Anticancer effects of one-pot synthesized biogenic gold nanoparticles (Mc-AuNps) against laryngeal carcinoma

Harnessing the power of gold: advancements in anticancer gold complexes and their functionalized nanoparticles

Cancer poses a formidable challenge, necessitating improved treatment strategies. Metal-based drugs and nanotechnology offer new hope in this battle. Versatile gold complexes and functionalized gold nanoparticles exhibit unique properties like biologically inert behaviour, outstanding light absorption, and heat-conversion abilities. These nanoparticles can be finely tuned for drug delivery, enabling precise and targeted cancer therapy. Their exceptional drug-loading capacity and low toxicity, stemming from excellent stability, biocompatibility, and customizable shapes, make them a promising option for enhancing cancer treatment outcomes and improving diagnostic imaging. Leveraging these attributes, researchers can design more effective and targeted cancer therapeutics. The potential of functionalized gold nanoparticles to advance cancer treatment and diagnostics holds a promising avenue for further exploration and development in the fight against cancer. This review article delves into the finely tuned attributes of functionalized gold nanoparticles, unveiling their potential for application in drug delivery for precise and targeted cancer therapy.

The Investigation of the Chemical Composition and Applicability of Gold Nanoparticles Synthesized with Amygdalus communis (Almond) Leaf Aqueous Extract as Antimicrobial and Anticancer Agents

The current work’s main objective was to determine the chemical composition of Amygdalus communis (AC) leaf extract and examine the antibacterial and cytotoxic properties of biosynthesized gold nanoparticles (AuNPs). The chemical composition of AC leaf extract was determined using LC-ESI/MS/MS to detect compounds that may be responsible for the reducing, stabilizing, and capping steps in the synthesis of nanoparticles and their biological activities. The AC-AuNPs were spherical, with a particle size lower than 100 nm and a face-centered cubic structure. The EDX spectrum confirmed the formation of AuNPs and a negative zeta potential value (−27.7 mV) suggested their physicochemical stability. The in vitro cytotoxic efficacy of the AC-AuNPs against colorectal adenocarcinoma (Caco-2), glioma (U118), and ovarian (Skov-3) cancer cell lines and human dermal fibroblasts (HDFs) was evaluated by MTT assay. CaCo-2 cell proliferation was effectively inhibited by the AC-AuNPs at concentrations between 25 and 100 g mL−1. The AC-AuNPs exerted preeminent antimicrobial activity against Bacillus subtilis with an MIC of 0.02 μg/mL, whilst good activity was shown against Staphylococcus aureus bacteria and Candida albicans yeast with an MIC of 0.12 μg/mL. Ultimately, the results support the high antibacterial and anticancer potential of biosynthesized AuNPs from AC leaf extract.

Oxidation and Reduction Dual-Responsive Polymeric Prodrug Micelles Co-delivery Precisely Prescribed Paclitaxel and Honokiol for Laryngeal Carcinoma Combination Therapy

Laryngeal carcinoma is the most common head and neck malignancy globally, and chemotherapy is still the most common treatment for this type of carcinoma. Monotherapy has become powerless because of the lack of drugs in the anticancer agent library, the difficult process of new drug discovery, and the widespread drug resistance. Combination therapy with two agents, in particular Chinese herbal medicines with chemotherapy drugs, is a potential alternative to chemotherapy alone. However, combination therapy faces difficulties in delivering multiple drugs to tumor tissue in a precise ratio. Here, a cocktail polymeric prodrug micelle (PHPPM) was developed using an oxidation and reduction dual-responsive polymeric paclitaxel (PTX) and polymeric honokiol (HK) prodrugs. Both of them were obtained by covalently conjugating the drug to dextran via diselenium bonds. Following optimization and characterization, the PHPPM with the precise mass ratio of PTX and HK was obtained, enabling ratiometric drug loading, synchronized drug release in response to tumor high-level reactive oxygen species and glutathione environment, long blood circulation, and high tumor accumulation. This co-delivery system can effectively inhibit laryngeal carcinoma growth in vitro and in vivo. Codelivery of chemotherapy agents and Chinese herbal medicine with a precise ratio and controlled release of the two drugs at the tumor site provides an effective approach to clinical therapy for other laryngeal carcinomas.

On Recent Developments in Biosynthesis and Application of Au and Ag Nanoparticles from Biological Systems

Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) and silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are extensively studied nanoparticles (NPs) and are known to have profound applications in medicine. The researcher made continuous efforts for the environmental-friendly and economical methods, such as biogenic methods known as green synthesis. There are many strategies for separating and applying gold (Au) and silver (Ag) nanoparticles, of which biological routes have emerged as efficient, low-cost, and environmentally friendly techniques. This review focuses on recent developments of green synthesized AuNPs and AgNPs using biogenic sources such as algae, animals, plants, microbes, bacteria, fungi, and so on. Hence, it discusses their numerous biomedical applications and separating Au and Ag nanoparticles from plants, bacteria, fungi, and algae.

Green Synthesis of Gold Nanoparticles Using Plant Extracts as Beneficial Prospect for Cancer Theranostics

Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) have been widely explored and are well-known for their medical applications. Chemical and physical synthesis methods are a way to make AuNPs. In any case, the hunt for other more ecologically friendly and cost-effective large-scale technologies, such as environmentally friendly biological processes known as green synthesis, has been gaining interest by worldwide researchers. The international focus on green nanotechnology research has resulted in various nanomaterials being used in environmentally and physiologically acceptable applications. Several advantages over conventional physical and chemical synthesis (simple, one-step approach to synthesize, cost-effectiveness, energy efficiency, and biocompatibility) have drawn scientists’ attention to exploring the green synthesis of AuNPs by exploiting plants’ secondary metabolites. Biogenic approaches, mainly the plant-based synthesis of metal nanoparticles, have been chosen as the ideal strategy due to their environmental and in vivo safety, as well as their ease of synthesis. In this review, we reviewed the use of green synthesized AuNPs in the treatment of cancer by utilizing phytochemicals found in plant extracts. This article reviews plant-based methods for producing AuNPs, characterization methods of synthesized AuNPs, and discusses their physiochemical properties. This study also discusses recent breakthroughs and achievements in using green synthesized AuNPs in cancer treatment and different mechanisms of action, such as reactive oxygen species (ROS), mediated mitochondrial dysfunction and caspase activation, leading to apoptosis, etc., for their anticancer and cytotoxic effects. Understanding the mechanisms underlying AuNPs therapeutic efficacy will aid in developing personalized medicines and treatments for cancer as a potential cancer therapeutic strategy.

Bombesin Peptide Conjugated Water-Soluble Chitosan Gallate-A New Nanopharmaceutical Architecture for the Rapid One-Pot Synthesis of Prostate Tumor Targeted Gold Nanoparticles

PURPOSE

We report herein bombesin peptide conjugated water-soluble chitosan gallate as a template for rapid one-pot synthesis of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) with capabilities to target receptors on prostate cancer cells.

METHODS

Water-soluble chitosan (WCS), anchored with gallic acid (GA) and LyslLys3 (1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclo dodecane-1,4,7,10-tetraacetic acid) bombesin 1-14 (DBBN) peptide, provides a tumor targeting nanomedicine agent. WCS nanoplatforms provide attractive strategies with built-in capabilities to reduce gold (III) to gold nanoparticles with stabilizing and tumor-targeting capabilities. WCS-GA-DBBN encapsulation around gold nanoparticles affords optimum in vitro stability.

RESULTS

The DBBN content in the WCS-GA-DBBN sample was ~27%w/w. The antioxidant activities of WCS-GA and WCS-GA-DBBN nanocolloids were enhanced by 12 times as compared to the nascent WCS. AuNPs with a desirable hydrodynamic diameter range of 40-60 nm have been efficiently synthesized using WCS-GA and WCS-GA-DBBN platforms. The AuNPs were stable over 4 days after preparation and ~3 days after subjecting to all relevant biological fluids. The AuNPs capped with WCS-GA-DBBN peptide exhibited superior cellular internalization into prostate tumor (PC-3) cells with evidence of receptor mediated endocytosis.

CONCLUSION

The AuNPs capped with WCS-GA-DBBN exhibited selective affinity toward prostate cancer cells. AuNPs conjugated with WCS-GA-DBBN serve as a new generation of theranostic agents for treating various neoplastic diseases, thus opening-up new applications in oncology.

Sono-Biosynthesis and Characterization of AuNPs from Danube Delta Nymphaea alba Root Extracts and Their Biological Properties

Root extracts from Danube Delta Nymphaea alba were used to prepare gold nanoparticles (AuNPRn) by reducing HAuCl4 at different pHs (6.4-8.4) using ultrasonic irradiation: an easy, cheap, eco-friendly and green approach. Their antibacterial and anticancer activities were evaluated against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, and A2780 ovarian cancer cells, respectively. The AuNPRn were characterized concerning their phytoconstituents (polyphenols, flavonoids and condensed tannins) and gold content. All of the nanoparticles were negatively charged. AuNPRn exhibited a hydrodynamic size distribution ranging from 32 nm to 280 nm, with the larger nanoparticles being obtained with an Au/root extract ratio of 0.56, pH 7 and 10 min of sonication (AuNPR1), whereas the smallest were obtained with an Au/root extract ratio of 0.24, pH 7.8 and 40 min of sonication (AuNPR4). The TEM/SEM images showed that the AuNPRn had different shapes. The ATR-FTIR indicated that AuNPRn interact mainly with hydroxyl groups present in the polyphenol compounds, which also confirm their high antioxidant capacity, except for AuNPR2 obtained at pH 6.4. Among the AuNPRn, the smallest ones exhibited enhanced antimicrobial and anticancer activities.

Bioremediation and pharmacological applications of gold nanoparticles synthesized from plant materials

Nanotechnology and nanoscience are gaining remarkable attention in this era due to their distinctive properties and multi applications. Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) is one of the most relevant metal nanoparticles with enormous applications in various field of research and industries. The demand for AuNPs is increasing rapidly. Extensive awareness has been allotted to the development of novel approaches for the synthesis of AuNPs with quality morphological properties using biological sources due to the limitations associated with the chemical and physical methods. Several factors such as contact time, temperature, pH of solution media, concentration of gold precursors and volume of plant extract influences the synthesis, characterization and applications of AuNPs. Characterization of synthesized AuNPs is important in evaluating the morphological properties of AuNPs since the morphological properties of AuNPs affect their potential use in various applications. This review highlights various methods of synthesizing AuNPs, parameters influencing the biosynthesis of AuNPs from plant extract, several techniques used for AuNPs characterization and their potential in bioremediation and biomedical applications.

Biogenic Silver and Zero-Valent Iron Nanoparticles by Feijoa: Biosynthesis, Characterization, Cytotoxic, Antibacterial and Antioxidant Activities

Background: and Purpose:

Green nanotechnology is an interesting method for the synthesis of functional nanoparticles. Because of their wide application, they have set up great attention in recent years.

Objective:

The present research examines the green synthesis of Ag and zero-valent iron nanoparticles (AgNPs, ZVINPs) by Feijoa sellowiana fruit extract. In this synthesis, no stabilizers or surfactants were applied.

Methods:

Eco-friendly synthesis of Iron and biogenic synthesis of Ag nanoparticles were accomplished by controlling critical parameters such as concentration, incubation period and temperature. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM), Energy-Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS), Fourier-Transform Infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, X-ray Diffraction analysis (XRD), Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) and UV-Vis were applied to characterize NPs. The cytotoxicity of NPs was investigated in two cell lines, MCF-7 (breast cancer) and AGS (human gastric carcinoma). A high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis was also performed for characterization of phenolic acids in the extract.

Results:

Both NPs displayed powerful anticancer activities against two tumor cell lines with little effect on BEAS-2B normal cells. Synthesized AgNPs and ZVINPs inhibited the growth of all selected bacteria. Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus mirabilis, Klebsiella pneumonia, Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Acinetobacter baumannii and Escherichia coli have been studied in two stages. We initially examined the ATCCs followed by clinical strain isolation. Based on the results from resistant strains, we showed that nanoparticles were superior to conventional antibiotics. DPPH (diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) free radical scavenging assay and iron chelating activity were used for the determination of antioxidant properties. Results showed a high antioxidant activity of scavenging free radicals for ZVINPs and powerful iron-chelating activity for AgNPs. Based on the HPLC data, catechin was the major phenolic compound in the extract.

Conclusion:

Our synthesized nanoparticles displayed potent cytotoxic, antibacterial and antioxidant activities.

Acute toxicity of gold nanoparticles synthesized from macroalga Saccharina japonica towards Daphnia magna

This study was performed to explore acute toxicity of biologically synthesized gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) to a model organism Daphnia magna. Hence, using aqueous extract of marine macroalga Saccharina japonica, two AuNPs including SJ-AuNPs-72 (72.6 ± 43.8 nm) and SJ-AuNPs-10 (10.8 ± 2.8 nm) were synthesized. These AuNPs were characterized by different techniques such as UV-Vis spectrophotometry, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), dynamic light scattering (DLS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). The 48-h LC₅₀ values of SJ-AuNPs-72 and SJ-AuNPs-10 to D. magna were 1.57 ± 0.07 and 2.69 ± 0.12 mg/L, respectively, showing greater toxicity of SJ-AuNPs-72. After exposure of daphnids to treatments, AuNPs were accumulated in gut tract, and lipid droplets under the Daphnia carapace were also observed. Whereas studies on toxicity of biosynthesized AuNPs are still scarce, the achievements of this work are helpful for understanding the toxicity of biosynthesized AuNPs to crustacean D. magna.

Determination of Antimicrobial and Toxic Metal Removal Activities of Plant-Based Synthesized (Capsicum annuum L. Leaves), Ecofriendly, Gold Nanomaterials

Nanoparticles are valuable materials with widespread use. The fact that these materials are obtained by biological resources with an environmentally friendly method contributes to the development of studies in this field. Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) from waste vegetable sources (green leaves of Capsicum annum L.) are economically and easily synthesized. The obtained particles are characterized by UV-vis spectroscopy (UV-vis), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis. The antimicrobial activity of the particles on the pathogenic microorganisms Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29213, Bacillus subtilis bacteria, and Candida albicans yeast are found to have a significant suppressive effect. The removal activities of eight toxic metals (Pd, Cd, Fe, Ni, Co, Mn, Zn, Pb) in Diyarbakır drinking water and artificially prepared water within different pHs are investigated. Gold nanoparticles synthesized from Capsicum annuum L. leaves are found to be effective in toxic metal removal in water samples.

Multifunctionality of gold nanoparticles: Plausible and convincing properties

In a couple of decades, nanotechnology has become a trending area in science due to it covers all subject that combines diverse range of fields including but not limited to chemistry, physics and medicine. Various metal and metal oxide nanomaterials have been developed for wide range applications. However, the application of gold nanostructures and nanoparticles has been received more attention in various biomedical applications. The unique property of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) is surface plasmon resonance (SPR) that determine the size, shape and stability. The wide surface area of AuNPs eases the proteins, peptides, oligonucleotides, and many other compounds to tether and enhance the biological activity of AuNPs. AuNPs have multifunctionality including antimicrobial, anticancer, drug and gene delivery, sensing applications and imaging. This state-of-the-art review is focused on the role of unique properties of AuNPs in multifunctionality and its various applications.

Progress in research on gold nanoparticles in cancer management

INTRODUCTION

The rapid advancement of nanotechnology in recent years has fuelled burgeoning interest in the field of nanoparticle research, particularly its application in cancer management. At present, there seems to be heightened interest in the application of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) to the management of cancer, encompassing diagnosis, monitoring, and treatment. AuNPs could be used as drug delivery agents that target cancer cells or in gene therapy. These efforts are undertaken in the hope of revolutionizing current methods and strategies for cancer treatment. This review will focus on the current applications of AuNPs in cancer management. OBJECTIVES, DATA SOURCES, STUDY APPRAISAL AND SYNTHESIS METHODS, RESULTS:: objectives, data sources, study eligibility criteria, participants, and interventions, study appraisal and synthesis methods, results are not required, as the study will be a literature review. Just introduction, ethics and dissemination, and conclusion are applicable.

ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION

Ethical approval and informed consent are not required, as the study is a literature review and does not involve direct contact with patients or alterations to patient care.

CONCLUSION

AuNPs have many properties that are of great value for the diagnosis and treatment of tumors. AuNPs are small in size and can penetrate widely and deposit on the tumor site, bind to many proteins and drugs, target delivery drugs, and have good biocompatibility. The application of AuNPs in the diagnosis and treatment of tumors is very considerable. In the near future, AuNPs will certainly play an important role in the treatment of tumors.