinical application of nanomaterial-based ICD inducers in the field of cancer immunotherapy by providing important theoretical guidance and practical references.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianlan Peng
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shiying Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology, the NMPA and State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Huihui Ti
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Guangdong Province Precise Medicine and Big Data Engineering Technology Research Center for Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, People’s Republic of China
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Demircan Ozelcaglayan E, Honek JF, Parker WJ. Molecular level investigation of interactions between pharmaceuticals and β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) functionalized adsorption sites for removal of pharmaceutical contaminants from water. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 347:140639. [PMID: 37939929 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
This study describes a novel application of the use of molecular modeling tools for investigating the adsorption of organic micropollutants (OMPs) from water by nanocomposites. The partitioning of pharmaceuticals onto β-Cyclodextrin (β-CD) functionalized adsorbents was investigated at the molecular level to explore the atomistic interactions of pharmaceutical contaminants in water systems with β-CD and to provide insight into possible approaches for removal of pharmaceuticals from water. Molecular electrostatic surface potential mapping of β-CD derivatives was employed to examine the impact of substitution degree of β-CD and type of grafting agent on host-guest complexation. The stability of the complexes of selected pharmaceuticals and β-CD derivatives were assessed via molecular dynamics simulations to evaluate competitive adsorption between organic micropollutants (OMPs) and between OMPs and fulvic acid, a representative natural organic material (NOM) component found in water systems. Molecular electrostatic surface potential maps showed that grafting agents with aromatic and amine functional groups were found to provide attractive interactions for negatively charged OMPs. In addition, optimization of substitution degree of β-CD is necessary to enhance adsorption of target OMPs. Furthermore, it was found that aromatic ring bearing grafting agents can provide additional electrostatic attractions by π-π interactions with the aromatic ring of the OMPs. The impact of common water quality characteristics on adsorption was assessed and it was revealed that the effect of pH and calcium on adsorption depends on the ionizable functional groups present on the grafting agent. Molecular dynamics simulations showed that adsorption of target OMPs does not solely depend on hydrophobicity but is affected by electrostatic interactions. The simulations revealed that fulvic acid which is commonly present in environmental waters can be a competitor with ibuprofen for the β-CD cavity. Ultimately, this study showed that molecular level simulation can be effectively employed to investigate adsorption of OMPs by β-CD functionalized adsorbents and could be employed to enhance their design and subsequent environmental applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ezgi Demircan Ozelcaglayan
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, N2L 3G1, Ontario, Canada.
| | - John F Honek
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, N2L 3G1, Ontario, Canada
| | - Wayne J Parker
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, N2L 3G1, Ontario, Canada
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Vasincu IM, Apotrosoaei M, Lupascu F, Iacob AT, Giusca SE, Caruntu ID, Marangoci NL, Petrovici AR, Stanciu GD, Tamba BI, Profire BS, Focsa AV, Pinteala M, Profire L. Complexes of Ibuprofen Thiazolidin-4-One Derivatives with β-Cyclodextrin: Characterization and In Vivo Release Profile and Biological Evaluation. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2492. [PMID: 37896252 PMCID: PMC10609741 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15102492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Generally, NSAIDs are weakly soluble in water and contain both hydrophilic and hydrophobic groups. One of the most widely used NSAIDs is ibuprofen, which has a poor solubility and high permeability profile. By creating dynamic, non-covalent, water-soluble inclusion complexes, cyclodextrins (CDs) can increase the dissolution rate of low aqueous solubility drugs, operating as a drug delivery vehicle, additionally contributing significantly to the chemical stability of pharmaceuticals and to reducing drug-related irritability. In order to improve the pharmacological and pharmacokinetics profile of ibuprofen, new thiazolidin-4-one derivatives of ibuprofen (4b, 4g, 4k, 4m) were complexed with β-CD, using co-precipitation and freeze-drying. The new β-CD complexes (β-CD-4b, β-CD-4g, β-CD-4k, β-CD-4m) were characterized using scanning electronic microscopy (SEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X-ray diffraction and a phase solubility test. Using the AutoDock-VINA algorithm included in YASARA-structure software, we investigated the binding conformation of ibuprofen derivatives to β-CD and measured the binding energies. We also performed an in vivo biological evaluation of the ibuprofen derivatives and corresponding β-CD complexes, using analgesic/anti-inflammatory assays, as well as a release profile. The results support the theory that β-CD complexes (β-CD-4b, β-CD-4g, β-CD-4k, β-CD-4m) have a similar effect to ibuprofen derivatives (4b, 4g, 4k, 4m). Moreover, the β-CD complexes demonstrated a delayed release profile, which provides valuable insights into the drug-delivery area, focused on ibuprofen derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioana Mirela Vasincu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy from Iasi, 16 University Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (I.M.V.); (M.A.); (F.L.); (A.-T.I.)
| | - Maria Apotrosoaei
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy from Iasi, 16 University Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (I.M.V.); (M.A.); (F.L.); (A.-T.I.)
| | - Florentina Lupascu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy from Iasi, 16 University Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (I.M.V.); (M.A.); (F.L.); (A.-T.I.)
| | - Andreea-Teodora Iacob
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy from Iasi, 16 University Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (I.M.V.); (M.A.); (F.L.); (A.-T.I.)
| | - Simona-Eliza Giusca
- Department of Morphofunctional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy from Iasi, 16 University Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania;
| | - Irina-Draga Caruntu
- Department of Morphofunctional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy from Iasi, 16 University Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania;
| | - Narcisa-Laura Marangoci
- Centre of Advanced Research in Bionanoconjugates and Biopolymers, “Petru Poni“ Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, 41A Grigore Ghica Voda Alley, 700487 Iasi, Romania; (N.-L.M.); (A.R.P.); (M.P.)
| | - Anca Roxana Petrovici
- Centre of Advanced Research in Bionanoconjugates and Biopolymers, “Petru Poni“ Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, 41A Grigore Ghica Voda Alley, 700487 Iasi, Romania; (N.-L.M.); (A.R.P.); (M.P.)
| | - Gabriela Dumitrita Stanciu
- Advanced Research and Development Center for Experimental Medicine (CEMEX) “Prof. Ostin C. Mungiu”, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy from Iasi, 16 University Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (G.D.S.); (B.-I.T.)
| | - Bogdan-Ionel Tamba
- Advanced Research and Development Center for Experimental Medicine (CEMEX) “Prof. Ostin C. Mungiu”, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy from Iasi, 16 University Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (G.D.S.); (B.-I.T.)
| | - Bianca-Stefania Profire
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy from Iasi, 16 University Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania;
| | - Alin-Viorel Focsa
- Department of Drug Industry and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy from Iasi, 16 University Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania;
| | - Mariana Pinteala
- Centre of Advanced Research in Bionanoconjugates and Biopolymers, “Petru Poni“ Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, 41A Grigore Ghica Voda Alley, 700487 Iasi, Romania; (N.-L.M.); (A.R.P.); (M.P.)
| | - Lenuta Profire
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy from Iasi, 16 University Street, 700115 Iasi, Romania; (I.M.V.); (M.A.); (F.L.); (A.-T.I.)
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Saha P, Rafe MR. Cyclodextrin: A prospective nanocarrier for the delivery of antibacterial agents against bacteria that are resistant to antibiotics. Heliyon 2023; 9:e19287. [PMID: 37662769 PMCID: PMC10472013 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e19287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Supramolecular chemistry introduces us to the macrocyclic host cyclodextrin, which has a hydrophobic cavity. The hydrophobic cavity has a higher affinity for hydrophobic guest molecules and forms host-guest complexation with non-covalent interaction. Three significant cyclodextrin kinds are α-cyclodextrin, β-cyclodextrin, and γ-cyclodextrin. The most often utilized is β-cyclodextrin (β-CD). An effective weapon against bacteria that are resistant to antibiotics is cyclodextrin. Several different kinds of cyclodextrin nanocarriers (β-CD, HP-β-CD, Meth-β-CD, cationic CD, sugar-grafted CD) are utilized to enhance the solubility, stability, dissolution, absorption, bioavailability, and permeability of the antibiotics. Cyclodextrin also improves the effectiveness of antibiotics, antimicrobial peptides, metallic nanoparticles, and photodynamic therapy (PDT). Again, cyclodextrin nanocarriers offer slow-release properties for sustained-release formulations where steady-state plasma antibiotic concentration is needed for an extended time. A novel strategy to combat bacterial resistance is a stimulus (pH, ROS)-responsive antibiotics released from cyclodextrin carrier. Once again, cyclodextrin traps autoinducer (AI), a crucial part of bacterial quorum sensing, and reduces virulence factors, including biofilm formation. Cyclodextrin helps to minimize MIC in particular bacterial strains, keep antibiotic concentrations above MIC in the infection site and minimize the possibility of antibiotic and biofilm resistance. Sessile bacteria trapped in biofilms are more resistant to antibiotic therapy than bacteria in a planktonic form. Cyclodextrin also involves delivering antibiotics to biofilm and resistant bacteria to combat bacterial resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pranoy Saha
- Department of Pharmacy, Jagannath University, Dhaka, 1100, Bangladesh
| | - Md Rajdoula Rafe
- Department of Pharmacy, Jagannath University, Dhaka, 1100, Bangladesh
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Munnangi SR, Youssef AAA, Narala N, Lakkala P, Vemula SK, Alluri R, Zhang F, Repka MA. Continuous Manufacturing of Solvent-Free Cyclodextrin Inclusion Complexes for Enhanced Drug Solubility via Hot-Melt Extrusion: A Quality by Design Approach. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2203. [PMID: 37765172 PMCID: PMC10536280 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15092203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Conventional cyclodextrin complexation enhances the solubility of poorly soluble drugs but is solvent-intensive and environmentally unfavorable. This study evaluated solvent-free hot-melt extrusion (HME) for forming cyclodextrin inclusion complexes to improve the solubility and dissolution of ibuprofen (IBU). Molecular docking confirmed IBU's hosting in Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HPβ-CD), while phase solubility revealed its complex stoichiometry and stability. In addition, an 11 mm twin-screw co-rotating extruder with PVP VA-64 as an auxiliary substance aided the complex formation and extrusion. Using QbD and the Box-Behnken design, we studied variables (barrel temperature, screw speed, and polymer concentration) and their impact on solubility and dissolution. The high polymer concentration and high screw speeds positively affected the dependent variables. However, higher temperatures had a negative effect. The lowest barrel temperature set near the Tg of the polymer, when combined with high polymer concentrations, resulted in high torques in HME and halted the extrusion process. Therefore, the temperature and polymer concentration should be selected to provide sufficient melt viscosities to aid the complex formation and extrusion process. Studies such as DSC and XRD revealed the amorphous conversion of IBU, while the inclusion complex formation was demonstrated by ATR and NMR studies. The dissolution of ternary inclusion complexes (TIC) produced from HME was found to be ≥85% released within 30 min. This finding implied the high solubility of IBU, according to the US FDA 2018 guidance for highly soluble compounds containing immediate-release solid oral dosage forms. Overall, the studies revealed the effect of various process parameters on the formation of CD inclusion complexes via HME.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siva Ram Munnangi
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS 38677, USA; (S.R.M.); (A.A.A.Y.); (N.N.); (P.L.); (S.K.V.); (R.A.)
- Pii Center for Pharmaceutical Technology, The University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS 38677, USA
| | - Ahmed Adel Ali Youssef
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS 38677, USA; (S.R.M.); (A.A.A.Y.); (N.N.); (P.L.); (S.K.V.); (R.A.)
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh 33516, Egypt
| | - Nagarjuna Narala
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS 38677, USA; (S.R.M.); (A.A.A.Y.); (N.N.); (P.L.); (S.K.V.); (R.A.)
| | - Preethi Lakkala
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS 38677, USA; (S.R.M.); (A.A.A.Y.); (N.N.); (P.L.); (S.K.V.); (R.A.)
| | - Sateesh Kumar Vemula
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS 38677, USA; (S.R.M.); (A.A.A.Y.); (N.N.); (P.L.); (S.K.V.); (R.A.)
| | - Rohit Alluri
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS 38677, USA; (S.R.M.); (A.A.A.Y.); (N.N.); (P.L.); (S.K.V.); (R.A.)
| | - Feng Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA;
| | - Micheal A. Repka
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, The University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS 38677, USA; (S.R.M.); (A.A.A.Y.); (N.N.); (P.L.); (S.K.V.); (R.A.)
- Pii Center for Pharmaceutical Technology, The University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS 38677, USA
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Abdellatif AAH, Ahmed F, Mohammed AM, Alsharidah M, Al-Subaiyel A, Samman WA, Alhaddad AA, Al-Mijalli SH, Amin MA, Barakat H, Osman SK. Recent Advances in the Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Applications of Cyclodextrin-Capped Gold Nanoparticles. Int J Nanomedicine 2023; 18:3247-3281. [PMID: 37337575 PMCID: PMC10277008 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s405964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The real problem in pharmaceutical preparation is drugs' poor aqueous solubility, low permeability through biological membranes, and short biological t1/2. Conventional drug delivery systems are not able to overcome these problems. However, cyclodextrins (CDs) and their derivatives can solve these challenges. This article aims to summarize and review the history, properties, and different applications of cyclodextrins, especially the ability of inclusion complex formation. It also refers to the effects of cyclodextrin on drug solubility, bioavailability, and stability. Moreover, it focuses on preparing and applying gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) as novel drug delivery systems. It also studies the uses and effects of cyclodextrins in this field as novel drug carriers and targeting devices. The system formulated from AuNPs linked with CD molecules combines the advantages of both CD and AuNPs. Cyclodextrins benefit in increasing aqueous drug solubility, loading capacity, stability, and size control of gold NPs. Also, AuNPs are applied as diagnostic and therapeutic agents because of their unique chemical properties. Plus, AuNPs possess several advantages such as ease of detection, targeted and selective drug delivery, greater surface area, high loading efficiency, and higher stability than microparticles. In the present article, we tried to present the potential pharmaceutical applications of CD-derived AuNPs in biomedical applications including antibacterial, anticancer, gene-drug delivery, and various targeted drug delivery applications. Also, the article highlighted the role of CDs in the preparation and improvement of catalytic enzymes, the formation of self-assembling molecular print boards, the fabrication of supramolecular functionalized electrodes, and biosensors formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed A H Abdellatif
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Qassim, 51452, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Assiut, 71524, Egypt
| | - Fatma Ahmed
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Sohag University, Sohag, 82524, Egypt
| | - Ahmed M Mohammed
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Assiut, 71524, Egypt
| | - Mansour Alsharidah
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Qassim University, Buraydah, 51452, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amal Al-Subaiyel
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Qassim, 51452, Saudi Arabia
| | - Waad A Samman
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Taibah University, Medina, 42353, Saudi Arabia
| | - Aisha A Alhaddad
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Taibah University, Medina, 42353, Saudi Arabia
| | - Samiah Hamad Al-Mijalli
- Department of Biology, College of Sciences, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, 11671, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed A Amin
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Qassim University, Qassim, 51452, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Assiut, 71524, Egypt
| | - Hassan Barakat
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Qassim University, Buraydah, 51452, Saudi Arabia
- Food Technology Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Benha University, Moshtohor, 13736, Egypt
| | - Shaaban K Osman
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Assiut, 71524, Egypt
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Sahu KM, Patra S, Swain SK. Host-guest drug delivery by β-cyclodextrin assisted polysaccharide vehicles: A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 240:124338. [PMID: 37030461 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.124338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2023] [Indexed: 04/10/2023]
Abstract
Among different form of cyclodextrin (CD), β-CD has been taken a special attraction in pharmaceutical science due to lowest aqueous solubility and adequate cavity size. When β-CD forms inclusion complex with drugs then biopolymers such as polysaccharides in combination plays a vital role as a vehicle for safe release of drugs. It is noticed that, β-CD assisted polysaccharide-based composite achieves better drug release rate through host-guest mechanism. Present review is a critical analysis of this host-guest mechanism for release of drugs from polysaccharide supported β-CD inclusion complex. Various important polysaccharides such as cellulose, alginate, chitosan, dextran, etc. in relevant to drug delivery are logically compared in present review by their association with β-CD. Efficacy of mechanism of drug delivery by different polysaccharides with β-CD is analytically examined in schematic form. Drug release capacity at different pH conditions, mode of drug release, along with characterization techniques adopted by individual polysaccharide-based CD complexes are comparatively established in tabular form. This review may explore better visibility for researchers those are working in the area of controlled release of drugs by vehicle consist of β-CD associated polysaccharide composite through host-guest mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishna Manjari Sahu
- Department of Chemistry, Veer Surendra Sai University of Technology, Burla, Sambalpur 768018, Odisha, India
| | - Swapnita Patra
- Department of Chemistry, Veer Surendra Sai University of Technology, Burla, Sambalpur 768018, Odisha, India
| | - Sarat K Swain
- Department of Chemistry, Veer Surendra Sai University of Technology, Burla, Sambalpur 768018, Odisha, India.
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Rout D, Sharma S, Agarwala P, Upadhyaya AK, Sharma A, Sasmal DK. Interaction of Ibuprofen with Partially Unfolded Bovine Serum Albumin in the Presence of Ionic Micelles and Oligosaccharides at Different λ ex and pH: A Spectroscopic Analysis. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:3114-3128. [PMID: 36713709 PMCID: PMC9878652 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c06447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The interaction between the plasma protein bovine serum albumin (BSA) and the drug ibuprofen (IBU) has been investigated at three different pH values (7.4, 6.5, and 8.0) in the presence of oligosaccharides and surfactants. The interaction analysis of BSA with oligosaccharides and surfactants has also been studied in the absence of the drug ibuprofen. The results obtained give convenient and efficient access to understand the mechanism of binding of ibuprofen to BSA, and the major forces involved are found to be hydrophobic forces, hydrogen bonding and ionic interactions. In addition to that, the formation of inclusion complexes of ibuprofen with oligosaccharides (β-CD and 2-HP-β-CD) has been observed, which has depicted that due to the hydrophobic nature of ibuprofen, it becomes more soluble in the presence of oligosaccharides, but due to the larger size of the inclusion complexes, these could not be able to access the hydrophobic pocket of BSA where tryptophan-212 (Trp-212) resides. The binding interaction between BSA and ibuprofen is observed in the presence of surfactants (SDS and CTAB), which partially unfold the protein. Non-radiative fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) from Trp and Tyr residues of BSA in the presence of an anionic surfactant SDS to ibuprofen has depicted that there is a possibility of drug binding even in the partially unfolded state of BSA protein. Furthermore, the distance between the protein and the drug has been calculated from the FRET efficiency, which gives a comprehensive overview of ibuprofen binding to BSA even in its partially denatured state. The hydrophobic drug binding to the partially unfolded serum albumin protein (BSA) supports the "necklace and bead structures" model and opens up a new direction of drug loading and delivery system, which will have critical therapeutic applications in the efficient delivery of pharmacologically prominent drugs.
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Boroushaki T, Dekamin MG. Interactions between β-cyclodextrin as a carrier for anti-cancer drug delivery: a molecular dynamics simulation study. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2023; 41:11551-11563. [PMID: 36597916 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2022.2164058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
A series of molecular dynamics simulations were performed on 5-fluorouracil (5-Fu), Alendronate (Ald), and Temozolomide (TMZ) anticancer drugs in the presence and absence of β-cyclodextrin (βCD) as a carrier. Thermodynamic investigations showed that the van der Waals interaction energy was dominant in loading all drugs inside the βCD cavity. The sum of the interaction energies illustrated that the highest affinity was related to Ald (-136.5 kJ/mol), which in turn was due to the presence of bulky and charged atoms of phosphorus and oxygen, although TMZ (-115.92 kJ/mol) showed a very high affinity as well. At the same time, the hydrogen bond analysis also represented that Ald had the most hydrogen bond (1.97) with the highest half-life (3.13 ps) with βCD. Investigation of the root mean fluctuation (RMSF) indicated that all the drugs had a relatively rigid structure and maintain this rigidity during loading in the βCD cavity, and in the meantime, Ald was slightly more flexible than 5-Fu and TMZ. The area of the primary hydroxyl rim decreased in all drug-containing systems, which in turn was caused by the attractive interaction of drugs with oxygens in the primary hydroxyl rim. Especially for those drugs that were able to penetrate to the end of the primary hydroxyl rim of the βCD, that means TMZ and 5-Fu. Meanwhile, due to the lack of Ald penetration to the end of the primary hydroxyl rim, the area change in the Ald-containing system was less than in the two others.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tahereh Boroushaki
- Pharmaceutical and Heterocyclic Compounds Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad G Dekamin
- Pharmaceutical and Heterocyclic Compounds Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran
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11
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Pimple P, Singh P, Prabhu A, Gupta S. Development and Optimization of HP-β-CD Inclusion Complex-Based Fast Orally Disintegrating Tablet of Pitavastatin Calcium. J Pharm Innov 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12247-022-09661-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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12
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Cid-Samamed A, Rakmai J, Mejuto JC, Simal-Gandara J, Astray G. Cyclodextrins inclusion complex: Preparation methods, analytical techniques and food industry applications. Food Chem 2022; 384:132467. [PMID: 35219231 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.132467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
This review offers a vision of the chemical behaviour of natural ingredients, synthetic drugs and other related compounds complexed using cyclodextrins. The review takes care of different sections related to i) the inclusion complexes formation with cyclodextrins, ii) the determination of the inclusion formation constant, iii) the most used methods to prepare host inclusion in the non-polar cavity of cyclodextrins and iv) the analytical techniques to evidence host inclusion. The review provides different literature that shows the application of cyclodextrins to improve physical, chemical, and biological characteristics of food compounds including solubility, stability and their elimination/masking. Moreover, the review also offers examples of commercial food/supplement products of cyclodextrins to indicate that cyclodextrins can be used to generate biotechnological substances with innovative properties and improve the development of food products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Cid-Samamed
- Universidade de Vigo, Departamento de Química Física, Facultade de Ciencias, Ourense 32004, España.
| | - Jaruporn Rakmai
- Kasetsart Agricultural and Agro-Industrial Product Improvement Institute (KAPI), Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand.
| | - Juan Carlos Mejuto
- Universidade de Vigo, Departamento de Química Física, Facultade de Ciencias, Ourense 32004, España.
| | - Jesus Simal-Gandara
- Universidade de Vigo, Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Department of Analytical Chemistry and Food Science, Faculty of Science, Ourense E-32004, Spain.
| | - Gonzalo Astray
- Universidade de Vigo, Departamento de Química Física, Facultade de Ciencias, Ourense 32004, España.
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Why 2,6-di-methyl-β-cyclodextrin can encapsulate OH-substituted naphthalenes better than β-cyclodextrin: Binding pose, non-covalent interaction and solvent effect. COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2021.113496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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14
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Kumar R, Thakur AK, Banerjee N, Chaudhari P. A critical review on the particle generation and other applications of rapid expansion of supercritical solution. Int J Pharm 2021; 608:121089. [PMID: 34530097 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.121089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The novel particle generation processes of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient (API)/drug have been extensively explored in recent decades due to their wide-range applications in the pharmaceutical industry. The Rapid Expansion of Supercritical Solutions (RESS) is one of the promising techniques to obtain the fine particles (micro to nano-size) of APIs with narrow particle size distribution (PSD). In RESS, supercritical carbon dioxide (SC CO2) and API are used as solvent and solute respectively. In this literature survey, the application of RESS in the formation of fine particles is critically reviewed. Solubility of API in SC CO2 and supersaturation are the key factors in tuning the particle size. The different approaches to model and predict the solubility of API in SC CO2 are discussed. Then, the effect of process parameters on mean particle size and the particle size distribution are interpreted in the context of solubility and supersaturation. Furthermore, the less-explored applications of RESS in preparation of solid-lipid nanoparticles, liposome, polymorphic conversion, cocrystallization and inclusion complexation are compared with traditional processes. The solubility enhancement of API in SC CO2 using co-solvent and its applications in particle generation are explored in published literature. The development and modifications in the conventional RESS process to overcome the limitations of RESS are presented. Finally, the perspective on RESS with special attention to its commercial operation is highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Kumar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun 248007, Uttarakhand, India.
| | - Amit K Thakur
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun 248007, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Nilanjana Banerjee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun 248007, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Pranava Chaudhari
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun 248007, Uttarakhand, India
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Sheng TM, Kumar PV. A New Approach for β-Cyclodextrin Conjugated Drug Delivery System in Cancer Therapy. Curr Drug Deliv 2021; 19:266-300. [PMID: 34620064 DOI: 10.2174/1567201818666211006103452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Natural cyclodextrins (CDs) are macrocyclic starch molecules discovered a decade ago, in which α-, β-, and γ-CD were commonly used. They originally acted as pharmaceutical excipients to enhance the aqueous solubility and alter the physicochemical properties of drugs that fall under class II and IV categories according to the Biopharmaceutics Classification System (BPS). The industrial significance of CDs became apparent during the 1970s as scientists started to discover more of CD's potential in chemical modifications and the formation of inclusion complexes. CDs can help in masking and prolonging the half-life of drugs used in cancer. Multiple optimization techniques were discovered to prepare the derivatives of CDs and increase their complexation and drug delivery efficiency. In recent years, due to the advancement of nanotechnology in pharmaceutical sectors, there has been growing interest in CDs. This review mainly focuses on the formulation of cyclodextrin conjugated nanocarriers using graphenes, carbon nanotubes, nanosponges, hydrogels, dendrimers, and polymers to achieve drug-release characteristics specific to cells. These approaches benefit the discovery of novel anti-cancer treatments, solubilization of new drug compounds, and cell specific drug delivery properties. Due to these unique properties of CDs, they are essential in achieving and enhancing tumor-specific cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teng Meng Sheng
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UCSI University, No. 1, Jalan Menara Gading, Taman Connaught, Cheras, 56000 Kuala Lumpur. Malaysia
| | - Palanirajan Vijayaraj Kumar
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UCSI University, No. 1, Jalan Menara Gading, Taman Connaught, Cheras, 56000 Kuala Lumpur. Malaysia
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16
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Yurtdaş-Kırımlıoğlu G. Spray dried nanospheres for inclusion complexes of cefpodoxime proxetil with β-cyclodextrin, 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin and methyl-β-cyclodextrin: improved dissolution and enhanced antibacterial activity. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2021; 47:1261-1278. [PMID: 34606394 DOI: 10.1080/03639045.2021.1989452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of the current research was the development hard cellulose capsules containing cefpodoxime proxetil (CEF) (BCS-Class II) encapsulated nanospheres of inclusion complexes with β-CD, HP-β-CD and M-β-CD for efficient antibacterial therapy. SIGNIFICANCE The reason for this phenomenon is to bring an innovative approach to effective oral antimicrobial therapy with hard cellulose capsules containing spray dried nanospheres of CEF with β-CD, HP-β-CD and M-β-CD by means of increased solubility, dissolution rate and improved antibacterial efficiency with lower oral dose. METHODS Phase solubility analyses was performed to evaluate the drug/CD interaction, involving the stoichiometry and apparent stability constant. Following the preparation of inclusion complexes by spray-drying method, complexes were characterized for physical, solid-state and microbiological analyses. In vitro dissolution from hard cellulose capsules containing CEF and CEF/β-CD, CEF/HP-β-CD and CEF/M-β-CD complexes were performed. RESULTS According to AL type phase solubility curves, complexes were formulated as 1:1 molar ratio. The solubility of pure CEF was determined as 0.241 ± 0.002 mg mL-1, the solubility of inclusion complexes increased solubility from 3 to 5 times. The strong host-guest interaction was confirmed for CEF/HP-β-CD and CEF/M-β-CD complexes with SEM, DSC, FT-IR and 1H-NMR analyses. Inclusion complexes were more efficient on bacterial cells (2-4 fold) than pure CEF both Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae. Hard-cellulose capsules filled with inclusion complexes exhibited significantly faster release than unprocessed CEF. CONCLUSION Hard-cellulose capsules containing CEF/HP-β-CD and CEF/M-β-CD complexes appear to be superior alternative to commercially available CEF tablets for effective antibacterial therapy.
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Betlejewska-Kielak K, Bednarek E, Budzianowski A, Michalska K, Maurin JK. Comprehensive Characterisation of the Ketoprofen-β-Cyclodextrin Inclusion Complex Using X-ray Techniques and NMR Spectroscopy. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26134089. [PMID: 34279429 PMCID: PMC8271474 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26134089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Racemic ketoprofen (KP) and β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) powder samples from co-precipitation (1), evaporation (2), and heating-under-reflux (3) were analysed using X-ray techniques and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. On the basis of NMR studies carried out in an aqueous solution, it was found that in the samples obtained by methods 1 and 2, there were large excesses of β-CD in relation to KP, 10 and 75 times, respectively, while the sample obtained by method 3 contained equimolar amounts of β-CD and KP. NMR results indicated that KP/β-CD inclusion complexes were formed and the estimated binding constants were approximately 2400 M-1, showing that KP is quite strongly associated with β-CD. On the other hand, the X-ray single-crystal technique in the solid state revealed that the (S)-KP/β-CD inclusion complex with a stoichiometry of 2:2 was obtained as a result of heating-under-reflux, for which the crystal and molecular structure were examined. Among the methods used for the preparation of the KP/β-CD complex, only method 3 is suitable.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elżbieta Bednarek
- Falsified Medicines and Medical Devices Department, National Medicines Institute, Chełmska 30/34, 00-725 Warsaw, Poland; (E.B.); (J.K.M.)
| | | | - Katarzyna Michalska
- Department of Synthetic Drugs, National Medicines Institute, Chełmska 30/34, 00-725 Warsaw, Poland;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-(22)-841-18-88 (ext. 369)
| | - Jan K. Maurin
- Falsified Medicines and Medical Devices Department, National Medicines Institute, Chełmska 30/34, 00-725 Warsaw, Poland; (E.B.); (J.K.M.)
- National Centre for Nuclear Research, A. Sołtana 7, 05-400 Otwock, Poland;
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In Vitro Microbiological and Drug Release of Silver/Ibuprofen Loaded Wound Dressing Designed for the Treatment of Chronically Infected Painful Wounds. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10070805. [PMID: 34356725 PMCID: PMC8300664 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10070805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This study consisted of developing a dressing loaded with silver (Ag) and ibuprofen (IBU) that provides a dual therapy, antibacterial and antalgic, intended for infected painful wounds. Therefore, non-woven polyethyleneterephtalate (PET) textiles nonwovens were pre-treated by cyclodextrin crosslinked with citric acid by a pad/dry/cure process. Then, textiles were impregnated in silver solution followed by a thermal treatment and were then coated by Layer-by-Layer (L-b-L) deposition of a polyelectrolyte multilayer (PEM) system consisting of anionic water-soluble poly(betacyclodextrin citrate) (PCD) and cationic chitosan. Finally, ibuprofen lysinate (IBU-L) was loaded on the PEM coating. We demonstrated the complexation of IBU with native βCD and PCD by phase solubility diagram and 1H NMR. PEM system allowed complete IBU-L release in 6 h in PBS pH 7.4 batch (USP IV). On the other hand, microbiological tests demonstrated that loaded silver induced bacterial reduction of 4 Log10 against S. aureus and E. coli and tests revealed that ibuprofen lysinate loading did not interfere with the antibacterial properties of the dressing.
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Pereva S, Sarafska T, Petrov V, Angelova S, Spassov T. Inclusion complexes of (S)-naproxen and native cyclodextrins: Supramolecular structure and stability. J Mol Struct 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2021.130218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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20
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Temperature-Dependent Dynamical Evolution in Coum/SBE-β-CD Inclusion Complexes Revealed by Two-Dimensional FTIR Correlation Spectroscopy (2D-COS). Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26123749. [PMID: 34205446 PMCID: PMC8234892 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26123749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
A combination of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy in attenuated total reflectance geometry (FTIR-ATR) and 2D correlation analysis (2D-COS) was applied here for the first time in order to investigate the temperature-dependent dynamical evolution occurring in a particular type of inclusion complex, based on sulfobutylether-β-cyclodextrin (SBE-β-CD) as hosting agent and Coumestrol (7,12-dihydorxcoumestane, Coum), a poorly-soluble active compound known for its anti-viral and anti-oxidant activity. For this purpose, synchronous and asynchronous 2D spectra were calculated in three different wavenumber regions (960-1320 cm-1, 1580-1760 cm-1 and 2780-3750 cm-1) and over a temperature range between 250 K and 340 K. The resolution enhancement provided by the 2D-COS offers the possibility to extract the sequential order of events tracked by specific functional groups of the system, and allows, at the same time, the overcoming of some of the limits associated with conventional 1D FTIR-ATR analysis. Acquired information could be used, in principle, for the definition of an optimized procedure capable to provide high-performance T-sensitive drug carrier systems for different applications.
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21
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Crystal and molecular structure of V-amylose complexed with ibuprofen. Carbohydr Polym 2021; 261:117885. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.117885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2020] [Revised: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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22
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Preparation and characterization of native starch-ibuprofen molecular inclusion complexes. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2021.102509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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23
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Khalid Q, Ahmad M, Minhas MU, Batool F, Malik NS, Rehman M. Novel β-cyclodextrin nanosponges by chain growth condensation for solubility enhancement of dexibuprofen: Characterization and acute oral toxicity studies. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2020.102089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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24
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An improved method for the preparation of β-lapachone:2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin inclusion complexes. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2020.101777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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25
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Pereva S, Nikolova V, Sarafska T, Angelova S, Spassov T, Dudev T. Inclusion complexes of ibuprofen and β-cyclodextrin: Supramolecular structure and stability. J Mol Struct 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2019.127575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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26
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Su W, Liang Y, Meng Z, Chen X, Lu M, Han X, Deng X, Zhang Q, Zhu H, Fu T. Inhalation of Tetrandrine-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin Inclusion Complexes for Pulmonary Fibrosis Treatment. Mol Pharm 2020; 17:1596-1607. [PMID: 32142292 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.0c00026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Pulmonary fibrosis (PF) is a kind of interstitial lung disease with the features of progressive and often fatal dyspnea. Tetrandrine (TET) is the major active constituent of Chinese herbal Stephania tetrandra S. Moore, which has already applied clinically to treat rheumatism, lung cancer, and silicosis. In this work, a tetrandrine-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin inclusion compound (TET-HP-β-CD) was developed for the treatment of pulmonary fibrosis via inhalation administration. TET-HP-β-CD was prepared by the freeze-drying method and identified using the cascade impactor, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier transform infrared spectrum (FT-IR). A bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis rat model was used to assess the effects of inhaled TET and TET-HP-β-CD. Animal survival, hydroxyproline content in the lungs, and lung histology were detected. The results showed that inhalation of TET-HP-β-CD alleviated inflammation and fibrosis, limited the accumulation of hydroxyproline in the lungs, regulated protein expression in PF development, and improved postoperative survival. Moreover, nebulized delivery of TET-HP-β-CD accumulated chiefly in the lungs and limited systemic distribution compared with intravenous administration. The present results indicated that inhalation of TET-HP-β-CD is an attractive candidate for the treatment of pulmonary fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenqiang Su
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China.,Jiangsu Botanical Medicine Refinement Engineering Research Center, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yinmei Liang
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China.,Jiangsu Botanical Medicine Refinement Engineering Research Center, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Zhiping Meng
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China.,Jiangsu Botanical Medicine Refinement Engineering Research Center, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xuanyu Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China.,Jiangsu Botanical Medicine Refinement Engineering Research Center, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Manqi Lu
- Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xingxing Han
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China.,Jiangsu Botanical Medicine Refinement Engineering Research Center, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xiaomin Deng
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China.,Jiangsu Botanical Medicine Refinement Engineering Research Center, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Qichun Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China.,Jiangsu Botanical Medicine Refinement Engineering Research Center, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Huaxu Zhu
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China.,Jiangsu Botanical Medicine Refinement Engineering Research Center, Nanjing 210023, China.,Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Tingming Fu
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China.,Jiangsu Botanical Medicine Refinement Engineering Research Center, Nanjing 210023, China.,Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Chinese Medicinal Resources Industrialization, Nanjing 210023, China
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Kaur K, Jindal R, Jindal D. Controlled release of vitamin B1 and evaluation of biodegradation studies of chitosan and gelatin based hydrogels. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 146:987-999. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.09.223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Revised: 09/22/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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28
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Date P, Tanwar A, Ladage P, Kodam KM, Ottoor D. Biodegradable and biocompatible agarose–poly (vinyl alcohol) hydrogel for the in vitro investigation of ibuprofen release. CHEMICAL PAPERS 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11696-019-01046-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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29
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Gimenez GG, Silva RM, Francisco CP, Rando FDS, Dantas JH, de Souza HM, Matioli G. Immobilization of commercial cyclomaltodextrin glucanotransferase into controlled pore silica by the anchorage method and covalent bonding. Process Biochem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2019.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Pereva S, Nikolova V, Angelova S, Spassov T, Dudev T. Water inside β-cyclodextrin cavity: amount, stability and mechanism of binding. Beilstein J Org Chem 2019; 15:1592-1600. [PMID: 31435441 PMCID: PMC6664416 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.15.163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyclodextrins (CDs) are native host systems with inherent ability to form inclusion complexes with various molecular entities, mostly hydrophobic substances. Host cyclodextrins are accommodative to water molecules as well and contain water in the native state. For β-cyclodextrin (β-CD), there is no consensus regarding the number of bound water molecules and the location of their coordination. A number of intriguing questions remain: (1) Which localities of the host’s macrocycle are the strongest attractors for the guest water molecules? (2) What are the stabilizing factors for the water clusters in the interior of β-CD and what type of interactions between water molecules and cavity walls or between the water molecules themselves are dominating the energetics of the β-CD hydration? (3) What is the maximum number of water molecules inside the cavity of β-CD? (4) How do the thermodynamic characteristics of β-CD hydration compare with those of its smaller α-cyclodextrin (α-CD) counterpart? In this study, we address these questions by employing a combination of experimental (DSC/TG) and theoretical (DFT) approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stiliyana Pereva
- Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Sofia University "St. Kl. Ohridski", 1164 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Valya Nikolova
- Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Sofia University "St. Kl. Ohridski", 1164 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Silvia Angelova
- Institute of Organic Chemistry with Centre of Phytochemistry, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Tony Spassov
- Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Sofia University "St. Kl. Ohridski", 1164 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Todor Dudev
- Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Sofia University "St. Kl. Ohridski", 1164 Sofia, Bulgaria
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31
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Gatiatulin AK, Osel'skaya VY, Ziganshin MA, Gorbatchuk VV. Smart control of guest inclusion by α-cyclodextrin using its hydration history. RSC Adv 2019; 9:37778-37787. [PMID: 35541818 PMCID: PMC9075746 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra08710a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydration history was found to control the inclusion capacity of α-cyclodextrin (aCD) for volatile organic guests, so that its level may be switched from zero to the stoichiometric value and back by the variation of aCD hydration/dehydration order and direction. Such variation of the inclusion capacity is caused by the balance of two water roles: the activation of guest inclusion and guest/water competition. These observed concurrent roles and the cooperativity of guest inclusion and hydration make possible the smart tuning of the guest inclusion by the subtle change of preparation procedure. Depending on the hydration history, aCD was shown to form hydrates with the same water contents but different packing types and different kinetics of dehydration, which correlates with their different inclusion capacities for organic guests. This correlation reveals how the “high-energy” and “low-energy” water works in the guest inclusion by aCD, which may be relevant for other cyclodextrins and hydrophilic receptors of biomimetic and biological natures. The results can help to rationalize the technologies of producing various inclusion compounds of cyclodextrins. The hydration level and hydration history of alpha-cyclodextrin significantly affects its structure and inclusion capacity for organic guests.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Askar K. Gatiatulin
- A. M. Butlerov Institute of Chemistry
- Kazan Federal University
- Kazan 420008
- Russia
| | | | - Marat A. Ziganshin
- A. M. Butlerov Institute of Chemistry
- Kazan Federal University
- Kazan 420008
- Russia
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32
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Kaur K, Jindal R, Jindal D. RSM-CCD optimized microwave-assisted synthesis of chitosan and gelatin-based pH sensitive, inclusion complexes incorporated hydrogels and their use as controlled drug delivery systems. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2018.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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33
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Abou-Okeil A, Rehan M, El-Sawy S, El-bisi M, Ahmed-Farid O, Abdel-Mohdy F. Lidocaine/β-cyclodextrin inclusion complex as drug delivery system. Eur Polym J 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2018.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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34
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Alves TFR, Barros CT, Baldo D, Amaral VA, Sever M, Santos C, Severino P, Chaud MV. Preparation, Characterization and ex vivo Intestinal Permeability Studies of Ibuprofen Solid Dispersion. J DISPER SCI TECHNOL 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/01932691.2018.1472014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Cecília Torqueti Barros
- Laboratory of Biomaterials and Nanotechnology, Univerity of Sorocaba, Sorocaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Denicezar Baldo
- Laboratory of Biomaterials and Nanotechnology, Univerity of Sorocaba, Sorocaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Venâncio Alves Amaral
- Laboratory of Biomaterials and Nanotechnology, Univerity of Sorocaba, Sorocaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mirella Sever
- Laboratory of Biomaterials and Nanotechnology, Univerity of Sorocaba, Sorocaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carolina Santos
- Laboratory of Biomaterials and Nanotechnology, Univerity of Sorocaba, Sorocaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Marco Vinicius Chaud
- Laboratory of Biomaterials and Nanotechnology, Univerity of Sorocaba, Sorocaba, São Paulo, Brazil
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35
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Inclusion complexes of pantoprazole with β-cyclodextrin and cucurbit[7]uril: experimental and molecular modeling study. J INCL PHENOM MACRO 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10847-018-0814-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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36
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Adeoye O, Costa C, Casimiro T, Aguiar-Ricardo A, Cabral-Marques H. Preparation of ibuprofen/hydroxypropyl-γ-cyclodextrin inclusion complexes using supercritical CO2-assisted spray drying. J Supercrit Fluids 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2017.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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37
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Thermal Analyses of Cyclodextrin Complexes. ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY FOR A SUSTAINABLE WORLD 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-76159-6_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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38
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Khalid Q, Ahmad M, Minhas MU. Synthesis of β-cyclodextrin hydrogel nanoparticles for improving the solubility of dexibuprofen: characterization and toxicity evaluation. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2017; 43:1873-1884. [DOI: 10.1080/03639045.2017.1350703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qandeel Khalid
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Alternative Medicine, the Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Mahmood Ahmad
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Alternative Medicine, the Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Usman Minhas
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Alternative Medicine, the Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Punjab, Pakistan
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39
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Schöffer JDN, Matte CR, Charqueiro DS, de Menezes EW, Costa TMH, Benvenutti EV, Rodrigues RC, Hertz PF. Effects of immobilization, pH and reaction time in the modulation of α-, β- or γ-cyclodextrins production by cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase: Batch and continuous process. Carbohydr Polym 2017; 169:41-49. [PMID: 28504163 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Revised: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
This study reports the immobilization of a β-CGTase on glutaraldehyde pre-activated silica and its use to production of cyclodextrins in batch and continuous reactions. We were able to modulate the cyclodextrin production (α-, β- and γ-CD) by immobilization and changing the reaction conditions. In batch reactions, the immobilized enzyme reached to maximum productions of 4.9mgmL-1 of α-CD, 3.6mgmL-1 of β-CD and 3.5mgmL-1 of γ-CD at different conditions of temperature, pH and reaction time. In continuous reactor, varying the residence time and pH it was possible to produce at pH 4.0 and 141min of residence time preferentially γ-CD (0.75 and 3.36mgmL-1 of α- and γ-CD, respectively), or at pH 8.0 and 4.81min α- and β-CDs (3.44 and 3.51mgmL-1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jéssie da Natividade Schöffer
- Grupo de Biotecnologia, Bioprocessos e Biocatálise, Instituto de Ciência e Tecnologia de Alimentos, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Carla Roberta Matte
- Grupo de Biotecnologia, Bioprocessos e Biocatálise, Instituto de Ciência e Tecnologia de Alimentos, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Douglas Santana Charqueiro
- Laboratório de Sólidos e Superfície, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Eliana Weber de Menezes
- Laboratório de Sólidos e Superfície, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Tania Maria Haas Costa
- Laboratório de Sólidos e Superfície, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Edilson Valmir Benvenutti
- Laboratório de Sólidos e Superfície, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Rafael C Rodrigues
- Grupo de Biotecnologia, Bioprocessos e Biocatálise, Instituto de Ciência e Tecnologia de Alimentos, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
| | - Plinho Francisco Hertz
- Grupo de Biotecnologia, Bioprocessos e Biocatálise, Instituto de Ciência e Tecnologia de Alimentos, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
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40
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Ferro M, Castiglione F, Pastori N, Punta C, Melone L, Panzeri W, Rossi B, Trotta F, Mele A. Dynamics and interactions of ibuprofen in cyclodextrin nanosponges by solid-state NMR spectroscopy. Beilstein J Org Chem 2017; 13:182-194. [PMID: 28228859 PMCID: PMC5301966 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.13.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Two different formulations of cyclodextrin nanosponges (CDNS), obtained by polycondensation of β-cyclodextrin with ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid dianhydride (EDTAn), were treated with aqueous solutions of ibuprofen sodium salt (IbuNa) affording hydrogels that, after lyophilisation, gave two solid CDNS-drug formulations. 1H fast MAS NMR and 13C CP-MAS NMR spectra showed that IbuNa was converted in situ into its acidic and dimeric form (IbuH) after freeze-drying. 13C CP-MAS NMR spectra also indicated that the structure of the nanosponge did not undergo changes upon drug loading compared to the unloaded system. However, the 13C NMR spectra collected under variable contact time cross-polarization (VCT-CP) conditions showed that the polymeric scaffold CDNS changed significantly its dynamic regime on passing from the empty CDNS to the drug-loaded CDNS, thus showing that the drug encapsulation can be seen as the formation of a real supramolecular aggregate rather than a conglomerate of two solid components. Finally, the structural features obtained from the different solid-state NMR approaches reported matched the information from powder X-ray diffraction profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Ferro
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "G. Natta", Politecnico di Milano, Piazza L. da Vinci 32 - 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Franca Castiglione
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "G. Natta", Politecnico di Milano, Piazza L. da Vinci 32 - 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Nadia Pastori
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "G. Natta", Politecnico di Milano, Piazza L. da Vinci 32 - 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Carlo Punta
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "G. Natta", Politecnico di Milano, Piazza L. da Vinci 32 - 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Lucio Melone
- Università degli Studi e-Campus, Via Isimbardi 10, 22060 Novedrate, Como, Italy
| | | | - Barbara Rossi
- Elettra - Sincrotrone Trieste, Strada Statale 14 km 163.5, Area Science Park, 34149 Trieste, Italy; Department of Physics, University of Trento, via Sommarive 14, 38123 Povo, Trento, Italy
| | - Francesco Trotta
- Department of Chemistry, University of Torino, Via Pietro Giuria 7, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Andrea Mele
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "G. Natta", Politecnico di Milano, Piazza L. da Vinci 32 - 20133 Milano, Italy; CNR-ICRM, Via L. Mancinelli 7, 20131 Milano, Italy
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