Biogenic silver nanoparticles using Oxalis corniculata characterization and their clinical implications

Polianthes tuberosa-Mediated Silver Nanoparticles from Flower Extract and Assessment of Their Antibacterial and Anticancer Potential: An In Vitro Approach

Plant-mediated metallic nanoparticles have beenreported for a diversified range of applications in biological sciences. In the present study, we propose the Polianthes tuberosa flower as a reducing and stabilizing agent for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles (PTAgNPs). The PTAgNPs were exclusively characterized using UV-Visible spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), atomic force microscopy, zeta potential, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) studies. In a biological assay, we investigated the antibacterial and anticancer activity of silver nanoparticles in the A431 cell line. The PTAgNPs demonstrated a dose-dependent activity in E. coli and S. aureus, suggesting the bactericidal nature of AgNPs. The PTAgNPs exhibited dose-dependent toxicity in the A431 cell line, with an IC₅₀ of 54.56 µg/mL arresting cell growth at the S phase, as revealed by flow cytometry analysis. The COMET assay revealed 39.9% and 18.15 severities of DNA damage and tail length in the treated cell line, respectively. Fluorescence staining studies indicate that PTAgNPs cause reactive oxygen species (ROS) and trigger apoptosis. This research demonstrates that synthesized silver nanoparticles have a significant effect on inhibiting the growth of melanoma cells and other forms of skin cancer. The results show that these particles can cause apoptosis or cell death in malignant tumor cells. This suggests that they could be used to treat skin cancers without harming normal tissues.

Biogenic Selenium Nanoparticles in Biomedical Sciences: Properties, Current Trends, Novel Opportunities and Emerging Challenges in Theranostic Nanomedicine

Selenium is an important dietary supplement and an essential trace element incorporated into selenoproteins with growth-modulating properties and cytotoxic mechanisms of action. However, different compounds of selenium usually possess a narrow nutritional or therapeutic window with a low degree of absorption and delicate safety margins, depending on the dose and the chemical form in which they are provided to the organism. Hence, selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) are emerging as a novel therapeutic and diagnostic platform with decreased toxicity and the capacity to enhance the biological properties of Se-based compounds. Consistent with the exciting possibilities offered by nanotechnology in the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of diseases, SeNPs are useful tools in current biomedical research with exceptional benefits as potential therapeutics, with enhanced bioavailability, improved targeting, and effectiveness against oxidative stress and inflammation-mediated disorders. In view of the need for developing eco-friendly, inexpensive, simple, and high-throughput biomedical agents that can also ally with theranostic purposes and exhibit negligible side effects, biogenic SeNPs are receiving special attention. The present manuscript aims to be a reference in its kind by providing the readership with a thorough and comprehensive review that emphasizes the current, yet expanding, possibilities offered by biogenic SeNPs in the biomedical field and the promise they hold among selenium-derived products to, eventually, elicit future developments. First, the present review recalls the physiological importance of selenium as an oligo-element and introduces the unique biological, physicochemical, optoelectronic, and catalytic properties of Se nanomaterials. Then, it addresses the significance of nanosizing on pharmacological activity (pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics) and cellular interactions of SeNPs. Importantly, it discusses in detail the role of biosynthesized SeNPs as innovative theranostic agents for personalized nanomedicine-based therapies. Finally, this review explores the role of biogenic SeNPs in the ongoing context of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic and presents key prospects in translational nanomedicine.

On Recent Developments in Biosynthesis and Application of Au and Ag Nanoparticles from Biological Systems

Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) and silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are extensively studied nanoparticles (NPs) and are known to have profound applications in medicine. The researcher made continuous efforts for the environmental-friendly and economical methods, such as biogenic methods known as green synthesis. There are many strategies for separating and applying gold (Au) and silver (Ag) nanoparticles, of which biological routes have emerged as efficient, low-cost, and environmentally friendly techniques. This review focuses on recent developments of green synthesized AuNPs and AgNPs using biogenic sources such as algae, animals, plants, microbes, bacteria, fungi, and so on. Hence, it discusses their numerous biomedical applications and separating Au and Ag nanoparticles from plants, bacteria, fungi, and algae.

An acidic polysaccharide from Oxalis corniculata L. and the preliminary study on its antioxidant activity

It has been reported that the aqueous extract from Oxalis corniculate has excellent pharmacological effects, but its polysaccharide as the major ingredient in the aqueous extract has not been reported. When the temperature of 50°C, ultrasonic power of 270 W, time of 25 min, solid to liquid ratio of 30 ml·g^-1 , the optimal O. corniculate polysaccharide (OCP) yield was 9.45%. The physicochemical properties indicated that OCP-3, as the major fraction of OCP, was an acidic polysaccharide with 31.5 kDa, and it mainly consisted of arabinose (47.83%), galacturonic acid (17.81%), and galactose (14.25%). In addition, OCP-3 displayed an excellent antioxidant activity in vitro, including scavenging free radical, anti-lipid peroxidation, and protecting plasmid DNA from oxidative damage. Meanwhile, OCP-3 significantly reduced the levels of malondialdehyde and protein carbonyl by significantly increasing the activity of superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase, which protected the HEK 293 cell and Caenorhabditis elegans from oxidative damage. All the results suggested that OCP-3 might be the major active ingredient of the aqueous extract from O. corniculate, and OCP-3 might be a potent antioxidant supplement in the food, cosmetics, and medical industries. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Oxalis corniculate is a kind of wild vegetable and ethnomedicine, and it is widely distributed in temperate zones. Unfortunately, its utilization rate is low compared to its yield. Our research suggested that the polysaccharide of OCP-3 from O corniculate might be used as a potent antioxidant supplement in the food, cosmetics, and medical industries.

Creeping Wood Sorrel and Chromium Picolinate Effect on the Nutritional Composition and Lipid Oxidative Stability of Broiler Meat

The study investigates the efficacy of Cr in broilers, aiming to evaluate the effects of Chromium picolinate (CrPic) in association with creeping wood sorrel powder (CWS) on the proximate composition, fatty acids profile, bioactive nutrients and lipid oxidative stability of broiler meat. A total of 120 Cobb 500 chickens were assigned into three treatments: a control diet (C) and two test diets, including 200 µg/kg diet CrPic (E1), and 200 µg/kg diet CrPic +10 g CWS/kg diet (E2). Dietary supplementation with Cr + CWS significantly improved the concentration of n − 3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), while its n − 6/n − 3 ratio decreased in comparison to the group receiving Cr and the conventional diet. The concentration of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) significantly increased in the breast meat collected from the E2 group than that from the C group. Dietary administration of Cr and CWS improved lutein and zeaxanthin content, decreased Fe and Zn levels of the breast, and increased Zn deposition in the thigh samples. Malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration decreased more in the thigh meat of the supplemental groups (E1, E2) than in that from the C group. In conclusion, the current study suggests that Cr together with CWS can be a viable option as antioxidant sources for broiler diets, promoting the nutritional quality of meat.

Nanomedicine in Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A New Frontier in Targeted Cancer Treatment

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the third leading cause of cancer-related death and is associated with a dismal median survival of 2-9 months. The fundamental limitations and ineffectiveness of current HCC treatments have led to the development of a vast range of nanotechnologies with the goal of improving the safety and efficacy of treatment for HCC. Although remarkable success has been achieved in nanomedicine research, there are unique considerations such as molecular heterogeneity and concomitant liver dysfunction that complicate the translation of nanotheranostics in HCC. This review highlights the progress, challenges, and targeting opportunities in HCC nanomedicine based on the growing literature in recent years.

Wound Healing Activities and Potential of Selected African Medicinal Plants and Their Synthesized Biogenic Nanoparticles

In Africa, medicinal plants have been traditionally used as a source of medicine for centuries. To date, African medicinal plants continue to play a significant role in the treatment of wounds. Chronic wounds are associated with severe healthcare and socio-economic burdens despite the use of conventional therapies. Emergence of novel wound healing strategies using medicinal plants in conjunction with nanotechnology has the potential to develop efficacious wound healing therapeutics with enhanced wound repair mechanisms. This review identified African medicinal plants and biogenic nanoparticles used to promote wound healing through various mechanisms including improved wound contraction and epithelialization as well as antibacterial, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. To achieve this, electronic databases such as PubMed, Scifinder^® and Google Scholar were used to search for medicinal plants used by the African populace that were scientifically evaluated for their wound healing activities in both in vitro and in vivo models from 2004 to 2021. Additionally, data on the wound healing mechanisms of biogenic nanoparticles synthesized using African medicinal plants is included herein. The continued scientific evaluation of wound healing African medicinal plants and the development of novel nanomaterials using these plants is imperative in a bid to alleviate the detrimental effects of chronic wounds.

Biomedical Applications of Chinese Herb-Synthesized Silver Nanoparticles by Phytonanotechnology

Recent advances in nanotechnology have opened up new avenues for the controlled synthesis of nanoparticles for biomedical and pharmaceutical applications. Chinese herbal medicine is a natural gift to humanity, and it has long been used as an antibacterial and anticancer agent. This study will highlight recent developments in the phytonanotechnological synthesis of Chinese herbal medicines to utilize their bioactive components in biomedical and therapeutic applications. Biologically synthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have emerged as a promising alternative to chemical and physical approaches for various biomedical applications. The comprehensive rationale of combinational or synergistic effects of Chinese herb-based AgNPs synthesis was investigated with superior physicochemical and biological properties, and their biomedical applications, including antimicrobial and anticancer activity and wound healing properties. AgNPs can damage the cell ultrastructure by triggering apoptosis, which includes the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), DNA disintegration, protein inactivation, and the regulation of various signaling pathways. However, the anticancer mechanism of Chinese herbal medicine-based AgNPs is more complicated due to the potential toxicity of AgNPs. Further in-depth studies are required to address Chinese herbs' various bioactive components and AgNPs as a synergistic approach to combat antimicrobial resistance, therapeutic efficiency of drug delivery, and control and prevention of newly emerged diseases.

The use of nanotechnology to combat liver cancer: Progress and perspectives

Liver cancer is one of the most common cancers worldwide and is also one of the most difficult cancers to treat, resulting in almost one million deaths per year, and the danger of this cancer is compounded when the tumor is nonresectable. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common type of liver cancer and has the third highest mortality rate worldwide. Considering the morbid statistics surrounding this cancer it is a popular research topic to target for better therapy practices. This review summarizes the role of nanotechnology in these endeavors. Nanoparticles (NPs) are a very broad class of material and many different kinds have been used to potentially combat liver cancer. Gold, silver, platinum, metal oxide, calcium, and selenium NPs as well as less common materials are all inorganic NPs that have been used as a therapeutic, carrier, or imaging agent in drug delivery systems (DDS) and these efforts are described. Carbon-based NPs, including polymeric, polysaccharide, and lipid NPs as well as carbon dots, have also been widely studied for this purpose and the role they play in DDS for the treatment of liver cancer is illustrated in this review. The multifunctional nature of many NPs described herein, allows these systems to display high anticancer activity in vitro and in vivo and highlights the advantage of and need for combinatorial therapy in treating this difficult cancer. These works are summarized, and future directions are presented for this promising field.

An Updated Review on Silver Nanoparticles in Biomedicine

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) represent one of the most explored categories of nanomaterials for new and improved biomaterials and biotechnologies, with impressive use in the pharmaceutical and cosmetic industry, anti-infective therapy and wound care, food and the textile industry. Their extensive and versatile applicability relies on the genuine and easy-tunable properties of nanosilver, including remarkable physicochemical behavior, exceptional antimicrobial efficiency, anti-inflammatory action and antitumor activity. Besides commercially available and clinically safe AgNPs-based products, a substantial number of recent studies assessed the applicability of nanosilver as therapeutic agents in augmented and alternative strategies for cancer therapy, sensing and diagnosis platforms, restorative and regenerative biomaterials. Given the beneficial interactions of AgNPs with living structures and their nontoxic effects on healthy human cells, they represent an accurate candidate for various biomedical products. In the present review, the most important and recent applications of AgNPs in biomedical products and biomedicine are considered.

A sustainable approach for graphene-oxide surface decoration using Oxalis corniculata leaf extract-derived silver nanoparticles: their antibacterial activities and electrochemical sensing

In this work, a facile green synthesis using Oxalis corniculata leaf extract (OCLE) as a biodegradable reducing and capping/stabilizing agent was carried out for the construction of Oxalis corniculata leaf extract-derived silver nanoparticles (OCLE-AgNPs). Moreover, OCLE-AgNPΔGO nanocomposites were fashioned simply by mixing a GO suspension and supernatant OCLE-AgNPs via a one-pot environmentally benign method. The AgNPΔGO nanocomposites are biocompatible materials for potential applications such as antibacterial activities against two different types of bacterial cells, namely Gram-positive Bacillus subtilis and Gram-negative Escherichia coli and selective electrochemical sensing to itraconazole (ITRA) at the fabricated GCE (AgNPΔGO@GCE). AgNPΔGO@GCE sensors gave excellent outcomes for ITRA as higher current response over the bare GCE. Under optimized conditions, the oxidation peak current of ITRA varied linearly with a wide range of the concentration between 26.7 μM and 103.8 μM with a correlation coefficient of 0.997 and a detection limit of 0.1276 μM, for differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetric (DP-ASV) technique. In addition, the possible mechanism for the ITRA oxidation was further verified and explained by single-electron transfer (SET) and proton removal mechanism steps. The developed sensor exhibited good repeatability, reproducibility, and stability. The use of environmentally benign and renewable plant material offers enormous benefits of eco-friendliness applicability.