1
|
Dyba A, Wiącek E, Nowak M, Janczak J, Nartowski KP, Braun DE. Metronidazole Cocrystal Polymorphs with Gallic and Gentisic Acid Accessed through Slurry, Atomization Techniques, and Thermal Methods. CRYSTAL GROWTH & DESIGN 2023; 23:8241-8260. [PMID: 37937188 PMCID: PMC10626573 DOI: 10.1021/acs.cgd.3c00951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
In this study, key features of metronidazole (MNZ) cocrystal polymorphs with gallic acid (GAL) and gentisic acid (GNT) were elucidated. Solvent-mediated phase transformation experiments in 30 solvents with varying properties were employed to control the polymorphic behavior of the MNZ cocrystal with GAL. Solvents with relative polarity (RP) values above 0.35 led to cocrystal I°, the thermodynamically stable form. Conversely, solvents with RP values below 0.35 produced cocrystal II, which was found to be only 0.3 kJ mol-1 less stable in enthalpy. The feasibility of electrospraying, including solvent properties and process conditions required, and spray drying techniques to control cocrystal polymorphism was also investigated, and these techniques were found to facilitate exclusive formation of the metastable MNZ-GAL cocrystal II. Additionally, the screening approach resulted in a new, high-temperature polymorph I of the MNZ-GNT cocrystal system, which is enantiotropically related to the already known form II°. The intermolecular energy calculations, as well as the 2D similarity between the MNZ-GAL polymorphs and the 3D similarity between MNZ-GNT polymorphs, rationalized the observed transition behaviors. Furthermore, the evaluation of virtual cocrystal screening techniques identified molecular electrostatic potential calculations as a supportive tool for coformer selection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra
J. Dyba
- Institute
of Pharmacy, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 52c, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
- Department
of Drug Form Technology, Wroclaw Medical
University, Borowska 211A, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Ewa Wiącek
- Department
of Drug Form Technology, Wroclaw Medical
University, Borowska 211A, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Maciej Nowak
- Department
of Drug Form Technology, Wroclaw Medical
University, Borowska 211A, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Jan Janczak
- Institute
of Low Temperature and Structure Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 1410, Okolna 2, 50-950 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Karol P. Nartowski
- Department
of Drug Form Technology, Wroclaw Medical
University, Borowska 211A, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland
- School
of Pharmacy, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, NR4 7TJ Norwich, U.K.
| | - Doris E. Braun
- Institute
of Pharmacy, University of Innsbruck, Innrain 52c, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Xue Y, Liao Y, Wang H, Li S, Gu Z, Adu-Frimpong M, Yu J, Xu X, Smyth HDC, Zhu Y. Preparation and evaluation of astaxanthin-loaded 2-hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin and Soluplus® nanoparticles based on electrospray technology. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2023; 103:3628-3637. [PMID: 36840513 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.12527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Astaxanthin is a type of food-derived active ingredient with antioxidant, antidiabetic and non-toxicity functions, but its poor solubility and low bioavailability hinder further application in food industry. In the present study, through inclusion technologies, micellar solubilization and electrospray techniques, we prepared astaxanthin nanoparticles before optimizing the formulation to regulate the physical and chemical properties of micelles. We accomplished the preparation of astaxanthin nanoparticle delivery system based on single needle electrospray technology through use of 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin and Soluplus® to improveme the release behavior of the nanocarrier. RESULTS Through this experiment, we successfully prepared astaxanthin nanoparticles with a particle size of approximately 80 nm, which was further verified with scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. Furthermore, the encapsulation of astaxanthin molecules into the carrier nanoparticles was verified via the results of attenuated total reflectance intensity and X-ray powder diffraction techniques. The in vitro release behavior of astaxanthin nanoparticles was different in media that contained 0.5% Tween 80 (pH 1.2, 4.5 and 6.8) buffer solution and distilled water. Also, we carried out a pharmacokinetic study of astaxanthin nanoparticles, in which it was observed that astaxanthin nanoparticle showed an effect of immediate release and significant improved bioavailability. CONCLUSION 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin and Soluplus® were used in the present study as a hydrophilic nanocarrier that could provide a simple way of encapsulating natural function food with repsect to improving the solubility and bioavailability of poorly water-soluble ingredients. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Xue
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Center for Nano Drug/Gene Delivery and Tissue Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Youwu Liao
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Center for Nano Drug/Gene Delivery and Tissue Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Haiqiao Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Center for Nano Drug/Gene Delivery and Tissue Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Shuang Li
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Center for Nano Drug/Gene Delivery and Tissue Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Zhengqing Gu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Center for Nano Drug/Gene Delivery and Tissue Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Michael Adu-Frimpong
- Department of Biochemistry and Forensic Sciences, School of Chemical and Biochemical Sciences, C. K. Tedam University of Technology and Applied Sciences (CKT-UTAS), Navrongo, Ghana
| | - Jiangnan Yu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Center for Nano Drug/Gene Delivery and Tissue Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Ximing Xu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Center for Nano Drug/Gene Delivery and Tissue Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Hugh D C Smyth
- College of Molecular Pharmaceutics & Drug Delivery, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Yuan Zhu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Center for Nano Drug/Gene Delivery and Tissue Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Chauhan V, Mardia R, Patel M, Suhagia B, Parmar K. Technical and Formulation Aspects of Pharmaceutical Co‐Crystallization: A Systematic Review. ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202202588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vishva Chauhan
- Affiliation: a-ROFEL Shri G.M. Bilakhia College of Pharmacy Namdha campus Vapi Gujarat India 396191
- Department of Pharmacy Dharmsinh Desai University Nadiad Gujarat India 387001 Corresponding author: Vishva Chauhan
| | - Rajnikant Mardia
- Department of Pharmacy Dharmsinh Desai University Nadiad Gujarat India 387001 Corresponding author: Vishva Chauhan
| | - Mehul Patel
- Department of Pharmacy Dharmsinh Desai University Nadiad Gujarat India 387001 Corresponding author: Vishva Chauhan
| | - Bhanu Suhagia
- Department of Pharmacy Dharmsinh Desai University Nadiad Gujarat India 387001 Corresponding author: Vishva Chauhan
| | - Komal Parmar
- Affiliation: a-ROFEL Shri G.M. Bilakhia College of Pharmacy Namdha campus Vapi Gujarat India 396191
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
O'Sullivan A, Long B, Verma V, Ryan KM, Padrela L. Solid-State and Particle Size Control of Pharmaceutical Cocrystals using Atomization-Based Techniques. Int J Pharm 2022; 621:121798. [PMID: 35525471 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.121798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Poor bioavailability and aqueous solubility represent a major constraint during the development of new API molecules and can influence the impact of new medicines or halt their approval to the market. Cocrystals offer a novel and competitive advantage over other conventional methods with respect towards the substantial improvement in solubility profiles relative to the single-API crystals. Furthermore, the production of such cocrystals through atomization-based methods allow for greater control, with respect to particle size reduction, to further increase the solubility of the API. Such atomization-based methods include supercritical fluid methods, conventional spray drying and electrohydrodynamic atomization/electrospraying. The influence of process parameters such as solution flow rates, pressure and solution concentration, in controlling the solid-state and final particle size are discussed in this review with respect to atomization-based methods. For the last decade, literature has been attempting to catch-up with new regulatory rulings regarding the classification of cocrystals, due in part to data sparsity. In recent years, there has been an increase in cocrystal publications, specifically employing atomization-based methods. This review considers the benefits to employing atomization-based methods for the generation of pharmaceutical cocrystals, examines the most recent regulatory changes regarding cocrystals and provides an outlook towards the future of this field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aaron O'Sullivan
- SSPC Research Centre, Department of Chemical Sciences, Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Barry Long
- SSPC Research Centre, Department of Chemical Sciences, Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Vivek Verma
- SSPC Research Centre, Department of Chemical Sciences, Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Kevin M Ryan
- SSPC Research Centre, Department of Chemical Sciences, Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Luis Padrela
- SSPC Research Centre, Department of Chemical Sciences, Bernal Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Cocrystal design of vanillin with amide drugs: crystal structure determination, solubility enhancement, DFT calculation. Chem Eng Res Des 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cherd.2022.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
|
6
|
Kumar Bandaru R, Rout SR, Kenguva G, Gorain B, Alhakamy NA, Kesharwani P, Dandela R. Recent Advances in Pharmaceutical Cocrystals: From Bench to Market. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:780582. [PMID: 34858194 PMCID: PMC8632238 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.780582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The pharmacokinetics profile of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) in the solid pharmaceutical dosage forms is largely dependent on the solid-state characteristics of the chemicals to understand the physicochemical properties by particle size, size distribution, surface area, solubility, stability, porosity, thermal properties, etc. The formation of salts, solvates, and polymorphs are the conventional strategies for altering the solid characteristics of pharmaceutical compounds, but they have their own limitations. Cocrystallization approach was established as an alternative method for tuning the solubility, permeability, and processability of APIs by introducing another compatible molecule/s into the crystal structure without affecting its therapeutic efficacy to successfully develop the formulation with the desired pharmacokinetic profile. In the present review, we have grossly focused on cocrystallization, particularly at different stages of development, from design to production. Furthermore, we have also discussed regulatory guidelines for pharmaceutical industries and challenges associated with the design, development and production of pharmaceutical cocrystals with commercially available cocrystal-based products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ravi Kumar Bandaru
- Department of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Technology-Indian Oil Bhubaneswar Campus, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Smruti Rekha Rout
- Department of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Technology-Indian Oil Bhubaneswar Campus, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Gowtham Kenguva
- Department of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Technology-Indian Oil Bhubaneswar Campus, Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Bapi Gorain
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor’s University, Subang Jaya, Malaysia
| | - Nabil A. Alhakamy
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Center of Excellence for Drug Research & Pharmaceutical Industries, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Prashant Kesharwani
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Rambabu Dandela
- Department of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Technology-Indian Oil Bhubaneswar Campus, Bhubaneswar, India
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Abstract
The last decade has witnessed extensive growth in the field of co-crystallization for mitigating the solubility and dissolution-related issues of poorly soluble drugs. This is largely because co-crystals can modify the physicochemical properties of drugs without any covalent modification in the drug molecules. The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) now considers drug products that are designed to contain a new co-crystal, analogous to new polymorph of the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API). This positive change in regulatory perspective coupled with successful commercialization of valsartan-sacubitril co-crystal (Entresto, Novartis) has now brought co-crystals into focus, in both industries as well as academia. Co-crystal prediction, screening, and synthesis have been reported in literature; however, co-crystal production at a larger scale needs further investigations. With this aim, the article describes various continuous methods for co-crystal production, along with in-line monitoring during co-crystal production, emphasizing on process analytical technology (PAT). In addition, the scale-up issues of continuous and batch co-crystallization and other suitable techniques for pharmaceutical scale up are detailed. Quality control aspects and regulatory viewpoint crucial for commercial success are elaborated in the future perspective.
Collapse
|
8
|
Pessoa AS, Aguiar GPS, Vladimir Oliveira J, Bortoluzzi AJ, Paulino A, Lanza M. Precipitation of resveratrol-isoniazid and resveratrol-nicotinamide cocrystals by gas antisolvent. J Supercrit Fluids 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2018.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
|
9
|
Patil S, Agarwal P, Rojatkar S, Mahadik K. Electrosprayed Forskolin Cocrystals with Enhanced Aqueous Solubility. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/22297928.2018.1467277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sharvil Patil
- Bharati Vidyapeeth Deemed University, Poona College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutics, Erandwane, Pune-411 038, Maharashtra, India
| | - Piyush Agarwal
- Bharati Vidyapeeth Deemed University, Poona College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutics, Erandwane, Pune-411 038, Maharashtra, India
| | - Supada Rojatkar
- Research & Development Centre in Pharmaceutical Sciences and Applied Chemistry, Bharati Vidyapeeth Deemed University, Poona College of Pharmacy Campus, Erandwane, Pune-411038, Maharashtra, India
| | - Kakasaheb Mahadik
- Bharati Vidyapeeth Deemed University, Poona College of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutics, Erandwane, Pune-411 038, Maharashtra, India
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Fontana F, Figueiredo P, Zhang P, Hirvonen JT, Liu D, Santos HA. Production of pure drug nanocrystals and nano co-crystals by confinement methods. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2018; 131:3-21. [PMID: 29738786 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2018.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The use of drug nanocrystals in the drug formulation is increasing due to the large number of poorly water-soluble drug compounds synthetized and due to the advantages brought by the nanonization process. The downsizing processes are done using a top-down approach (milling and homogenization currently employed at the industrial level), while the crystallization process is performed by bottom-up techniques (e.g., antisolvent precipitation, use of supercritical fluids or spray and freeze drying). In addition, the production of nanocrystals in confined environment can be achieved within microfluidics channels. This review analyzes the processes for the preparation of nanocrystals and co-crystals, divided by top-down and bottom-up approaches, together with their combinations. The combination of both strategies merges the favorable features of each process and avoids the disadvantages of single processes. Overall, the applicability of drug nanocrystals is highlighted by the widespread research on the production processes at the engineering, pharmaceutical, and nanotechnology level.
Collapse
|
11
|
Sverdlov Arzi R, Sosnik A. Electrohydrodynamic atomization and spray-drying for the production of pure drug nanocrystals and co-crystals. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2018; 131:79-100. [PMID: 30031740 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2018.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Revised: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, nanotechnology has offered attractive opportunities to overcome the (bio)pharmaceutical drawbacks of most drugs such as low aqueous solubility and bioavailability. Among the numerous methodologies that have been applied to improve drug performance, a special emphasis has been made on those that increase the dissolution rate and the saturation solubility by the reduction of the particle size of pure drugs to the nanoscale and the associated increase of the specific surface area. Different top-down and bottom-up methods have been implemented, each one with its own pros and cons. Over the last years, the latter that rely on the dissolution of the drug in a proper solvent and its crystallization or co-crystallization by precipitation in an anti-solvent or, conversely, by solvent evaporation have gained remarkable impulse owing to the ability to adjust features such as size, size distribution, morphology and to control the amorphous/crystalline nature of the product. In this framework, electrohydrodynamic atomization (also called electrospraying) and spray-drying excel due to their simplicity and potential scalability. Moreover, they do not necessarily require suspension stabilizers and dry products are often produced during the formation of the nanoparticles what ensures physicochemical stability for longer times than liquid products. This review overviews the potential of these two technologies for the production of pure drug nanocrystals and co-crystals and discusses the recent technological advances and challenges for their implementation in pharmaceutical research and development.
Collapse
|
12
|
Zhao Z, Liu G, Lin Q, Jiang Y. Co-Crystal of Paracetamol and Trimethylglycine Prepared by a Supercritical CO2
Anti-Solvent Process. Chem Eng Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ceat.201700638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ziyi Zhao
- South China University of Technology; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; 381 Wushan Street 510640 Guangzhou China
| | - Guijin Liu
- South China University of Technology; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; 381 Wushan Street 510640 Guangzhou China
- Honz Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd.; 6 Yaogu 3rd Road 570311 Haikou China
| | - Qing Lin
- South China University of Technology; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; 381 Wushan Street 510640 Guangzhou China
| | - Yanbin Jiang
- South China University of Technology; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; 381 Wushan Street 510640 Guangzhou China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Emami S, Siahi-Shadbad M, Barzegar-Jalali M, Adibkia K. Feasibility of electrospray deposition for rapid screening of the cocrystal formation and single step, continuous production of pharmaceutical nanococrystals. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2018; 44:1034-1047. [PMID: 29347850 DOI: 10.1080/03639045.2018.1430821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study employed electrospray deposition (ESD) for simultaneous synthesis and particle engineering of cocrystals. SIGNIFICANCE Exploring new methods for the efficient production of cocrystals with desired particle properties is an essential demand. METHODS The possibility of cocrystal formation by ESD was examined for indomethacin-saccharin, indomethacin-nicotinamide, naproxen-nicotinamide, and naproxen-iso-nicotinamide cocrystals. Solutions of the drug and coformer at stoichiometric ratios were sprayed to a high electric field which caused rapid evaporation of the solvent and the formation of fine particles. The phase purity, size, and morphology of products were compared with reference cocrystals. Experiments were performed to evaluate the effects of stoichiometric ratio, concentration and solvent type on the cocrystal formation. Physical stability and dissolution properties of the electrosprayed cocrystals were also compared with reference cocrystals. RESULTS ESD was found to be an efficient and rapid method to produce cocrystals for all studied systems other than indomethacin-nicotinamide. Pure cocrystals only formed at a specific drug:coformer ratio. The solvent type has a weak effect on the cocrystal formation and morphology. Electrosprayed cocrystals exhibited nano to micrometer sizes with distinct morphologies with comparable physical stability with reference cocrystals. Nanococrystals of indomethacin-saccharin with a mean size of 219 nm displayed a threefold higher dissolution rate than solvent evaporated cocrystal. CONCLUSION ESD successfully was utilized to produce pure cocrystals of poorly soluble drugs with different morphologies and sizes ranging from nano to micrometer sizes in one step. This study highlighted the usefulness of ESD for simultaneous preparation and particle engineering of pharmaceutical cocrystals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shahram Emami
- a Drug Applied Research Center and Faculty of Pharmacy , Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz , Iran.,b Student Research Committee , Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz , Iran
| | - Mohammadreza Siahi-Shadbad
- c Department of Pharmaceutical and Food Control, Faculty of Pharmacy , Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz , Iran
| | - Mohammad Barzegar-Jalali
- d Biotechnology Research Center, and Faculty of Pharmacy , Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz , Iran
| | - Khosro Adibkia
- e Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology and Faculty of Pharmacy , Tabriz University of medical sciences , Tabriz , Iran
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Probing Influence of Solvent on Polymorphic Transformation of Carbamazepine Using Electrospray Technology. J Pharm Innov 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s12247-017-9294-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|